CEP333 – Highway and Railroad Engineering

REVIEWER
MODULE 1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN  Discuss plans with contractors,
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD local organizations, and the
public.
ENGINEERING
 Inspect completed projects to
A. PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS IN ensure safety and compliance to
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING standards.
TRANSPORTATION- Transportation is  Model transportation systems to
the movement of goods and people assess impact.
from place to place or from one  Oversee survey, staking, and
point to another using various layout of projects.
means by which such movement is  Present reports and proposals
accomplished. to stakeholders
ENGINEERING- Engineering is the art COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION
or science of making practical OPERATIONS AND NETWORK
application of the knowledge of
pure sciences, as physics or The success of transportation
chemistry, as in the construction engineering depends upon the co-
of engines, bridges, buildings, ordination between the three
mines, ships, and chemical plants. primary elements, namely the
vehicles, the roadways, and the
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING- road users. Their characteristics
Transportation Engineering is the affect the performance of the
application of technology and transportation system and the
scientific principles to the transportation engineer should have
planning, functional design, fairly good understanding about
operation and management of them.
facilities for any mode of
transportation in order to provide ROAD USERS – Road users can be
for the safe, efficient, rapid, defined as drivers, passengers,
comfortable, convenient, pedestrians etc. who use the
economical, and environmentally streets and highways. Together,
compatible movement of people and they form the most complex element
goods transport. of the traffic system - the human
element - which differentiates
MOST COMMON RESPONSIBILITIES OF A Transportation Engineering from all
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER ARE: other engineering fields.
 Draft design and construction INFRASTRUCTURE – Transportation
plans for new transportation infrastructure is the underlying
systems. • Investigate traffic system of public works designed to
problems and identify solutions. facilitate movement. The physical
 Analyze engineering data and components on transport
draw conclusions and infrastructure include bridges,
recommendations. tunnels, pavements, rail tracks,
 Estimate project budgets for culverts, wharfs, aprons, and pipes
labor, materials, and equipment. depending on its intended use.
These elements are located on the
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REVIEWER
ground or above or below ground connectivity of a transport network
level – but always associated with between two points in the network.
or attached to the ground.
TERMINAL/NODES – Transport
VEHICLE – Highway systems terminals, are central and
accommodate a wide variety of sizes intermediate locations in the
and types of vehicles, from movements of passengers and
smallest compact passenger cars to freight. Terminal is any location
the largest double and triple where freight and passengers either
tractor-trailer combinations. originates, terminates, or is
According to the different handled in the transportation
geometric features of highways like process.
the lane width, lane widening on
curves, minimum curb and corner B. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
radius, clearance heights etc. some
standard physical dimensions for
the vehicles has been recommended. MODE OF TRANSPORT is a term used to
distinguish between different ways
of transportation or transporting
people or goods.
FOUR MAIN MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
1. LAND
2. MARITIME
3. AIR
4. PIPELINE

TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS- refer to a

1. LAND TRANSPORTATION
set of links, nodes, and means that
represent the infrastructure or Land transport is the transport or
supply side of the transportation. movement of people, animals or
goods from one location to another
The links have characteristics such
location on land. It is being
as speed and capacity for roadways;
categorized to road transport and
frequency and travel time data are
railway transport using both
defined on transit links or lines
motorized and non-motorized means
for the transit system.
of transport.
MEANS – Means of transportation is
2. MARITIME TRANSPORTATION
any of the different kinds of
transport facilities used for Maritime transport and fluvial
moving goods and people from one transport, or more generally
location to the other. The means of waterborne transport, is the
transportation includes bus, train, transport of people or goods via
airplane, ship, car, etc waterways. Freight transport by sea
has been widely used throughout
LINKS – Transportation Link is a
recorded history.
linear spatial object that
describes the geometry and
CEP333 – Highway and Railroad Engineering
REVIEWER
3. AIR TRANSPORTATION of life and accomplishes many
things including:
Air transportation is the movement
of passengers and freight by any • Provides the information, tools
conveyance that can sustain and public engagement needed for
controlled flight. Air transport improving transportation system
facilitates integration into the performance.
global economy and provides vital
• Is a Comprehensive, Cooperative
connectivity on a national,
and Continuing process (“3 Cs”)
regional, and international scale.
that requires monitoring of the
It helps generate trade, promote
system’s performance and condition;
tourism, and create employment
and
opportunities.
• Influences many decisions,
4. PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION
including policies, choices among
Pipeline transport is the long- alternative strategies, priorities
distance transportation of a liquid and funding allocations.
or gas through a system of pipes—a
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
pipeline—typically to a market area
for consumption. Pipeline
engineering embraces the design and
construction of pipelines, pumping
stations, and storage facilities.
C. DISCIPLINES IN TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
Geometric design deals with
Safer. Smarter. Faster. More physical proportioning of other
convenient. That’s the purpose of transportation facilities, in
transportation planning. First, you contrast with the structural design
plan – a long term view of your of the facilities. The topics
transportation strategy. Then, you include the cross-sectional
program – a near term view of your features, horizontal alignment,
projects and implementation plan. vertical alignment and
Transportation planning is also the intersections.
process of looking at the current PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
state of transportation in the
region, designing for future Pavement
transportation needs, and combining design
all of that with the elements of deals with
budgets, goals, and policies. the
structural
design of
roads,
both (bituminous and concrete),
It can influence everything from commonly known as (flexible
business to recreation to quality
CEP333 – Highway and Railroad Engineering
REVIEWER
pavements and rigid pavements) Transportation facilities require
respectively. It deals with the large capital investments.
design of paving materials, Therefore, it is imperative that
determination of the layer whoever invests money should get
thickness, and construction and the returns. When government
maintenance procedures. invests in transportation, its
objective is not often monetary
returns; but social benefits. The
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING economic analysis of transportation
project tries to quantify the
Traffic engineering covers a broad economic benefit which includes
range of engineering applications saving in travel time, fuel
with a focus on the safety of the consumption, etc. This will help
public, the efficient use of the planner in evaluating various
transportation resources, and the projects and to optimally allocate
mobility of people and goods. funds. On the contrary, private
Traffic engineering involves a sector investments require monetary
variety of engineering and profits from the projects.
management skills, including Financial evaluation tries to
design, operation, and system quantify the return from a project.
optimization.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The depletion of fossil fuels and
the degradation of the environment
has been a severe concern of the
planners in the past few decades.
Transportation, in spite of its
benefits to the society is a major
contributor to the above concern.
OTHER IMPORTANT DISCIPLINES IN The environmental impact assessment
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING: attempts in quantifying the
environmental impacts and tries to
1. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
evolve strategies for the
Public transportation or mass mitigation and reduction of the
transportation deals with study of impact due to both construction and
the transportation system that operation. The primary impacts are
meets the travel need of several fuel consumption, air pollution,
people by sharing a vehicle. and noise pollution.
Generally, this focusses on the
4. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION
urban travel by bus and rail
transit. The major topics include One of the silent killers of
characteristics of various modes; humanity is transportation. Several
planning, management and statistics evaluates that more
operations; and policies for people are killed due to
promoting public transportation. transportation than great wars and
natural disasters. This discipline
2. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
of transportation looks at the
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REVIEWER
causes of accidents, from the relationships between people and
perspective of human, road, and the many different cultures around
vehicle and formulate plans for the the world are not adversely
reduction. affected or irreversibly degraded.
5. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM
With advent to computers,
communication, and vehicle
technology, it is possible in these
days to operate transportation
system much effectively with
significant reduction in the
adverse impacts of transportation.
Intelligent transportation system
offers better mobility, efficiency,
and safety with the help of the
state-of-the-art-technology.
D. DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability is the ability to
be maintained at a certain rate or
level. Sustainability focuses on
meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their
needs. The concept of
sustainability is composed of three
pillars: economic, environmental,
and social—also known informally as
profits, planet, and people.
1. ENVIRONMENTAL
Managing the effects of human
activities so that they do not
permanently harm the natural
environment.
2. ECONOMIC
Managing the financial transactions
associated with human activities so
that they can be sustained over the
long term without incurring
unacceptable human hardship.
3. SOCIAL
Allowing human activity to proceed
in such a way that social