• Instructors: Dr. Azza Rabie: [email protected].

eg
Dr. Ahmed Haggag: aehaggag @zewailcity.edu.eg

• Textbook: Thomas Calculus (15th ed.)

• References: Calculus 9th edition by Stewart

Calculus 10th edition by Larson and Edwards

• 2 Midterm Exams (Week 8 and Week 13) 40%
• 2 Quizzes (Week 6 and Week 10) 10%
• 4 Assignments: (best 3 out of 4) 10%
• Final Exam 40%

Notes: 1. No makeup exams without an official medical execuse.

2. At least 35% of the final exam is mandatory to pass the course.
• Ch. 10: Infinite Sequences and Series
• Ch. 11: Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
• Ch. 12: Vectors and Geometry of Space
• Ch. 14: Partial Derivatives
• Ch. 15: Multiple Integrals
• Ch. 16: Integration in Vector Fields
Parametric Polar Conic
Equations Coordinates Sections
Projectile motion
• Instead of the cartesian equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
• We now have the parametric equations
𝑥=𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡)

𝑡 ∶ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Ex. Sketch the path traced by the parametric equations, and find its cartesian
equation
𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡, 𝑦 =𝑡+1 ,0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4

Cartesian eqn.
• By eliminating the parameter t 𝑡 =𝑦−1

• Then 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3
 Ex. Sketch the curve which is represented by the following parametric equations?
3𝜋
𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤
2

Cartesian eqn.
• By eliminating the parameter t co𝑠 2 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 1
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 1 in the first 3 quadrant
 Ex. Which of the following is a possible parametrization of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1?
a) 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 2 , 𝑦 = cos 𝜃 2 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
b) 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 − 𝑡2 , − 2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
To verify that any of these represents the circle, substitute for x and y in the equation of the circle,
and show that the result simplifies to 1.

b)
Ex. Identify geometrically the curve by obtaining the Cartesian equation:
𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 4 sin 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

Cartesian eqn.
co𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 16
(Ellipse)

11
The cycloid curve, EX. IN.
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ,𝑡 ≥ 0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloid en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautochrone_curve

The Cartesian equation:

12
differentiated by the Chain Rule
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝜋
Ex: Find ,
and the equation of the tangent to the curve at 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = sec 𝑡 , 𝑦 = tan 𝑡 ,− < 𝑡 <
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 sec 𝑡
= = = csc 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 tan 𝑡

𝑑𝑦
ቤ = 2=𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑡=𝜋/4

Tangent line: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝜋 𝜋
𝑥1 = sec = 2 , 𝑦1 = tan = 1
4 4
𝑦−1= 2 𝑥− 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦′/𝑑𝑡 − csc 𝑡 cot 𝑡

2
= = = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡 14
 Area Bounded by Parametric Curves
Ex: Find the area under one arch of the Cycloid:

𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 1 − cos 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝐴 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦 ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑥1
2𝜋 1
𝑦
= න 𝑎(1 − cos 𝑡) ∗ 𝑎(1 − cos 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
d𝑥
0

= 3𝜋𝑎2
15
 Length of Parametric Curves

2 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ∗
𝑑𝑡
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑙 = + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐿 = න 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
The Astroid Curve EX. IN.
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos3 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin3 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroid
 Ex: Find the length of the Astroid curve
𝑥 = cos3 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin3 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑑𝑙 =

𝐿=4 =4∗ =4∗ 6

 Rotation of Parametric Curves
, 𝑎≤𝑡≤𝑏
is rotated around x-axis, the surface area of the
generated solid is given by
𝑡=𝑏

𝑆 = න 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑡 𝑑𝑙 , 𝑦≥0
𝑡=𝑎

2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑙 = + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If rotated around y-axis, the surface area will be
𝑡=𝑏

𝑆 = න 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑙 , 𝑥≥0
𝑡=𝑎
 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑙 = + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

From the previous example:

𝑑𝑙

𝑆 = න 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑙
 There are 2 systems of coordinates to describe the
location of points in a plane

Cartesian
Coordinates
Polar
Coordinates
Terminal Ray

Initial Ray
 P (r, )

r is directed distance
+ve 
 is directed angle

-ve 

P (-r, ) -∞ <  < ∞

(r, ) = (r, ±2nπ)
-∞ < r < ∞
-ve r means to go along
the opposite direction Locate  first then r.
(𝜃 + 𝜋) 24
 𝜋 𝜋
Ex: Locate the following points (5, ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−4, )
4 3
Ex. Locate the point (2, 7π/6)
Ex. Find polar coordinates of the Cartesian point P: (−2, −2 3)

2
r2 = −2 2 + −2 3 = 16

−2 3
tan 𝜃 = = 3
−2

4𝜋
Polar coordinates of P is (4, )
3
𝜋
OR (−4, )
3

29
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 𝑦=𝑥

30
 𝜋
Ex. Graph the region: 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 0≤𝜃≤
2

31
 2𝜋 5𝜋
Ex. Graph the region: ≤𝜃≤
3 6

32
The line 𝑥 = 3 The line 𝑦 = 2
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 3 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2

33
Ex. Find a polar equation for the circle:
𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 3 2 = 9

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 0

𝑟 2 − 6 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 0

𝑟 = 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

34
Ex. Find the cartesian equation for the circle:
𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃

𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑟 2 = 2𝑎 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

35
Ex. Transform the equation of the following curve to polar
coordinates and graph it: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑟 = 1 − cos 𝜃

Cardioid
36
Cardioid

𝑟 = 𝑎 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑟 = 𝑎 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑟 = 𝑎 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟 = 𝑎 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 EX. IN.

A cardioid is a curve traced by a point on the perimeter of a

circle that is rolling around a fixed circle of the same radius.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioid 38
 EX. IN.

𝑈𝑛𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒

39
 EX. IN.

Pick up Pattern
40
 EX. IN.

𝑂𝑚𝑛𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒

41
Spirals:

Archimedean Spiral Logarithmic Spiral

𝑟 = 𝑎𝜃 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝜃 𝑜𝑟
1 𝑟
𝜃 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑏 𝑎
42
Rose Curves

43
Find the Cartesian Equation:
Find the slope of the curve:

45
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