UNIT 8: HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER 17: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

1. An iron ring is to be fixed on the rim of a wooden wheel. The diameter of the ring is
5.231 m and that of the wheel is 5.243 m at 27°C. To what temperature should the ring be
heated so as to fit on the rim of the wheel? The coefficient of linear expansion of iron is
1.20 x 10-5 °C-1.
2. What should be the lengths of steel and copper rods, so that the length of steel rod is 5 cm
more than that of the copper rod at all temperatures? The coefficient of linear expansion a
for steel is 1.1 x 10-5 °C-1 and that for copper is 1.7 x 10-5 °C-1.
3. At 0°C, the mass of 1.000 m3 volume of mercury is 13600 kg. Find the density of
mercury at 100°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion of mercury is 1.8 x 10-4 °C-1
4. A one litre flask of glass has some mercury. It is seen that at different temperatures the
volume of air inside the flask remains the same. Find the volume of mercury in the flask.
Α for glass is 9 x 10-6 °C-1 and γ for mercury is 1.8 x 10-4 °C-1
5. The temperature of 100 g of water is to be raised from 24°C to 90°C by adding steam to
it. Calculate the mass of steam required. The latent heat of steam is 540 kcal kg. The
specific heat of water is 1.0 cal g-1 °C-1.
6. 10 g of water at 45°C and 5 g of ice at -30°C are mixed together in a calorimeter. Find the
final temperature of the mixture. The water equivalent of the calorimeter is negligible.
The specific heat of ice is 0.55 cal g-1 °C-1 and the latent heat is 80 cal g. The specific heat
of water is 1.0 cal g-1 °C-1.

OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. 50 g of ice of 0°C is mixed in 50 g water of 20°C. The temperature of the mixture will
be :
(a) 10°C
(b) 0°C
(c) 10°C
(d) – 35°C
2. 80 g of water of 30°C is poured over a large block of ice at 0°C. The mass of the melted
ice is :
(a) 30 g
(b) 80 g
(c) 150 g
(d) 1600 g
3. 420 J of energy given to 10 g of water (specific heat = 4.2 × 10 -3 J kg-1 °C-1), will rise its
temperature by:
(a) 1°C
(b) 4.2°C
(c) 10°C
(d) 32°C
4. When water freezes the distance between its molecules:
(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Remains unchanged
(d) Becomes zero

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. A metal disc has hole in it. Does the size of hole change when the disc is heated?
2. A metallic ball is heated through a certain temperature. Out of radius, surface area and
volume, which will undergo least percentage of increase? Which will undergo largest
percentage increase? Why?
3. The top of a lake is frozen. Air in contact of the top is at -15°C. What do you expect the
temperature of water (i) just below the lower surface of ice, (ii) at the bottom of the lake?
4. What is the relation between calorie and joule?
5. What is the value of specific heat of water?
6. Hot bottles are used for fomentation. Why?
7. What are used as an effective coolant. Why?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. The difference between lengths of a copper rod and a steel rod is claimed to be constant
at all temperatures. Is it possible? If yes, under what condition?
2. Two identical rectangular strips of copper and steel are rivetted together to form a
bimetallic strip. What will happen on heating?
3. A uniform pressure p is exerted uniformly on a solid body at a certain temperature. By
what amount should the temperature of the body be raised to restore it to its initial
volume?
4. What is meant by 1 calorie and 1 kilocalorie?
5. Define thermal capacity of a body.
6. What is meant by water equivalent of calorimeter?
7. Define specific heat of a substance.
8. What do you mean by latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation?
9. Why latent heat of vaporisation is greater than latent heat of fusion of a substance?
10. Latent heat of melting of ice is 80 kilocalorie / kg or 3.34 x 10 5 J/kg . What is meant by
this statement?
11. Latent heat of vaporisation of water is 539 kilocalorie / kg (or 22.6 × 10 5 J). What is
meant by this statement?

LONG ANSWER TYPE A

1. Explain the meaning of the coefficients of linear (α), superficial (β) and volume
expansion (γ) of a solid material. Establish relationship among α, β and γ.
2. (a) Discuss the anomalous expansion of water.
(b) Discuss the variation of the density of liquids with temperature.
3. What do you mean by specific heat of a substance? Give its definition and SI unit.
4. State the principle of calorimetry. How will you use this principle to determine the
specific heat of a solid?
5. Define and explain latent heat of fusion of a substance. Give its SI unit.

LONG ANSWER TYPE B

1. Define thermal expansion in solids. Write different scales of the measurement of

temperature and obtain the relation between Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit.
2. Define thermal expansion of liquids. Explain in brief real and apparent expansion and
obtain the relation
γ r = γa + γg
where γr, γa are coefficient of real and apparent expansion and γ g, is coefficient of volume
expansion of material (glass) of the container.
3. Explain anomalous expansion of water. Draw graphs for volume and density of water
with temperature. Explain one application of maximum density of water at 4°C.

NUMERICALS

1. The brass scale of a barometer gives correct reading at 0°C. The barometer reads 75 cm
at 27°C. What is the correct atmospheric pressure at 27°C. The coefficient of linear
expansion a of brass is 2.0 x 10-5/°C
2. An iron scale is calibrated at 0°C. The length of a zinc rod is measured to be 100 cm by
the scale when the rod and the scale both are at 0°C. What will be the length of the rod as
measured by the scale when both are at 100°C? Given: α iron = 1.2 x 10-5/°C and αzinc = 2.6
x 10-5/°C
3. A steel cylinder of diameter ‘exactly’ 1 cm at 30°C is to be fitted into a hole in a steel
plate. The diameter of the hole is 0.99970 cm at 30°C. To what temperature should the
plate be heated? Given: αsteel = 1.1 x 10-5/°C.
4. A steel sphere is to be passed through a circular brass ring. At 20°C, the outer diameter of
the sphere is 25 cm and the inner diameter of the ring is 24.9 cm. If both are heated
together, find the temperature at which the sphere will just pass through the ring. Given:
αsteel = 1.2 x 10-5/°C and αbrass = 2.0 x 10-5/°C.
5. The volume of a thin brass vessel and that of a solid brass cube are both equal to 1 litre
exactly. What will be their new volumes when heated through 25°C? α for brass is 1.9 x
10-5/°C.
6. A mercury thermometer has a bulb of volume 0.300 cm 3 and a stem of diameter 0.0100
cm. Find the rise of mercury meniscus in the stem when the temperature rises through
15°C. Given: γmercury = 1.82 x 10-4/°C. Ignore the expansion of the bulb.
7. A glass vessel of volume 256 cm 3 is just filled with mercury at 20°C. How much mercury
will overflow when the temperature is raised to 100°C? Given : α glass = 4 x 10-6/°C and
γmercury= 1.8 x 10-4/°C
8. A glass tube of uniform bore and length 133 cm is to be filled with mercury so that the
volume of the tube above the mercury level remains same at all temperatures. Calculate
the length of the mercury column. Given: γglass = 2.6 x 10-5/°C and γmercury = 18.2 x 10-5/°C.
9. A sphere of diameter 7.0 cm and mass 266.5 g floats in a liquid bath. On heating the bath,
the sphere just begins to sink when the temperature reaches 35°C. The density of the
 liquid at 0°C is 1.527 g cm-3. Find the coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid.
Neglect thermal expansion of the sphere.
10. An aluminium sphere of mass 0.047 kg is heated to 100°C. It is dropped in a copper
calorimeter of mass 0.14 kg, containing 0.25 kg of water at 20°C. The temperature of
water rises to a steady state at 23°C. Calculate the specific heat of aluminium. Specific
heat of water = 4.18 x 103 J kg-1 °C-1 , specific heat of copper = 0.386 x 103 J kg-1 °C-1
11. A calorimeter contains 75 g of water at 15°C. When 50 g water of 100°C is poured in the
calorimeter, the temperature of the mixture becomes 25°C. Calculate water equivalent of
the calorimeter.
12. When 0.15 kg of ice at 0°C is mixed with 0.30 kg of water at 50°C in a container, the
resulting temperature is 6.7°C. Calculate latent heat of melting of ice. Specific heat of
water is 4.186 x 103 J kg-1 K-1.
13. Calculate the heat required to convert 3 kg of ice at – 12°C kept in a calorimeter to steam
at 100° at atmospheric pressure. Given: specific heat of ice = 2.100 x 10 5 J kg-1 K-1,
specific heat of water = 4.186 x 103 J kg-1 K-1, latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.35 x 105 J/kg
and latent heat of steam = 2.256 x 106 J/kg.
14. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and Care 12°C, 19°C and
28°C respectively. The temperature, when A and B are mixed, is 16°C, and when B and
C are mixed, is 23°C. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?

CHAPTER 18: HEAT TRANSFER

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

1. The length of a rod of aluminium is 1.0 m and its area of cross-section is 5.0 cm 2. It’s one
end is kept at 250°C and the other end at 50°C. How much heat will flow in the rod in 5.0
minutes? K for Al = 0.2 kJ s-1 m-1 °C-1. Mention the required conditions.
2. Two vessels A and B made of different materials but having identical shape, size and
wall thickness are filled with ice and kept at the same place. Ice melts at the rate of 100
g/min and150 g/min in A and B respectively. Assuming that heat enters both vessels
through the walls only, calculate the ratio of thermal conductivities of their materials.
3. A 10 cm thick slab of surface area 0.36 m 2 is placed on a hot surface at a constant
temperature of 100°C. A block of ice at 0°C is placed on the upper surface of the slab. In
half an hour, 2.4 kg of ice melts. Find the thermal conductivity of the material of the slab.
The latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.35x105 J/kg.
4. A flat-bottom kettle placed on a stove is being used to boil water. The area of the bottom
is 270 cm2, the thickness is 0.3 cm and the thermal conductivity of the material is 0.5 cal
s-1 cm-1 °C-1. If the amount of steam being produced in the kettle is at the rate of 10 g per
minute, calculate the difference of temperature between the inner and outer surfaces of
the bottom. The latent heat of steam is 540 cal/g.
5. As shown in figure, heat is conducted through a composite plate composed of two
parallel plates A and B made of two different materials. A and B are respectively 3.6 cm
and 4.2 cm thick. Their coefficients of thermal conductivities are 0.32 and 0.14 unit
respectively. If, in the steady state, the temperatures of the outer surfaces of A and B are
96°C and 8°C respectively, find the temperature 0 of their interface.
6. Compute the temperature of the steel-copper junction in the steady state of the
arrangement shown. The lengths of the steel and the copper rods are 15.0 cm and 10.0 cm
respectively and the area of cross-section of the steel rod is twice that of the copper rod.
The temperatures are as shown. Given: Ksteel = 50.2 J s-1 m-1 °C-1 and Kcopper = 385 J s-1 m-1
°C-1. The rods are covered with insulating material.

7. One end of a copper rod of uniform cross-section and of length 1.5 m is kept in contact
with ice and the other end with water at 100°C. At what point along its length should a
temperature of 200°C be maintained so that, in steady state, the mass of ice melted be
equal to that of the steam produced in the same interval of time? Assume that the whole
system is insulated from the surroundings. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g. Latent
heat of vaporisation of water = 540 cal/g.

8. A room is maintained at 20°C by means of a heater of resistance 20 ohm and connected

to 200 volt mains. The temperature is uniform throughout the room and the heat from the
room is going out through a glass window of area 1 m 2 and thickness 0.2 cm. Calculate
the outside temperature. Coefficient of thermal conductivity of glass is 0.2 cal s -1 m-1 °C-1
and 1 cal= 4.2 J.
9. An iron bar (l1 = 0.1 m, A1 = 0.02 m2, K1 = 79 W m-1K-1) and a brass bar (l2 = 0.1 m, A2 =
0.02 m2, K2 = 109 W m-1 K-1) are joined end to end. The free ends of the iron bar and the
brass bar are at 373 K and 273 K respectively. Obtain expressions for and hence find (i)
temperature of the junction, (ii) equivalent thermal conductivity of the composite bar and
(iii) rate of heat flow in the composite bar.
10. Three bars of equal lengths and equal areas of cross-section are connected in series. Their
thermal conductivities are in the ratio of 2 : 4 : 3. If the open ends of the first and the last
bars are at temperatures 200°C and 18°C respectively in the steady state, calculate the
temperatures of both the junctions.
11. Three cylindrical rods A, B, C of equal lengths and equal diameters are joined in series,
as shown. Their thermal conductivities are 2 K, K, 0.5 K respectively. At steady state, if
the free ends of rods A and C are at 100°C and 0°C respectively, calculate the
temperatures at the two junction points. (Assume negligible loss through the curved
surface). What will be the equivalent thermal conductivity of the combination?

12. The total area of the walls of a room is 137 m 2. The temperature inside the room is
maintained at 20°C by means of an electric heater and the temperature outside the room
is – 10°C. The walls of the room are in three layers. The innermost layer is made of 2.5
cm thick wood, the middle layer is made of 1.0 cm thick cement and outermost layer is
made of 25.0 cm thick bricks. Find the power of the electric heater. Assume that there is
no loss of heat through the floor and the ceiling. The thermal conductivities of wood,
cement and brick are 0.125, 1.5 and 1.0 W m-1 °C-1 respectively.
13. A composite body consists of two rectangular plates of the same dimensions but different
thermal conductivities KA and KB. This body is used to transfer heat between two objects
maintained at different temperatures. The composite body can be placed such that the
flow of heat takes place either parallel to the interface or perpendicular to it. Calculate the
effective thermal conductivities Kparallel and Kperpendicular of the composite body for the
parallel and the perpendicular orientations. Which orientation will have more thermal
conductivity?
14. Two stars X and Y emits maximum radiations at 4800 Å and 6000 Å respectively. If the
temperature of the star Y is 5800 K, then what is the temperature of star X?
15. The intensity of radiation emitted by sun is maximum for the wavelength of 560
nanometer and that emitted by a star is maximum for the wavelength of 350 nanometer. If
the average temperature of the sun is 2 × 107 K, then calculate the temperature of the star.
16. A black body has temperature of 1527°C and surface area 0.2 m 2. Find the energy
radiated per second by the black body. (Stefan’s constant, σ = 5.67 x 10-8 Js-1 m-2 K-4)
17. A body having a surface area 5.00 cm is at a temperature of 727°C, and emits heat energy
3.00 x 102 joule per minute. Find its emissivity. The Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ is 5.67
x 10-8 W/(m2-k4).
18. At temperature 27°C, a black body is emitting heat at a rate of 3 × 10 5 J/(s-m2). At what
temperature will it emit heat at a rate of 243 × 105 J/(s-m2)?
19. A body cools from 60°C to 40°C in 7 minutes. Temperature of surrounding is 10°C.
After next 7 minutes what will be its temperature? During whole process Newton’s law
of cooling is obeyed.

OBJECTIVE TYPE
1. In the steady state the temperature of a rod:
(a) Increases with time
(b) Decreases with time
(c) Does not change with time and is same at every point of the rod
(d) Does not change with the time and is different at different points
2. Which of the following orders is correct for increasing thermal conductivity?
(a) Cu, Ag, Al
(b) Al, Ag, Cu
(c) Al, Cu, Ag
(d) Ag, Cu, Al
3. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of copper, iron and glass are respectively K c, Ki
and Kg where Kc > Kg > Ki. If the same quantity of heat flows per unit area per second in
each and the corresponding temperature gradients are ∆θc, ∆θi and ∆θg, then:
(a) ∆θc = ∆θi = ∆θg
(b) ∆θc > ∆θi > ∆θg
(c) ∆θc < ∆θi < ∆θg
(d) ∆θi < ∆θc < ∆θg
4. The absorptive power of a perfectly black body is:
(a) 0
(b) 0.5
(c) 1
(d) ∞
5. Temperature of a black body is raised from 27°C to 327°C. The rate of emission of
energy from it will become:
(a) 2 times
(b) 12 times
(c) 16 times
(d) 144 × 144 times
6. Wien’s law of radiation is:
(a) λmT = b
(b) λm/T = b
(c) λmT-1=b
(d) λm-1T = b

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Does gravity play any part in any mode of heat transmission?

2. Write the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a perfect heat conductor and that of a
perfect heat insulator.
3. Can you imagine a condition when on heating a rod at one end, the temperature is same
throughout the rod?
4. Write down the unit and dimensional formula of thermal resistance of a material.
5. Water can be boiled in a paper cup. Explain.
6. Pieces of copper and glass are heated to the same temperature. Why does the piece of
copper feel hotter on touching?
7. A brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day although both are
at the same temperature. Explain why .
8. When a drop of water falls on a very hot iron, it takes quite long to evaporate. Why?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Two metal rods 1 and 2, of the same length have same temperature difference between
their ends. Their thermal conductivities are K 1 and K2 and cross-sectional areas A1 and A2
respectively. What is the required condition for the same rate of the heat conduction in
them?
2. Heat is continuously generated in an electric heater due to flow of current but its
temperature becomes constant after some time. Why?
3. There are two rods of the same metal, same length, same area of cross-section but one of
'square' cross-section and the other of 'circular' cross-section. One end of each is kept
immersed in steam. After the steady state is reached, the other ends of the rods are
touched. Which one will be hotter?
4. Which thermos flask is better (when both are of same height and have same capacity),
one is of circular cross-section and the other is of square cross-section?
5. Thermal conductivity of air is less than that of felt but felt is a better heat insulator in
comparison to air. Why?
6. The woollen blanket keeps our body warm but on wrapping ice with the same blanket, it
keeps ice cold. Why?
7. Snow is a better heat-insulator than ice, why?
8. Why are the coolant coils fitted on the ceiling of the refrigerator?

LONG ANSWER TYPE A

1. Define coefficient of thermal conductivity and state its SI unit and dimensions.
2. Describe Searle’s method for measuring coefficient of thermal conductivity of a good
conductor.
3. Two metallic rods of length l1 and l2 and thermal conductivity K1 and K2 are in contact.
l 1+l 2
K=
Prove that their equivalent thermal conductivity is
( )( )
l1
K1
+ 2
l .
K2

LONG ANSWER TYPE B

1. Define thermal conduction and write coefficient of thermal conductivity. Obtain the
relation Q=¿ where Q is amount of heat, t is time, A is area of cross-section of the body,
(θ1-θ2)/l is the temperature gradient and K is coefficient of thermal conductivity.
2. What do you understand by the flow of heat by a composite body. Obtain the relation
l 1+l 2
K=

( )( )
l1
K1
+ 2
l
K2
where K is combined thermal conductivity of two bodies l1 and l2 of

same area of cross-section and the two materials of thermal conductivities K1 and K2.
3. A slab has been formed from two plates kept in contact, each of same thickness and
cross-section and conductivities K1 and K2. Show that the resultant thermal conductivity
of this slab is given by 2 K1 K2/ (K1 + K2).
4. Discuss the comparison of thermal and electrical conductivities of metals and hence give
the concept of thermal resistance.
5. Write Stefan’s law, define emissivity of a material. Derive Newton’s law of cooling and
plot a graph between temperature and time.
6. Define coefficient of thermal conductivity and describe Searle’s method to determine
coefficient of thermal conductivity of a good conductor.

NUMERICALS

1. The cross-sectional area of a brick wall is 2.0 m 2 and its thickness is 12 cm. If the
difference of temperature between the two sides of the wall is 24°C, calculate the amount
of heat flowing through the wall in 1 hour. The thermal conductivity of brick is 0.13 J/(s-
m-°C)
2. The area of cross-section of an iron plate of thickness 2 cm is 5000 cm 2. The
temperatures of its surfaces are 150°C and 140°C respectively. Calculate the rate of heat
transmitted through this plate. Coefficient of thermal conductivity of iron is 0.015 kcal/(s-
m-°C)
3. The temperature difference between the ends of a rod of aluminium of length 1.0 m and
area of cross-section 5.0 cm2 is 200°C. How much heat will flow through the rod in 5
minutes? The coefficient of thermal conductivity of aluminium is 0.2 kJ/(s-m-°C).
4. If we use 12 mm thick special glass in the windows of a room, instead of 3 mm thick
ordinary glass, and the temperature inside the room is higher than that outside by 10°C ,
then how much heat per hour will be prevented from going out? The total area of glass is
5 m2 and the thermal conductivity is 2 x 10-4 kcal/(s-m-°C).
5. One end of each of the two rods A and B of same metal and same area of cross-section
has been immersed in ice at 0°C. In which rod will the rate of heat - conduction be more
when : (i) their other ends are at 20°C and 30°C respectively and the length of A is half
the length of B, (ii) their ends are at 20°C and 10°C respectively and the length of A is
twice the length of B.
6. The thickness of a sheet of nickel is 0.4 cm. The temperature difference between its two
faces is 32°C. It transmits heat through an area of 5 cm 2 at a rate of 200 kcal/h . Calculate
the coefficient of thermal conductivity of nickel.
7. The opposite faces of an iron cube are in steam (100°C) and in ice (0°C). Each side of the
cube is 2 cm and the thermal conductivity of iron is 0.2 cal/(s-cm-°C). How much ice will
melt in 5 minutes? Latent heat of ice is 80 cal/g .
8. Two vessels of different materials are identical in size and wall-thickness. They are filled
with equal quantities of ice at 0°C. If the ice melts completely in 10 and 25 minutes
respectively then compare the coefficients of thermal conductivity of the materials of the
vessels.
9. One end of a 25 cm long metal bar is in steam and the other is in contact with ice. If 12 g
of ice melts per minute, what is the thermal conductivity of the metal? Cross-section of
the bar is 5 cm2 and latent heat of ice is 3.4 x 105 J/kg.
10. Two rods of same metal and of same cross-section have lengths 0.5 m and 0.8 m. The
temperature difference across the ends of the first rod is 40°C. Find the temperature
difference across the second rod, if the rate of heat conduction is equal in both the rods.
11. The temperature difference between the two ends of a bar 1.0 m long is 50°C and that for
the other bar 1.25 m long 75°C. Both the bars have same area of cross-section. If the rates
of conduction of heat in the two bars are the same, find the ratio of the coefficients of
thermal conductivity of the materials of the two bars. If both the bars are of same metal,
find the ratio of the rates of heat conduction in them.
12. Three thermometers A, B and C read respectively 36°C, 32°C and 27°C. A lies between
the body and vest of a man, B between vest and the shirt and C between the shirt and the
coat. If the vest and the shirt are equally thick, calculate the ratio of their thermal
conductivities.
13. The ratio of the areas of cross-section of two rods of different materials is 1 : 2 and the
ratio of the thermal conductivities of their materials is 4 : 3. On keeping equal
temperature-difference between the ends of these rods, the rate of conduction of heat are
equal. Determine the ratio of the lengths of the rods.
14. Two vessels of different materials are identical in size and shape. Both are filled with
equal masses of boiled water and are placed on the same heater. If thermal conductivities
of the metals of the vessels be 5 x 10 -2 and 3 x 10-2 kcal/(s-m-°C) respectively, then
calculate the ratio of the timings taken by the water in the vessels to convert into steam.
15. The plane surfaces of two sheets of different metals are kept in contact with each other.
The thicknesses of sheets are 2.5 cm and 3.0 cm respectively and the ratio of their
thermal conductivities in the same order is 5:6. If the outer surfaces of the sheets are at
constant temperatures of 100°C and 10°C respectively, calculate the temperature of
interface.
16. The rate of radiation from a black body at 0°C is Q J/s. Find the rate of radiation by the
same black body at 273°C.
17. A black body radiates 5000 joules of energy per second at 227°C temperature. What will
be the rate of radiation of energy at 727°C temperature?
18. A black body at 127°C temperature is radiating energy from its surface at a rate of 1.0 x
106 joule per second per metre square. Find that temperature of the black body at which
the rate of energy radiation will be 16.0 x 106 joule per second per metre square.
19. A black body radiates 1 kilojoule (kJ) energy per second at a temperature of 27°C. Find
the temperature at which it will radiate 16 kilojoule energy per second.
20. The luminosity of Rigel star in Orion constellation is 17,000 times that of the sun. The
surface temperature of sun is 6000 K. Calculate the temperature of the star.
21. A pan filled with hot water cools from 95°C to 85°C in 2 minutes when room
temperature is 20°C. How long will it take to cool from 73°C to 67°C?
22. Two stars, A and B, emit maximum radiations at wavelengths 5200 Å and 6500 Å
respectively. If the temperature of A is 6000 K, then what is the temperature of B?
23. The sun and the moon emit maximum radiations at 5000 Å and 15 μ wavelengths,
respectively. If the temperature of the sun be 6000 K, calculate the temperature of the
moon.
24. In solar-radiation the value of λ m is 4753 Å and the temperature of the sun is 6080.3 K.
Calculate the Wein’s constant b.
 CHAPTER 19: THERMODYNAMICS

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

1. Find the amount of work done to increase the temperature of one mole of an ideal gas by
30°C if it is expanding under the condition V α T 2/3. Given R = 1.99 cal mol-1 K-1 and 1
cal = 4.2 J
2. Find the velocity with which a lead bullet having initial temperature 30°C should strike a
target so that it may just melt. Only half of the heat produced is absorbed by the bullet.
Specific heat of lead = 0.03 kcal kg -1 °C-1, latent heat of lead = 6 kcal/kg, melting point of
lead = 330°C, 1 kcal = 4.2 × 103 J.
3. A 50 g lead bullet (specific heat 0.02 cal/(g-°C) is initially at 30°C. It is fired vertically
upwards with a speed of 840 m/s. On returning to the starting level it strikes a cake of ice
at 0°C. How much ice is melted? Assume that all energy is spent in melting only. Latent
heat of ice = 80 cal/g and 1 cal = 4.2 J.
4. A 0.10-kg steel ball falls on earth from a height of 10 m and bounces to a height of 1.0 m.
Let all the dissipated energy were absorbed by the ball as heat. Specific heat of steel is
0.12 cal/(g-°C) State: (i) Has the heat been given to the ball? (ii) Has the work been done
on the ball? If yes, then how much? (iii) By how much has the internal energy of the ball
changed? (iv) What rise in temperature has taken place in the ball after striking? (g = 10
N/kg, J = 4.2 J/cal).
5. From what height should a piece of ice fall so that it melts completely? Only one-quarter
of the heat produced is absorbed by the ice. The latent heat of ice is 3.4 x 10 5 J/kg and g
is 10 N/kg.
6. A block of metal of mass 0.8 kg is heated at atmospheric pressure at 25°C. It takes 15 kJ
of heat. Find (i) the final temperature of the block, (ii) work done by the block and (iii)
change in internal energy of the block. Given: specific heat of the material of the block =
0.375 KJ/(kg-°C), its coefficient of volume expansion = 8.5 x 10 -5/°C, its density = 8500
kgm-3. Take atmospheric pressure = 105 N/m2 (or Pa).
7. 1.0 m3 of water is converted into 1671 m 3 of steam at atmospheric pressure and 100°C
temperature. The latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 x 10 6 J/kg. If 2.0 kg of water
be converted into steam at atmospheric pressure and 100°C temperature, then how much
will be the increase in its internal energy? (Density of water = 1.0 × 10 3 kg m-3,
atmospheric pressure = 1.01 x 105 Nm-2).
8. At normal pressure and 0°C temperature the volume of 1 kg of ice is reduced by 91 cm 3
on melting. Latent heat of melting of ice is 3.4 x 10 5 J/kg. Compute the change in the
internal energy when 2 kg of ice melts at normal pressure and 0°C. (Normal pressure =
1.01 × 105 N m-2).
9. At 0°C and normal atmospheric pressure the volume of 1 g of water increases from 1 cm 3
to 1.091 cm3 on freezing. What will be the change in its internal energy? Normal
atmospheric pressure is 1.013 x 105 N m-2 and the latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal/g.
10. One mole of an ideal gas is heated isobarically from the freezing point to the boiling
point of water, each under normal pressure. Find out the work done by the gas and the
change in its internal energy. The amount of heat involved is 1 kJ. Given: Gas constant R
= 8.3 J mol-1 K-1
11. In the given figure, an ideal gas changes its state from state A to state C by two paths
ABC and AC.

(i) Find the path along which work done is less.

(ii) The internal energy of gas at A is 10 J and amount of heat supplied to change
its state to C through the path AC is 200 J. Calculate its internal energy at C.
(iii) The internal energy of gas at state B is 20 J. Find the amount of heat supplied
to the gas to go from A to B.
12. The adjoining diagram shows a P-V graph of the thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal
gas. Find out from this graph (i) work done in the processes A → B , B → C , C → D and
D → A , (ii) work done in complete cycle A → B → C → D → A .

13. The adjacent figure shows the changes in a thermodynamic system in going from an
initial state A to the states B and C and returning to the state A. If U A = 0, UB= 30 J and
the heat given to the system in the process B→ C = 50 J, then determine: (i) internal
energy of the system in the state C, (ii) heat given to the system in the process A → B,
(iii) heat given to the system or taken out from the system in the process C → A, (iv) net
work done in complete cycle.
14. In the adjoining P-V diagram, 100 J of heat is given in taking a system from A to C along
the path ADC and 50 J of work is done by the system. (i) If the work done by the system
is 15 J along the path ABC, then how much heat is to be given in taking the system from
A to C? (ii) How much heat will be absorbed or given out if the work done on the system
along the curved path from C to A is 15 J? (iii) If U B – UA = 40 J, then how much heat
will be absorbed in each of the processes AB and BC?

15. A 10 KW drilling machine is used to drill a bore in a small aluminium block of mass 8.0
kg. How much is the rise in the temperature of the block in 2.5 minutes, assuming that
50% of power is lost in heating the machine and to the surroundings. The specific heat of
aluminium is 0.91 J/(g-°C)
16. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a furnace to a temperature of 500°C and then
placed on a large ice block. What is the maximum amount of ice that can melt? (Specific
heat of copper = 0.39 J/(g-°C), heat of fusion of water = 335 J/g.
17. The temperature of 100 g of water is to be raised from 24°C to 90°C by adding steam to
it. Calculate the mass of steam required. The latent heat of steam is 540 kcal/kg. The
specific heat of water is 1.0 cal/(g-°C)
18. 10 g of water at 45°C and 5 g of ice at -30°C are mixed together in a calorimeter. Find the
final temperature of the mixture. The water equivalent of the calorimeter is negligible.
The specific heat of ice is 0.55 cal/(g-°C) and the latent heat is 80 cal/g. The specific heat
of water is 1.0 cal/(g-°C).

OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. The volume of a gas increases by 0.5 m 3 at a constant pressure of 1000 Nm -2. The work
done by the gas is:
(a) 500 J
(b) 250 J
(c) 200 J
(d) 100 J
2. A gas is carried through the path AB, BC and CA according to the adjoining figure. The
net work done in the whole cycle is:
 (a) 12 P1 V1
(b) 6 P1 V1
(c) 3 P1 V1
(d) P1 V1
3. The volume of an ideal gas expands to 0.5 at a constant pressure of 50. The work done by
the gas is:
(a) 25 J
(b) 50 J
(c) 100 J
(d) 10 J
4. If 30 joule heat is supplied into a system, it does 20 joule of work. The internal energy of
the system will be:
(a) Increase by 10 J
(b) Decrease by 10 J
(c) Increase by 20 J
(d) Decrease by 20 J
5. 80 joule heat is given to a gas. Its internal energy increases to 30 joule. The work done is:
(a) 110 J
(b) 80 J
(c) 50 J
(d) 30 J

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Why does the bullet fired from a gun get heated on striking the target?
2. Why are the brake-drums of a car heated when the car moves down a hill at constant
speed?
3. If an electric fan be switched on in a closed room, will the air of the room be cooled? It
not, why do we feel cold?
4. Which one among a solid, liquid and gas of the same mass and at the same temperature
has the greatest internal energy? Which one least? Why?
5. Which type of motion of the molecules is responsible for the internal energy of a
monoatomic gas?
6. By what methods can the internal energy of an ideal gas be changed? Give examples.
7. Whose molecules, ice at 0°C or water at 0°C,have greater potential energy? Why?
8. The temperature of a gas rises during an adiabatic compression, although no heat is given
to the gas from outside. Explain.
9. An ideal gas is compressed at a ‘constant’ temperature. Will its internal energy increase
or decrease?
10. If external energy is not supplied to an expanding gas, will the gas do any external work?
If yes, from where the energy will come for it?
11. Two bodies at different temperatures T 1 and T2, if brought in thermal contact, do not
necessarily settle to the mean temperature (T1 + T2)/2. Why?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. The following figures (a), (b), (c), (d) show P-V graph of a gas. Calculate the work done
in each case.

2. The adjoining diagram shows the pressure-volume graph of thermodynamic processes of

an ideal gas. Determine the work done in A → B, B → C and C→A processes separately
and the work done in the complete cycle ABCA.

3. In the diagram are shown the changes taking place in a thermodynamic system in going
from the initial state A to the states B and C and finally returning to the state A. If U A =
30 joule, UC = 70 joule and the heat spent in the change from state A to B is 60 joule,
then determine : (i) work done by the system in change from B to C, (ii) heat released
from the system in the change from C to A, (iii) value of UB.
4. The initial pressure and volume of a gas are P i and Vi respectively. They are increased to
Pf and Vf. In which process will more work have to be done: (i) first increasing the
volume and then increasing the pressure or (ii) first increasing the pressure only and then
increasing the volume? Will the change in internal energy of the gas in these processes be
different?

5. What do you understand by cyclic process?

6. What do you mean by: internal energy (U) of a gas?
7. Why is internal energy (U) said to be a unique function?
8. The internal latent heat of melting of ice is greater than its total latent heat; while the
internal latent heat of steam is less than its total latent heat, why?
9. State first law of thermodynamics. On which physical quantity’s conservation is this law
based?
10. The internal energy of a compressed gas is less than that of a rarefied gas at the same
temperature, why?
11. A mixture of oxygen and inflammable gas is burnt in a ‘closed’ vessel placed in water.
The temperature of water rises. Consider mixture as the system. (i) Has heat been given
to the water? (ii) Has work been done on water? (iii) Has there been any change in the
internal energy of water?
12. A closed thermos-bottle containing water is vigorously shaken for some time and thereby
the temperature of water rises. Regard water as the system. (i) Has heat been given to
water? (ii) Has work been done on water? (iii) Has the internal energy of water changed?
13. The climate of a town near a sea is more temperate than that of a town in a desert at the
same altitude. Why?
 LONG ANSWER TYPE A

1. Prove that the work done by a thermodynamic system in a certain process is equal to the
area enclosed by P-V diagram and volume-axis
2. Explain the meaning of the equation dQ = dU + P dv in thermodynamics. Explain the
concept of internal energy on the basis of this law.
3. Write first law of thermodynamics, explaining the symbols used. Prove, on the basis of
this law, that the change in the internal energy of a system: (i) is equal to the heat given to
or taken from the system in isochoric process (ii) is equal to the work done on the system
or by the system in adiabatic process and (iii) is zero in free expansion.

LONG ANSWER TYPE B

1. Define internal energy of a thermodynamic system. Show by drawing a diagram that

change in the internal energy depends on the initial and final states only, not on the path
through which the thermodynamic system is taken.
2. What do you understand by the work energy equivalence in a thermodynamic system?
Show that work done in a thermodynamic system depends on the path along which
thermodynamic system is taken and independent on the initial and final states.
3. Write first law of thermodynamic system and explain isochoric, isothermal and adiabatic
processes on its basis.

NUMERICALS

1. How much maximum work can be obtained from 100 calories of heat?
2. Latent heat of steam is 536 cal/g. Express it in J/kg.
3. Specific heat of water is 1cal g-1 °C-1.Express it in J kg-1 °C-1
4. Specific heat of copper is 0.092 cal g-1 °C-1 Express it in J kg-1 K-1.
5. If in stopping a car of mass 800 kg by applying brakes, 41.8 kcal of heat is produced,
then what was the speed of the car before applying the brakes?
6. A bullet of mass 20 g strikes a target with a velocity 100 m/s and comes to rest. 50%
kinetic energy of the bullet raises its temperature by 25°C. Calculate: (i) increase in the
internal energy of the bullet due to rise in temperature, (ii) specific heat of the material
san of the bullet.
7. A lead bullet of specific heat 0.032 kcal kg-1°C-1 strikes a target with a velocity of 300
m/s . If the bullet is completely stopped by the target, find the rise in the temperature of
the bullet. Assume that the heat produced is equally shared by the target and the bullet. (J
= 4.2 J/cal).
8. A bullet of lead just melts when stopped by an obstacle. Assuming that 25% of the heat
produced is absorbed by the obstacle, find the velocity of the bullet if its initial
temperature is 27°C. J= 4.2 J/cal, melting point of lead = 327°C, specific heat of lead =
0.03 cal/(g-°C) , latent heat of melting of lead = 6 cal/g.
9. A 2 kg sphere falls from a height of 3 m. If whole of its potential energy is converted into
heat, then how much heat will be produced? (1 cal = 4.2 J).
10. A 5 kg hammer falls with a velocity 1 m s-Ion a piece of lead of mass 300 g at 27°C.
How many strokes will be required for melting the lead?
11. A lead ball of mass 2.0 kg falls from a height of 30.0 m. If the total kinetic energy of the
ball is converted into heat and remains in it , calculate the rise in temperature of the ball
when it strikes the ground. Find the change in the internal energy of the ball in this
process. (Specific heat of lead = 125 J kg-1 °C-1)
12. Water falls from a height of 20 m at a rate of 100 kg/s. How many calorie of heat will be
produced per second on striking with the earth? Assume that the whole energy is
converted into heat.
13. From what height should a piece of ice fall upon the ground so that it is completely
melted, assuming that all the heat produced remains in ice? (Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/g,
J = 4.2 J/cal, g = 9.8 N/kg.)
14. In a waterfall, water falls from a height of 420 m on the ground. Determine the rise in the
temperature of water, if total heat generated remains in water. (g = 10 m s -2 and J = 4.2 x
103 J/ kcal)
15. A 0.1 kg steel ball falls from a height of 10 m on the ground and rebounds to a height of 7
m. (i) Why does it not rebound to its original height? (ii) If the dissipated energy remains
in the ball in the form of heat, then by how much will the temperature of the ball be
raised?
16. What amount of work will have to be done in converting 1 kg of water into steam at
100°C and normal atmospheric pressure? The volume of 1 kg of waterat 100°C is 10 -3 m3
and that of 1 kg of steam is 1.671 m3 and the normal pressure is 105 N/m2.
17. A gas expands from 75 litre to 125 litre at a constant pressure of 4 atmospheric. If one
atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa, calculate the work done by the gas during this
expansion.
18. The volume of a gas at the atmospheric pressure is 2.0 litre. On giving 300 joule of heat
to the gas, its volume increases to 2.5 litre at the same pressure. Determine the change in
the internal energy of the gas. Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 x 105 N m-2, 1 litre = 10-3 m3.
19. How much external work would have to be done in reducing the volume of an ideal gas
by 2.4 x 10-4 m3 at normal temperature and normal (constant) pressure ( 1.0 x 10 5 N m-2)?
If, on absorbing 12 J of energy, the temperature of the gas rises through 1°C, calculate the
final temperature of the compressed gas.
20. 1671 cm3 of water vapour is formed from 1cm of water at atmospheric pressure (1.01 x
105 N m-2) and 100°C. Latent heat of vaporisation is 540 cal/g How much increase in the
internal energy will take place when one gram of water is converted into vapour at
atmospheric pressure? (J = 4.2 J/cal)
21. The volume of 1.0 kg of water at 100°C is 1 x 10 -3 m3 and the volume of 1.0 kg of steam
at normal pressure is 1.671 m3. The latent heat of steam is 2.3 x 106 J/kg and the normal
pressure is 1.0 x 105 N m-2. How much work will be done in converting 5.0 kg of water at
 100°C into steam at the same temperature and at normal pressure? What will be the
increase in the internal energy of water in this process?
22. 2000 calories of heat are given to a thermodynamic system and the system does 3350
joule of external work. In this process the internal energy of the system is increased by
5030 joule. Calculate the value of the conversion factor J
23. If, on giving heat amounting 40 J to a system, the work done is – 8 J, then what will be
the change in the internal energy of the system?
24. Heat equivalent to 50 J is supplied to a thermodynamic system and 10 J work is done on
the system. What is the change in the internal energy of the system in this process?
25. 1000 cal heat was given to a system. 418 J work was done by the system and 100 cal heat
was destroyed. What was the change in the internal energy of the system?
26. A system is given 200 cal of heat and also 210 J of work is done on it. If 50 cal of heat is
lost due to conduction, find the change in the internal energy of the system. (1 cal = 4.2 J)
27. A 0.1 kg ball falls from a height of 10 m and rebounds to a height of 7.0 m. What is the
change in the internal energy of the ball and the earth?

CHAPTER 20: ISOTHERMAL AND ADIABATIC PROCESS

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

1. A certain volume of a gas at 27°C and 105 N m -2 pressure expands isothermally until its
volume is doubled, and then adiabatically until its volume is redoubled. Find the final
pressure of the gas. Given: γ = 1.4, (2)1.4 = 2.64.
2. A definite mass of an ideal gas at NTP is allowed to expand to four times its original
volume (i) slowly, (ii) suddenly. Calculate its final pressure and temperature in each case.
Given: γ = 1.4, (4)1.4 = 6.963, (4)0.4 = 1.741.
3. A tyre pumped to a pressure of 2 atmospheres at 27°C suddenly bursts. What is the
temperature of the escaping air? Given: γ = 1.4 for air, (2)2/7 = 1.219.
4. One mole of an ideal gas at 127°C expands isothermally until its volume is doubled.
Calculate the work done by the gas and the amount of heat absorbed. Given R = 8.31 J
mol-1 k-1.
5. A gas (γ = 1.4) of 2 m3 volume and at a pressure of 4 x 10 5 N m-2 is compressed
adiabatically to a volume 0.5 m 3. Find its new pressure. Compare it with the pressure
obtained if the compression were isothermal. Calculate the work done in each process.
1
Given: (4)1.4 = 6.96, log =¿ - 0.6021.
4
6. A perfect gas of volume 2 x 10-3 m3 at 105 N m-2 pressure is adiabatically compressed to
half its original volume. Calculate the new pressure and the work done on the gas. Given:
γ = 1.4, (2)1.4 = 2.64.
7. One mole of an ideal gas at a pressure of 10 5 N m-2 is compressed adiabatically from a
volume of 6 litres to a volume of 2 litres. Calculate the work done on the gas. The molar
specific heat of the gas at constant volume is 3R/2. Given: (3)5/3 = 6.24.
8. Three moles of hydrogen at NTP are allowed to expand adiabatically so that the
temperature of the gas falls to 263 K. Find the work done by the gas. Given: γ = 1.4 and
R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1.
9. At 27°C two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupy a volume V. The gas expands
adiabatically to a volume 2V. Calculate (i) final temperature of the gas; (ii) change in its
internal energy and (iii) work done by the gas during this process. Given: R = 8.31 J mol -1
K-1, (2)2/3 = 1.587.
10. A mole of oxygen at 0°C is heated at constant pressure to increase its volume by 10%. (a)
What is the required amount of heat? The specific heat of oxygen at constant pressure is
0.22 cal g-1 K-1. (b) If the same amount of heat is given to the gas at constant volume,
what will be the final temperature? Given: R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1 and 1 cal = 4.2 J.
11. How much energy is absorbed by 10 kg-mole of an ideal gas if it expands from an initial
pressure of 8 atmosphere to 4 atmosphere at a constant temperature of 27°C? (R=8.31 J
mol-1 K-1 and log 2 = 0.693)
12. How much heat energy should be added to the gaseous mixture consisting of 1 gram of
hydrogen and 1 gram of helium to raise its temperature from 0°C to 100°C (i) at constant
volume and (ii) at constant pressure, assuming both the gases to be ideal? (R = 1.99 cal
mol-1 °C-1, for hydrogen γ = 1.41 and for helium γ = 1.67).

OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. An adiabatic process occurs at constant:

(a) Temperature
(b) Pressure
(c) Heat
(d) Temperature and pressure
2. The relation between temperature T and pressure P for an ideal gas in an adiabatic
process is:
γ
T
(a) γ −1 =constant
P
γ−1
T
(b) γ
=constant
P
(c) T P γ=constant
(d) T P γ−1=constant
3. For a monoatomic gas, the adiabatic relation between pressure and volume is:
(a) PV = constant
(b) PV5/3 = constant
(c) PV7/5 = constant
(d) PV2/3 = constant
4. If for an adiabatic change in a monoatomic gas, the relation between temperature and
pressure is given by P α TC, then the value of C is:
(a) 5/2
(b) 5/3
(c) 3/5
(d) 2/5
5. Work done on a gas will be maximum in:
(a) Isothermal process
(b) Isobaric process
(c) Isochoric process
 (d) Adiabatic process
6. In adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, work done by the gas is 5 J. The internal
energy of the gas will be:
(a) Increase by 5 J
(b) Decrease by 2.5 J
(c) Remains the same
(d) Decrease by 5 J

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Write the relation between pressure and volume for an adiabatic change in an ideal gas.
2. Write the relation between temperature and volume for an adiabatic change in an ideal
gas.
3. Write a relation between temperature and pressure for an adiabatic change in an ideal gas.
4. Write an example of an isothermal process.
5. Write an example of an adiabatic process.
6. Which of the following phenomena are isothermal and which are adiabatic?
(i) Melting of ice, (ii) filling of compressed ammonia gas into a tube in the ice-
manufacturing machine, (iii) freezing of wax, (iv) propagation of longitudinal waves in
air.
7. Is it possible that there is no rise in temperature of a body in spite of its being heated?
8. Is the superheating of steam an isobaric process or an isothermal process, and why?
9. Ice at 0°C is heated to be converted into steam at 100°C. State the isothermal changes in
this process of conversion of ice into steam.
10. A sample of an ideal gas contained in a cylinder is compressed adiabatically until its
volume reduces to 1/5th of the original volume. Explain whether the final pressure will be
more or less than 5 times the initial pressure.
11. Explain why the slope of an adiabatic curve is greater than that of isothermal curve.
12. Does the internal energy of an ideal gas change in an isothermal process? In an adiabatic
process?
13. Heat is neither given to nor taken from a gas in an adiabatic expansion. Does the internal
energy of the gas change in this process? Temperature? Explain.
14. 400 J work is done on a gas to reduce its volume by compressing it. If this change is done
under adiabatic condition, find out the change in the internal energy of the gas and also
the amount of heat absorbed by the gas.
15. Is it possible to increase the temperature of a gas without giving it heat? Explain.
16. If hot air rises, why is it cooler at the top of a mountain than at sea level?
17. When an air-filled balloon bursts suddenly, the air coming out from the balloon is cooled.
Why?
18. What are the values of specific heat of a gas in isothermal and adiabatic processes?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. The figure shows two P-V curves AB and AC for a gas: one is for an isothermal and
other for an adiabatic change
 (i) Which curve denotes which change and why?
(ii) How much work will be done by the gas in the change AB? Will the internal
energy of the gas increase or decrease? How much heat the gas will take (or
give)?
(iii) Discuss all the above facts in the change AC also.
(iv) How much work will be done in going from B?
(v) How much work will be done if the gas is taken along the path ABCA? What
will be the change in the internal energy of the gas?
2. The initial pressure and volume of an ideal gas are P and V respectively. The gas is
allowed to expand to volume 2V (i) isobarically (P = constant), (ii) isothermally (PV=
constant) and (iii) adiabatically (PV ) = constant). (a) Draw P-V diagrams for the three
expansions and state the change in temperature in each case. (b) In which expansion is
the external work done by the gas maximum, and in which minimum? (c) In which
expansion, isothermal or adiabatic, is the final pressure higher? Explain.
3. Two samples of the same gas are taken in two vessels at the same pressure and the same
volume. The gas in one vessel is compressed isothermally and that in the other
adiabaticallytill in each vessel the volume becomes half of the initial volume. (i) Show
these changes on P-V graph. (ii) In which case will the final temperature be higher? (iii)
In which case will the final pressure be higher?
4. Two different adiabatic paths for the same gas intersect two isothermals at T 1 and T2, as
shown in P – V diagram. How does the ratio Va/ Vd compare with the ratio Vb/ Vc?

5. Compare the formula Cp – Cy = R for an ideal gas with the thermodynamic equation dU =
dQ – P dV.
6. Prove that the difference in the molar specific heats (C p, Cv) of an ideal gas is nearly 2 cal
mol-1 K-1. Given: R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1.
7. How many calories of heat are required for the external work when one mole of a gas is
heated by 1°C at a constant pressure?
8. In an experiment, the specific heat at constant volume of helium (atomic mass = 4.00) is
measured to be 0.746 cal g-1 °C-1. Does this value agree with the theoretical value?

LONG ANSWER TYPE A

1. Explain clearly the difference between isothermal and adiabatic processes. Give
examples of each.
2. What are isothermal and adiabatic curves? Show them in a diagram and prove that the
slope of adiabatic curve at a point is γ times the slope of isothermal curve at that point.
3. Derive an expression for the external work done by an ideal gas in isothermal expansion
from volume V1 to V2 at absolute temperature T.
4. Calculate the external work done by μ moles of an ideal gas in expanding adiabatically so
that its absolute temperature falls from T1 to T2.
5. Explain why the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than that at constant
volume.

LONG ANSWER TYPE B

1. Explain isothermal and adiabatic processes. Name the laws followed by a thermodynamic
system in these processes. Draw corresponding curves between pressure and volume.
2. Obtain expression for work done under isothermal and adiabatic expansions. Compare
these works in terms of area enclosed by P-V diagrams (P → pressure, V → volume).
3. What do you mean by molar specific heat of a gas? Define specific heat at constant
pressure and at constant volume and why Cp is greater than Cv?
4. Define Cp and Cv and derive Mayer’s formula i.e ., relation between C p and Cv. (Cp is
specific heat at constant pressure and Cv is specific heat at constant volume.)

NUMERICALS

1. The volume of an ideal gas in a vessel is 2 litres at normalpressure (1.0 x 10 5 N m-2). The
pressure of the gas is increased (i) under isothermal condition, (ii) under adiabatic
condition until its volume remains 1 litre. Find the increased pressure of the gas. (γ for air
= 1.4, log 2 = 0.3010, log 2.64 = 0.4214).
2. The initial pressure of a gas is 5 x 10 5 N/m2. Its volume is compressed to 1/9 of its
original volume adiabatically. What will be the pressure of the gas in this condition? For
the gas γ = 3/2.
3. A vessel is filled with a perfect gas at a pressure of 2.0 x 10 5 N m-2. The pressure of the
gas is increased adiabatically to such an extent that its volume is reduced to half of its
original volume. Calculate the new pressure. Given γ = 1.41 and (2)1.41 = 2.66.
4. The volume of a given mass of air is doubled in adiabatic expansion. If the initial
pressure of the air is 80 cm of mercury, what will be the final pressure ? γ for air = 1.41
and (2)1.41 = 2.66
5. One litre of a gas whose initial pressure is atmosphere is compressed till the pressure
becomes atmospheres. If the gas be compressed (i) slowly, (ii) suddenly, what will be the
new volumes of the gas? γ = 1.4 and (0.5)1/1.4 = 0.61.
6. The pressure of a gas (γ = 1.5) is suddenly raised to 8 times. Calculate, how many times
the volume of gas will become.
7. A certain mass of air (γ = 1.5) at 27°C is compressed (i) slowly and (ii) suddenly to one-
fourth of original volume. Find the final temperature of the compressed air in each case.
8. A gas initially at atmospheric pressure and 15°C temperature is compressed adiabatically
until its volume remains one-fourth of its original volume. Find out the final pressure and
temperature of the gas (γ = 1.5).
9. A monoatomic ideal gas at 17°C is suddenly compressed to 1/8 of its initial volume. Find
the final temperature of the gas. Given: for the monoatomic gas γ = 5/3.
10. A gas, whose initial temperature is 27°C, is compressed adiabatically to 8 times its initial
pressure. If γ = 1.5, find the rise in temperature in this transformation.
11. Two moles of oxygen at 0°C are compressed until the volume remains one-fourth of the
initial value at the same temperature. Calculate the work done. R = 8.31 J mol -1 K-1.
12. An ideal gas of volume 1 litre and at pressure 8 atmospheres expands adiabatically until
the pressure drops to 1 atmosphere. Find the final volume and work done. Given: γ = 1.5,
1 atmosphere = 1.013 x 105 N m-2 and 1 litre = 10-3 m3.
13. One mole of oxygen at NTP is compressed adiabatically to 5 atmospheres. What is the
new temperature and the work done? Given: γ = 1.4 and R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1.
14. 0.5 mole CO2 is heated from 25°C to 125°C at constant pressure.If C p = 8.0 cal mol-1 °C-
1
and Cv = 6.0 cal mol-1 °C-1 for CO2, then calculate (i) amount of heat given to the gas, (ii)
increase in the internal energy of the gas.
15. 0.1 mole nitrogen is heated from 27°C to 327°C at constant pressure. Determine the heat
given to the gas, increase in internal energy of the gas and work done by the gas. For
nitrogen Cp = 7 and Cv = 5 cal mol-1 °C-1.
16. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of two moles of an ideal
monoatomic gas from 0°C to 100°C if no work is done. You are given that the molar
specific heat of the above gas at constant pressure is 2.5 R, where R is the universal gas
constant (R = 8.3 J mol-1 K-1).

CHAPTER 21: HEAT ENGINE: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

1. A Carnot’s engine working between 0°C and 100°C takes up 746 J of heat from the
source per cycle. Calculate (i) work done by the engine per cycle, (ii) heat rejected to the
sink and (iii) efficiency of the engine.
2. An ideal Carnot’s engine takes 1000 calorie of heat at 627°C from a source and rejects a
part atb27°C to the sink. Find the work done by the engine per cycle, the heat rejected to
the sink per cycle and the efficiency of the engine.
3. A Carnot’s heat engine working between 300 K and 600 K has a work output of 800 J per
cycle. Calculate the heat supplied to the engine from the source.
4. A Carnot engine takes in 100 cal of heat from the source at temperature 400 K and gives
up 80 cal to the sink. What is the temperature of the sink? Thermal efficiency of the
engine?
5. A reversible engine works between two temperatures whose difference is 110°. If it
absorbs 746 J of heat from the source and gives 546 J to the sink, calculate the
temperatures of the source and the sink.
6. An ideal engine operating between 227°C and 27°C develops 74600 watt. Find the
efficiency of the engine, the heat taken per second from the hot reservoir and the heat
rejected per second to the cold reservoir. (1 calorie = 4.18 joule)
7. The temperatures T1 and T2 of the two heat reservoirs in the ideal Carnot engine are
1500°C and 500°C respectively. Which one, increasing 71 by 100°C or decreasing T2 by
100°C, would result in a greater improvement in the efficiency of the engine?
8. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 50% when its sink temperature is 17°C. What must
be the change in its source temperature for making efficiency 60%?
9. The temperature inside a refrigerator is – 3°C and the room temperature is 27°C. How
many joules of heat will be delivered to the room for each joule of electrical energy
consumed ideally?

OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. The efficiency of a Carnot’s engine working between 400 K and 300 K temperatures is :
(a) 100% (b) 75% (c) 33.3% (d) 25%.
2. The efficiency of a Carnot’s engine is 25%. It gives out heat at 27°C. It must take in heat
at :
(a) 127°C (b) 227°C (c) 327°C (d) 427°C.
3. The temperatures inside and outside of a refrigerator are 246 k and 273 k respectively.
The heat delivered to the surroundings for every joule of work done is roughly:
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J (c) 30 J (d) 40 J

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Give two examples of reversible processes.

2. Is it possible to construct a heat engine which would not reject any heat to the
surroundings?
3. What are the two essential features of Carnot’s ideal heat engine?
4. In a Carnot’s engine plan, the temperature of the sink is raised. How will the efficiency of
the engine be affected?
5. The efficiency of Carnot’s engine can be increased either by increasing the temperature
T1 of the source, or by decreasing the temperature T 2 of the sink. Which method would
you prefer and why?
6. It is impossible to construct a heat engine of 100% efficiency. Why?
7. The temperature of the surface of the sun is approximately 6000 K. If we take a big lens
and focus the sun-rays, can we produce a temperature of 8000 K?
8. In cold countries heat pumps are used in winter to transfer heat from some source (such
as a pond of water) to the interior of houses. Do they violate the laws of
thermodynamics?
9. Can you use a refrigerator as a heat pump to warm your room?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Are the following processes reversible or irreversible? Explain: water fall, rusting of iron,
electrolysis, heat conduction from hot to cold body.
2. Show that the heat transfer through a finite temperature difference is irreversible.
3. Why can Carnot’s engine not be realized in practice?
4. No real engine can have an efficiency greater than a Carnot engine working between the
same two temperatures. Why?
5. How is a heat engine different from a refrigerator?
6. Ocean contains enormous amount of heat energy. Can we drive a ship across the ocean
by utilizing this energy?
7. Is it possible to attain the absolute zero of temperature in the freezing compartment of a
refrigerator? Explain.
8. Can a room be cooled by leaving the door of an electric refrigerator open?
9. In the function of a refrigerator against the second law of thermodynamics? Explain.

LONG ANSWER TYPE A

1. Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes with examples. Discuss

conditions for reversibility.
2. What is a heat engine and what is its efficiency? Hence, show that the engine cannot
convert ‘all’ the heat taken in from a hot source into work.
3. Describe Carnot’s reversible heat engine and obtain an expression for its efficiency. Can
you realize it in practice?
4. What is Carnot’s ideal refrigerator? Find an expressions for its coefficient of
performance.
5. Give the alternative statements of the second law of thermodynamics. Show their
equivalence.

LONG ANSWER TYPE B

1. What is heat engine? Write its parts. Write expression for efficiency in terms of heat
given by part of engine at higher temperature and heat rejected to lower temperature of
the part of the engine.
2. Explain Carnot’s imaginary heat engine and obtain the expression for efficiency
T1
η=1− where the symbols have the usual meanings.
T2

NUMERICALS

1. A Carnot’s engine has the same efficiency (i) between 100 K and 500 K and (ii) between
T K and 900 K. Calculate the temperature T of the sink.
2. Calculate the difference in efficiencies of a Carnot’s heat engine working between (i) 400
K and 350 K, (ii) 350 K and 300 K.
3. The temperature of source of a Carnot’s heat engine is 127°C. It takes 500 calories of
heat from the source and rejects 400 calories to the sink per cycle. Calculate the
temperature of the sink and the efficiency of the engine.
4. A Carnot’s engine absorbs 1000 J of heat from a source at temperature 127°C and rejects
600 J of heat to the sink during each cycle. Calculate the amount of useful work done
during each cycle, efficiency of the engine and temperature of the sink.
5. A Carnot’s engine works between two temperatures 1 whose difference is 100 K. If it
absorbs 746 J of heat from the source and gives 546 J to the sink, calculate the
temperatures of the source and the sink.
6. A Carnot’s ideal heat engine operates between 227°C and 127°C. It absorbs 600 calories
of heat from the source. How much work per cycle is the engine capable of performing?
(1 calorie = 4.2 joule)
7. A Carnot’s reversible engine works with an efficiency of 50%. During each cycle, it
rejects 150 calories of heat at 30°C. Calculate (i) temperature of the source, (ii) work
done by the engine per cycle. (1 cal = 4.2 J)
8. The temperature of the sink of a Carnot engine is 27°C. If the efficiency of the engine is
40%, find the temperature of the source.
9. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of heat absorbed at the source into work. When
the temperature of the sink is reduced by 82°C, the efficiency is doubled. Find the
temperatures of the source and the sink.
10. A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 7°C has an efficiency of 50%. It is
desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degree should the temperature of
the high-temperature reservoir be raised?