GOOD MINING PRACTICE HANDBOOK

FOR SMALL-SCALE PRIMARY

GOLD MINING SECTOR

2021
PUBLISHER
Organizer : GOLD-ISMIA
Menara Thamrin 10 th floor
Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav.3
JAKARTA 10250
www.goldismia.org

In collaboration with : Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

(ESDM)
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK)
Author : Budi Sulistijo

Contact Info : Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti

Email: baiq.krisnayanti@ undp.org
Date : November, 2021

ISBN :
Front Cover Photo : Budi Sulistijo
Back Cover Animation : Budi Sulistijo

Copyright : 2021 GOLD -ISMIA

Acknowledgment
This handbook is a result of observations and discussions within a framework of the GOLD-ISMIA
program on small-scale primary gold mining that complies with mining safety and environment in
Indonesia, facilitated by a collaboration between ESDM, KLHK, and GOLD-ISMIA. This GOLD-ISMIA
program is supported by the Yogyakarta Special Region Government, Kulonprogo District and the UNDP
Office in Jakarta. Expertise in community mining is the result of contributions from many small-scale
primary gold mining locations in Indonesia, support from Ms. Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti and Ms. Jatu Arum
Sari, and appreciation is also addressed to the designated focal points (Ms. Ria Camelia).
Budi Sulistijo
Bandung, November 2021
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ I-1

A. Background ............................................................................................ I-1
B. Regulations ............................................................................................ I-2
C. Responsibilities of Small-Scale Primary Gold Miners ............................. I-2
D. Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining ........................................................... I-3
E. Short-Term Versus Long-Term Perspectives on Small-Scale
Mining ..................................................................................................... I-6

II. GOOD MINING CONCEPT AND GUIDELINES FOR SMALL SCALE

PRIMARY GOLD ............................................................................................ II-1
A. Initial Evaluation of Mining and Miner Capabilities ................................. II-1
A.1. Risk Planning and Assessment...................................................... II-1
A.2. Involvement of Miners, Community and Industry in Good
Mining Practice .............................................................................. II-5
B. Preparation of Gold Mining Techniques for Small-scale Mining ............. II-7
B.1. Mining Design (Entrance, Tunnel, Shaft) ....................................... II-7
B.2. Management of Mine and Processing Waste................................. II-11
B.3. Supporting...................................................................................... II-14
B.4. Ventilation System ......................................................................... II-15
B.5. Lighting .......................................................................................... II-16
B.6. Mine Plan ....................................................................................... II-17
B.7. Location of Facilities and Infrastructure (Roads, Shelters and
Processing Facilities) ..................................................................... II-17
C. Mining Activities Towards Veins ............................................................. II-18
C.1. Rock Strength ................................................................................ II-18
C.2. How to Excavate ............................................................................ II-18
C.3. Supporting Methods ....................................................................... II-19
C.4. Ventilation Preparation ................................................................... II-21
C.5. Lighting .......................................................................................... II-21
C.6. Lorry, Pulley or Similar (How to Transport Waste or Gold
Veins) ............................................................................................. II-22
D. Mine the Gold Veins ............................................................................... II-23
D.1. Veins Selection .............................................................................. II-24
D.2. Supporting System ......................................................................... II-25
D.3. Haulage.......................................................................................... II-26
E. Haulage to Temporary Stacking or Processing Site ............................... II-27
F. Work Safety ............................................................................................ II-27

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III. GOOD CONCEPT AND GUIDELINES FOR PROCESSING OF

PRIMARY GOLD ............................................................................................ III-1
A. Rock Reduction ...................................................................................... III-1
B. Gold Extraction Process ......................................................................... III-4
B.1. Gold Leaching Process .................................................................. III-4
B.2. Refining and Borax Methods for Capturing Gold ............................ III-6
C. Process of Becoming Bullion (Adsorption and Melting) .......................... III-7
D. Gold Purifying Process ........................................................................... III-8
E. Waste Handling Method ......................................................................... III-9

IV. DETAILS OF MINING AND PROCESSING APPLICATION

TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................ IV-1
A. Primary Gold Mining and Processing ..................................................... IV-1
B. Positioning and Underground Mapping .................................................. IV-2
C. Rock Strength......................................................................................... IV-5
C.1. Rocks Type .................................................................................... IV-5
C.2. Rock Strength ................................................................................ IV-5
D. Tunnel Support ....................................................................................... IV-5
D.1. Location ......................................................................................... IV-5
D.2. Portal/Shaft Collapse ..................................................................... IV-9
D.3. Tunnel/Shaft Dimension ................................................................. IV-9
D.4. Support Method ............................................................................. IV-10
E. Excavation and Hauling Method ............................................................. IV-17
E.1. Manual Excavation ......................................................................... IV-19
E.2. Jack Hammer ................................................................................. IV-20
E.3. Jack Leg......................................................................................... IV-21
E.4. Underground Haulage System ....................................................... IV-21
F. Ventilation, Lighting and Communication ............................................... IV-23
F.1. Ventilation ...................................................................................... IV-23
F.2. Lighting .......................................................................................... IV-25
F.3. Communication .............................................................................. IV-26
G. Mine Dewatering System........................................................................ IV-26
H. Processing.............................................................................................. IV-28
H.1. Crushing......................................................................................... IV-28
H.2. Gold Ore Leaching ......................................................................... IV-29
H.3. The Gold Processing Method into Bullion without Cyanide
and Mercury (Borax Method) ......................................................... IV-35
H.4. Processing Charcoal into Ash ........................................................ IV-37
H.5. The Smelting Process .................................................................... IV-39
H-6 The Processing of Bullion into Local Gold (Cukim) ........................ IV-41
H.7. Assay Calculation .......................................................................... IV-42
H.8. Gold Quality Checking ................................................................... IV-44
I. Bookkeeping........................................................................................... IV-46

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V. RECLAMATION AND POST-MINING ............................................................ V-1

A. Reclamation ........................................................................................... V-1
B. Post-Mining ............................................................................................ V-4
C. Alternative Use of Former Mines Area.................................................... V-8
C.1. Water Resources ........................................................................... V-8
C.2. Mining Education and Tourism....................................................... V-10

VI. SUGGESTIONS AND FEEDBACK ................................................................ VI-1

A. Preparation for Industry Engagement .................................................... VI-1
B. Rewards for Industries Assisting Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining
with IPR ................................................................................................. VI-2

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ VII-1

ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY

APPENDIX

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Pages
1.1 Typical Primary Gold Vein ....................................................................... I-4
2.1 Excavation Process in the Veins that Cut Up the Hills ............................. II-2
2.2 Vein Morphology Affecting Excavation Method ....................................... II-3
2.3 Construction of Settling Ponds ................................................................ II-12
2.4 How to Build a Pond a) in an Area that is Easy to Dig up b) in an
Area that is Difficult to dig up ................................................................... II-13
2.5 Examples of Vein Areas for Determining Rock Reserves ........................ II-17
2.6 How to Chase the Gold Vein a) Towards Thick or Thin b) Thick Vein
does not Guarantee Continuity Compared to Thinner ............................. II-23
2.7 How to Chase the Gold Veins that Suddenly Disappear.......................... II-23
2.8 How to Ensure Veins Continuation .......................................................... II-24
2.9 Indication of the End of Gold Vein ........................................................... II-24
2.10 Load Reduction Techniques on Supporting System a) Field
Conditions b) In Plan ............................................................................... II-25
2.11 Installation of Spilling a) Field Conditions b) In Plan ................................ II-26
3.1 a) Rocks Containing Gold Before Size Reduction b) Rocks is
reduced in Ball Mill etc. c) Rocks After Size Reduction d) Details on
Gold Condition after Fully Liberated ........................................................ III-1
3.2 Activated Carbon Combustion Equipment ............................................... III-8
3.3 Construction of Tailings and Sedimentation Ponds ................................. III-11
4.1 Datum System a) WGS 84 b) Djakarta/Batavia Produce Different
Coordinate ............................................................................................... IV-2
4.2 a) Compass to Determine Tunnel Direction and b) Plum Bob to
Determine Shaft Alignment ...................................................................... IV-3
4.3 Tunnel Progress Measurement ............................................................... IV-4
4.4 Vein Distribution Map in The Tunnel ........................................................ IV-5
4.5 Rock Weathering Level............................................................................ IV-6
4.6 The Location of Water Drainage System and River to The Tunnel .......... IV-8
4.7 Portal Support Planning and Installation .................................................. IV-10
4.8 Support Planning ..................................................................................... IV-12
4.9 Bording Installation .................................................................................. IV-13
4.10 The Shaft Support Method....................................................................... IV-14
4.11 The Slope Design of Primary Gold Open Pit Mine ................................... IV-15
4.12 Plotting Map Example at Small Scale Mine ............................................. IV-18
4.13 Tunnel Detail Mapping ............................................................................. IV-18
4.14 Analysis Result Plotting Method .............................................................. IV-19
4.15 The Tunnel Haulage Equipment .............................................................. IV-23
4.16 a) Simple Temperature and Humidity Measuring Tool (Tokopedia)
b) H2S, CO, O2 Detector and Exploding Gas c) Wind Speed
Measuring Tool ........................................................................................ IV-24
4.17 A Typical Ventilation System of The Advance Small Scale Mine ............. IV-25

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4.18 The Example of The Flow rate, Head, and Pump Type Relationship ...... IV-28
4.19 The Equipment for Ashing of Activated Carbon ....................................... IV-37
4.20 The Environmentally Cukim Equipment a) Design b) Equipment ............ IV-41
4.21 Assay Determination using Table Method ............................................... IV-44
4.22 Touchstone and Standard Gold Needle for Gold Assay Test .................. IV-45
5.1 Plant Trees Technique............................................................................. V-2
5.2 Illustration of Reclamation Around the Tunnel ......................................... V-3
5.3 Illustration of Reclamation Around Shaft.................................................. V-4
5.4 Post-Mining Illustration Around the Tunnel .............................................. V-6
5.5 Post-Mining Illustration Around the Shaft................................................. V-7

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 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

LIST OF PHOTOS

Photos Pages
1.1 Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Area Close to Productive Rice
Fields and Rural Area .............................................................................. I-6
1.2 Primary Gold Mining Waste a) Low Grade Rock/Waste
b) Remaining Heap Leach Processed Rock. ........................................... I-7
2.1 Landslide Risk a) At Tunnel Opening b) At Open Pit ............................... II-4
2.2 Good Environment of Working Conditions a) In Tunnels b) Vertical
Shaft ........................................................................................................ II-4
2.3 Example of Aerial Photography from Drone ............................................ II-8
2.4 Collapse in a Tunnel ................................................................................ II-9
2.5 a) Gold Vein Sampling b) Gold Content Checking ................................... II-9
2.6 a) Safe due to the Rock Strength and the Tunnel Shape b) Safe
Due to Supporting System ....................................................................... II-10
2.7 Selection of Entry Access a) Forming a Tunnel b) Forming a Vertical
Shaft ........................................................................................................ II-10
2.8 Supporting Facilities a) Miners Accommodation b) Pump System .......... II-11
2.9 Waste from Mining Process a) Well and Tunnel Waste, Waste from
Cyanide Processing b) With Tanks c) With Heap Leah d) Slug from
Bullion ...................................................................................................... II-12
2.10 Used Sedimentation Pond ....................................................................... II-13
2.11 a) Design of Tunnel b) Design of Vertical Shaft ....................................... II-15
2.12 Ventilation System with Blower from Above ............................................ II-16
2.13 Lighting and Electrical System................................................................. II-16
2.14 Rock Strength a) Strong Rock b) Weak Rock .......................................... II-18
2.15 a) Excavation with Hammer and Chisel b) Electric Hammer Jack
c) Pneumatic Handheld d) Use of Leg Jack to Speed Up Production
in Wide Vein ............................................................................................ II-19
2.16 a) With Wooden Support b) No Support with a Horseshoe Shape
Roof ......................................................................................................... II-20
2.17 Reinforcement in Vertical Shaft a) Upper Support Section
b) Strengthening Along the Tunnel .......................................................... II-20
2.18 Ventilation System a) Horizontal b) Upright ............................................. II-21
2.19 Lighting in a Tunnel a) Small-scale Mine b) Artisanal Mine ..................... II-22
2.20 a) Intermediate Scale Mine Level with Iron Rails b) Simple Lorry
System with Wooden Rails ...................................................................... II-22
2.21 a) Quick Sampling with “Dowsing” b) Direct Sampling............................. II-25
2.22 Installation of Rails and Bearings a) Steel b) Wood ................................. II-26
2.23 Gold Rocks Haulage a) Carried by Man with Weight of 25 kg
b) Modified Motor to Accommodate Additional Loads.............................. II-27

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2.24 a) Work Schedule at the Entrance b) Example of Placement of

Identity Card ............................................................................................ II-29
3.1 Size Reduction Process With a) Manual with Hammer b) Hammer
Mill c) Stamp Mill d) Trommel .................................................................. III-3
3.2 a) Small Scale Heap Leach Process b) Cyanide Containing Gold
Captured with Activated Carbon .............................................................. III-4
3.3 Submergence Process ............................................................................ III-5
3.4 a) Material Decomposition Process b) Simple Cyanide Tong
Construction ............................................................................................ III-5
3.5 Cyanidation Process Using Zinc Ash ....................................................... III-6
3.6 a) Concentrate Mixed with Borax and Charcoal b) Separation
between Slug with Bullion ........................................................................ III-7
3.7 Bullion from Torching ............................................................................... III-8
3.8 a) Simple Cukim Equipment (For Individuals) b) Small Scale Cukim
(Photo: Mr Panca H.W.) c) Pure Gold Using Cukim Technique............... III-9
3.9 Concentration of CN in the Air a) 1.5 m From Active Heap Leach
Reaches 2 ppm b) 1 m From Active Carbon Ashing Reach 7.1 ppm....... III-10
4.1 The Measurement of Tunnel or Shaft Progress using Reference Nail
and Tape Measurement........................................................................... IV-3
4.2 Gold Bearing Vein in The Tunnel ............................................................. IV-4
4.3 Rock Weathering Condition in The Field ................................................. IV-7
4.4 Tunnel/Shaft Entry Point a, c) Unsafe b, d) Safe ..................................... IV-8
4.5 Wedges and Its Installation...................................................................... IV-11
4.6 Collapse in Tunnel That Must Be Handled using Bording........................ IV-13
4.7 Manual Excavation .................................................................................. IV-19
4.8 Jack Hammer .......................................................................................... IV-20
4.9 Jack Leg Equipment ................................................................................ IV-21
4.10 a) Simple Railway Arrangement b) Wagon c) Railway Setup
d) Railway Junction Construction Diagram ............................................. IV-22
4.11 a) Railway Junction Arrangement B) Railway Junction Construction
Diagram ................................................................................................... IV-22
4.12 Blowing Fan Position ............................................................................... IV-24
4.13 Lighting a) Tunnel b) Shaft ...................................................................... IV-26
4.14 Simple Communication Tool using Ventilation Tube ............................... IV-26
4.15 Leaching Tank with Flat Base System ..................................................... IV-30
4.16 Leaching Tank with Conical Base System ............................................... IV-30
4.17 Cyanidation Testing Kit ............................................................................ IV-31
4.18 Ore Mixer ................................................................................................. IV-31
4.19 Preparation and Processing .................................................................... IV-33
4.20 Immersion Method ................................................................................... IV-34
4.21 The Immersion Method using Zinc Powder ............................................. IV-35
4.22 a) The Concentrate Mixed with Borax and Charcoal b) Separation
Between Slug and Bullion c) Dissolved Bullion in Slug d) Eyes that
Indicates Bullion ...................................................................................... IV-36
4.23 a) Activated Carbon b) Ash Containing Gold and Other Precious
Metal Ready to be Processed into Bullion ............................................... IV-38

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4.24 Smelting Equipment a) Standard Melting Furnace (Tokopedia) b)

Traditional Melting Method ...................................................................... IV-39
4.25 a) Concentrate Mixed with Borax and Charcoal b) Separation
Between Slug with Bullion c) Dissolved Bullion in Slug d) Eyes
Indicating Bullion e) Bullion in slug .......................................................... IV-40
4.26 Weighing Method to Determine Assay..................................................... IV-43
4.27 The Gold Qualitative Method ................................................................... IV-45
5.1 Post Mining Impacts a) Tunnel Construction b) Shaft Construction ......... V-5
5.2 Example of Non-Permanent Closing of Tunnels a) Rigid b) Not
Permanent ............................................................................................... V-7
5.3 Water Utilization from Small-Scale Primary Gold Mine Shaft for
Fishery ..................................................................................................... V-8
5.4 pH Measurement with pH Paper and pH Meter ....................................... V-10
5.5 Locations of Former Small-Scale Primary Gold Mines Used for
Education................................................................................................. V-11

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LIST OF TABLES

Tables Pages
2.1 The Wastewater Quality Standards for Gold and or Copper Ore
Mining Activities ....................................................................................... II-14
2.2 Occupational Health and Safety K3 Box that Must Be Available ............. II-28
3.1 Conversion of Mesh to Other Units .......................................................... III-2
3.2 Wastewater Quality Standards for Gold and/or Copper Ore
Processing Activities ................................................................................ III-10
4.1 Daily Record Example ............................................................................. IV-1
4.2 Example of Different Datum System Will Produce Different
Coordinate ............................................................................................... IV-2
4.3 Simple Rock Strength Determination ....................................................... IV-7
4.4 The Factor of Safety and Probability of Failure of Slope Mine ................. IV-16
4.5 Daily Record Example ............................................................................. IV-17
4.6 Example of Daily Log Processing Data.................................................... IV-32
4.7 Assay Determination Method................................................................... IV-43
4.8 Simple Bookkeeping ................................................................................ IV-46
5.1 Surface Water Quality Standards based on Government Regulation
No.22/2021 .............................................................................................. V-9

LIST OF MAP

Map Page
1.1 The Primary Gold Deposit Prospect Area for IPR .................................... I-5

LIST OF APPENDIXES

APPENDIX I GOLD-ISMIA Activities in Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

APPENDIX II Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1827
K/30/MEM/2018, 7 May 2018
APPENDIX III Decree of the Director General of Mineral and Coal of the Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources No. 185.K/37.04/DJB/2019
APPENDIX IV Permitting the Artisanal Mine Permit

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Artisanal gold mining activities from the primary rocks have seen many benefits for the
remote areas. However, small-scale gold mining activities if not managed properly or
illegally will cause the loss of many people as well as environmental damage.
In Mining Law No. 3 of 2020 (UU No. 3/2020) Amendments to Law No. 4 of 2009
concerning Mineral and Coal Mining Article 1 states that Artisanal Mining Permit (IPR) is
a permit to carry out mining business in artisanal mining area within a limited mine
area and investment.
In implementing artisanal mining in Indonesia, there are various requirements to carry
out mining activities. As a first step, stakeholders are required to know in detail about
the regulations which are applied. This handbook provides additional recommendations
for stakeholders to implement good mining practice. This handbook aims to provide an
overview of good practices in primary gold mining with that these procedures can be
further improved and as implementation progress increases.
The contents of this book are based on the conditions of small-scale primary gold
mining in Indonesia. This handbook applies only for small-scale gold mining and does
not suitable for alluvial gold mining activities which normally require suction pumps and
sluice boxes. The technical expert responsible for developing this handbook is Budi
Sulistijo, PhD from the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB).
This handbook focuses on the technical level of mining safety and environmental
management. The benefits of this handbook should be seen as complementary to other
national and international initiatives supporting small-scale mining in Indonesia. There
are several pilot projects underway in Indonesia, including aspects such as safe gold
processing.
► See Appendix I for GOLD-ISMIA activities in small-scale primary
gold mining sector
The development of this handbook was inspired by discussions with Indonesian
stakeholders and also by the examples provided by the Frugal Rehabilitation
Methodology developed for small-scale mining in Mongolia specifically for reclamation
(The Asia Foundation, 2016). The technical information contained in this handbook is
something need to know about people-based mining activities. This information is useful
for stakeholders in the small-scale primary gold mining sector - small-scale mining
operators, local governments, as well as mine regulators and supervisors. The

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handbook also provides information for communities living close to small-scale primary
gold mining areas and students dealing with small-scale primary gold mining questions.

B. Regulations
In Law Number 3 of 2020 as Amendments to Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral
and Coal Mining (UU No. 3/2020) Article 1 states that Artisanal Mining Permit (IPR) is a
permit to carry out mining business in artisanal mining with a limited area and
investment. In Article 70 paragraph b, small-scale mining actors comply with laws and
regulations in the field of mining safety, environmental management, and comply with
applicable standards. In the regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources
No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018, every IPR must have a Class IV Head of Technical Mine
(KTT).
► See Appendix II for a summary of become a KTT
Then Government Regulation No. 96 of 2021 Article 66 paragraph 2 regulates, among
other things: not using explosives, not mining using the underground mining method for
individual IPR holders.
The purpose of the regulation is to provide safety for small-scale primary gold mining
actors, reduce environmental damage, restore and improve the quality of the
environment and ecosystem, and restore land functions in accordance with the mine
closure planning.
The small-scale primary gold mining is a dangerous for both the miners and the
surrounding community, so it is very important to manage work safety and
environmental management. Land management needs to consider sustainable of gold
yield productivity, safety, and social balance.

C. Responsibilities of Small-Scale Primary Gold Miners

Small-scale primary gold mining actors are required to have artisanal Mining Permit
(IPR) that occupies an Area of Artisanal Mining (WPR). The holders of artisanal mining
permits have primary responsibility for mining safety and environmental management as
well as implementing applicable standards. In addition to managing the environment,
they are required to pay artisanal mining fees (Ipera) but exempt from fixed fees and
production fees (royalty) and submit reports on the implementation of artisanal mining
activities periodically.

D. Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining

Primary gold is gold that is found in metallic form (native) found in quartz rock cracks
and in minerals which are formed due to magmatism or concentration processes at the
surface. Some deposits are formed due to contact metasomatism and hydrothermal

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activities, which form ore bodies with the main content of silica. Primary gold deposits
have a distribution in the form of gold vein in igneous rocks (Figure 1.1). The small-
scale primary gold mining usually uses underground mines and only few uses open-pit
mines at the beginning of excavation, and then turns into underground mining.
Small-scale primary gold mining usually uses chisels and hammers, crowbars, Jack
Hammers to make access or rock excavation. Almost never uses tools like jack leg to
break the rock. Barren rock that do not contain gold are separated from ore that contain
gold. Stones that do not contain gold are usually discarded around the openings. Stone
containing gold is usually processed at a site near the excavation or is often processed
elsewhere. The process of taking gold and disposing of processing waste is often
neglected, that it causes pollution.
The mining methods of small-scale primary gold mining are generally relatively simple.
Equipments commonly used are chisel and hammer, crowbar, jack hammer, shovel for
picking up broken rocks, water pump for dewatering, air pump for ventilation and head
lamps for lighting. Depending on the processing techniques used, mining and
processing can cause a variety of obvious environmental impacts such as changes in
landscape, subsidence, landslides but also impacts that cannot be seen directly, such
as changes in ground water level, turbidity, etc.
Various elements of the mining process, such as waste, tailings, and open pit
morphology and underground space and their impact on the environment need to be
managed. As the scale of this impact differs from place to place, mining costs and yields
can also show significant differences between different locations. Mining in areas of soft
rock, fractured rock, rock containing clay requiring special treatment which will require
more expensive costs. Therefore, all mining and processing costs need to be budgeted
properly according to the specific situation of the area. Mining and processing budgets
should consider underground pit maintenance activities and processing methods.

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a. Gold veins a cross the hill b. Gold vein straight up and down the Hill

c. (Blowers, 1988)
Figure 1.1 Typical Primary Gold Vein

Area of small-scale primary gold mining operation range from small (<1 Ha) to 5 Ha for
individuals and 10 Ha for cooperatives with a term of 10 years and can be extended to 2
times of 5 years each (Law No 3/2020, Article 68). Therefore, it is necessary to plan
which areas will be mined because of the ease or the presence of high grade deposit.
Primary gold ore is a natural resource that is quite abundant in Indonesia, so it is very
easy to exploit with small-scale mining (Map 1.1). Therefore, small-scale mining can
fulfill important economic functions for the local communities. Small-scale mining
activities must be carried out by having an IPR. In this case, the IPR concession holder
will be responsible for the mining safety and the environmental management. However,
in some cases, the small-scale mining activities occur without permits, outside of formal
mining concessions. These unlicensed mining do not pay mining fee, royalties
environmental guarantee so that the environmental damage they cause today is a
sustainable challenge for the community (Photo 1.1).

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Photo 1.1 Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Area Close to Productive

Rice Fields and Rural Area

In addition, small-scale miners tend to maximize the profitability rather than the
maximizing gold extraction when carrying out mining and processing operations, so
combined with geological factors, relatively low of gold recovery in some mining
operations, as a result, the waste rock and tailings still contain a significant gold. This
can cause the abandoned mine or closed mines to become targets for re-mining without
permission by the local people when gold prices are high, even this also happens at
mines that have previously been reclaimed and rehabilitated in accordance with the
regulations. Thus, the risk for re-mining activities is a challenge to the sustainability of
environmental management.

E. Short-Term Versus Long-Term Perspectives on Small-Scale

Mining
Small-scale Primary Gold Mining has existed in Indonesia for a long time, either as a
permanent livelihood or to fill time while waiting for the harvest. Many areas in Indonesia
have shown severe environmental damage from previous small-scale primary gold

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mining activities. There are high expectations among economically disadvantaged local
communities in areas with potential for primary gold mining to be able to work in peace
in small-scale gold mining which creates economic benefits for local communities and
raises current incomes that are insufficient. However, even though the economic
benefits to the community are very important, it is unlikely that this target can be easily
achieved in the short term and on a large scale, unless there is a new breakthrough in
the law that protects small-scale mining businesses.
Minimaly, small-scale primary gold mining is able to take advantage of gold veins that
have not been used so far, so that they become economically useful for the community.
Because the volume of rock excavated is very large compared to the gold produced, the
waste rock that is piled up around the opening is very large and this makes it prone to
landslides. Likewise, tailings from processing are usually piled up around the processing
site so that they can pollute the surrounding environment. Extensive deposit of mine
waste and tailings creates problematic conditions for crop growth, even for cover crops,
which are needed to reduce the risk of erosion and flooding (Photo 1.2).

a b
Photo 1.2 Primary Gold Mining Waste a) Low Grade Rock/Waste
b) Remaining Heap Leach Processed Rock.

Therefore, assuming that miners' financial availability is limited, the short-term target for
mining safety and environmental management is to focus on increasing miners'
awareness of safety and environmental management. This can be achieved by
implementing a system that involves safe, inexpensive mining control measures and
increases the gold recovery of small-scale gold mines. This is a process that takes a
considerable amount of time to show significant progress. During this period, local
communities will receive little economic benefit from the affected area. They may
therefore need other forms of support as part of a larger socio-economic concept that
also includes capacity building for small-scale mining communities.
In the long term, after increasing awareness it is progressively transformed into another
form of individual or group into a cooperative. This conversion can ultimately lead to
increased economic benefits for local communities.

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II. GOOD MINING CONCEPT AND GUIDELINES FOR SMALL

SCALE PRIMARY GOLD MINING

A. Initial Mining Evaluation and Miners Capabilities

The plan of mining and processing efforts are carried out long before to start of the
small-scale primary gold mining. Ideally, the mining should be carried out in stages
following exploration activities. This chapter provides the background information on
some basic evaluations that can help to ensure the cost-effective and sustainable
primary gold mining.

A.1. Planning and Risk Assessment

A number of parameters and risks affect the prospects for the continued success of
small-scale primary gold mining in certain areas. Adequate evaluation of these
parameters and risks by adjusting the mining plan requires a collection of baseline data.
Chapter IV provides detailed information on these factors. Important risks and
parameters to be evaluated include:
1. Deposit form
Mining risk is strongly influenced by the form of gold line deposits. Primary gold
deposits can be in the form of deposits that cut perpendicular to hills or cut along
hills. There are generally veins that contain gold in contrast to the surrounding rocks
that do not contain gold. Rocks containing gold are usually more resistant to the
weathering condition than adjacent rocks but often these rocks do not extend to the
surface. In these rock conditions, excavation usually begins along the veins that are
still profitable. Excavations are only carried out along the gold veins without moving
barren rock or low grade gold to surface. If at the top of the gold vein is not
continuous or has a small grade then proceed with making tunnels and shaft along
the gold vein (Figure 2.1).

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Gold veins cut through the surface

Rock excavation by applying narrow open pit

Rock Excavation by using tunnel and vertical shaft

Figure 2.1 Excavation Process in the Veins that Cut Up the Hill

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Under certain conditions, gold veins break through the hills and gold veins are found
exposed along the hills. The gold veins that are exposed are because rocks
containing gold are usually more resistant to weathering condition than the
surrounding rocks. To take the gold veins, it is necessary to remove the side rocks
that do not contain gold with a volume that is large enough compared to the volume
of the gold veins taken. If open-pit mining is no longer profitable, then proceed with
underground mining by making tunnels and shaft along the vein (Figure 2.2).

Tunnel Shape

Figure 2.2 Vein Morphology Affecting Excavation Method

(Base Map from Blowers,1988)

2. Risks of landslide/subsidence/collapse
Mining risk, either underground and open pit, is affected by the position of the gold
vein and its surrounding rock conditions. During the tunnel openings usually
encounter soft rocks and steep cliffs so that reinforcement is needed at the portal
tunnel (Photo 2.1a) or when the slopes are very steep during excavation in order to
reduce cost of soil disposal so there is a risk of slope collapse (Photo 2.1b).

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a b
Photo 2.1 Landslide Risk a) At Tunnel Opening b) At Open Pit

► See chapter IV D.4.1. for support in the tunnel

► See chapter IV D.4.2. for shaft support method
► See chapter IV D.4.3. for support method in open pit

3. Air ventilation, dewatering and lighting

Availability of adequate fresh air, dry working area and adequate lighting will increase
work productivity (Photo 2.2).

a b
Photo 2.2 Good Environment of Working Conditions a) In Tunnels b) Vertical Shaft

► See chapter IV F for ventilation, lighting and communication

4. Risk of processing method

The right processing method is in accordance with the existing condition of the gold
veins, safety for workers and the environment

► See chapter III.E for waste handling method

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5. Socio-economic factors where the mining community is not valued as a good

profession and there is no long-term community development business model. This
further includes questions about licensing status
► See appendix IV for permitting the artisanal mine permit

A.2. Involvement of Miners, Community and Industry in Good Mining

Practice
The socio-economic situation of the local community is one of the most important
factors determining the success and sustainability of a small-scale primary gold mining
program. This situation is related to individual demographic conditions, education level,
social structure, job availability, and business opportunities as determinants of the
wealth of people living near locations near potential primary gold mining. The
community can play a positive role in the small-scale mining process and its processing
to improve the economy based on small-scale gold mining. If they can be involved as
stakeholders, investors or landowners of ex-mining land, they can act as supporters of
long-term legal gold trading targets and reduce the risk of illegal gold trade and
environmental damage.
The socio-economic situation of local communities and their potential role in developing
the concept of primary gold mining may differ from place to place. Therefore, there is no
standard "one size fits all" approach. It is important to understand individual situation of
the local community in sufficient detail before carrying out gold mining.
Gaining an adequate understanding of the dynamics and capacities of local
communities can be achieved through a community baseline assessment. As part of
this process, appropriate mechanisms should be developed to facilitate continuous
communication between communities and organizations responsible for small-scale
gold mining.
Some of the relevant questions and considerations related to understanding and
involving communities in reclamation programs include the following - these can be
considered when planning community baseline assessments or similar activities.
What is the level of awareness and willingness of different members of the local
community (especially youth, low-educated and underemployed people, formal
and informal leaders, and local entrepreneurs and women) to engage in small-
scale primary gold mining programs and possible models related business? What
are their individual expectations for small-scale primary gold mining and can this
be taken into account for planning their welfare improvement targets with respect
to the environment?

Whenever possible, it is recommended to strengthen the organizational capacity

of community business activities. This can be achieved by involving rural

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economic institutions such as cooperatives or village-owned enterprises, namely

BUMDES. The progressive creation and professionalization of these
organizations should be supported. Government support options for access to
required credit or microfinance options should be clarified. Ideally, the
organization (perhaps with external support) should have the capacity to develop
a business plan related to the gold mining and processing process.

If community organizations or rural economic institutions are new, they may not
have the capacity to be responsible for all but only some aspects of the mining
and processing process. They may also have limited financial resources and
management capacity, for example, to work as workers. In these cases, it is
helpful to discuss individual and specific business models within the overall
mining program with the community, for example, setting up a BUMDES or
cooperative business unit to provide mining extension services (e.g. providing
wind pumps, generators, hydroelectric power plants, supporting equipment) and
processing (e.g. chemicals, activated carbon, processing equipment etc.).

The involvement of local communities must be carried out on a formal and

appropriate legal basis, for example, through an agreement between mining
communities, land owners and mining concession holders even though this
agreement has never been written. Any possible conflicts over land ownership,
community access to land and the risks (eg encroachment by third parties) must
be addressed.

If the land owner is known, an agreement with the community should be made
about their involvement in developing the area. If there are no registered land
owners, communities should be encouraged to claim land for themselves by
following appropriate regulatory procedures. To develop a mutually balanced
agreement and communities claim land in a sustainable manner, it is
recommended that the village (Village Head/Kampong Head and BPD/Village
Consultative Body) and the Local Government support the community.
Mining and processing activities require certain technical skills in the community. This
should be evaluated through a capacity assessment. In some cases, local people can
be trained to acquire the necessary skills. Possible examples include:
Experience in agriculture. This allows community involvement in the following
activities:
o Opening the tunnel and shaft
o Transport of wall rock to the surface or to the disposal site
o Transport of gold-bearing rock to processing and sizing processes.
Experience in woodworking. This enables the person providing support services
for operation of tunnel or pit reinforcement.

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Experience in blacksmithing. This enables the provision of support services in

machining processes and the manufacture of equipment for processing.

Experience in business planning and management. Any community enterprise or

cooperative requires adequate business planning and management skills in order
to function properly and become an efficient business partner. For example,
community members need to understand the condition of world gold prices and
determine quality in order to obtain the best selling price. Therefore, community
capacity building should be supported regarding these skills. This further covers
the decision-making structure within the cooperative or BUMDES as well as the
marketing skills to sell the product.

B. Preparation of Gold Mining Techniques for Small-scale Mining

B.1. Mine Design (Entrance, Tunnel and Shaft)

For the purpose of developing plans of underground and open pit mining small-scale
primary gold deposit, it is necessary to check the land status and land cover conditions
and prepare a base map of the area.

Check the land status of the mine plan by referring to the land status map and
the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW). Is it a forest or an Area for Other Uses
(APL)? These maps can be obtained from the Provincial and District Office of the
Development Planning, Research and Development Agency (Bappelitbangda)
Offices.

Obtain a topographic map at a scale that can adequately describe the micro-
topographic conditions of the area. These maps may not be available at sufficient
resolution. In that case, a new map can be created, for example using a plane
table, passing compass or with T 0 if there is equipment available.
The size of an IPR is often less than 5 Ha for individuals and 10 Ha for
cooperatives. Topographic maps covering the area are generally available on a
scale of 1: 50,000 or 1: 25,000 which are not useful for interpreting the condition
of land plans with an area of less than 10 Ha. Therefore, another way that might
be applied is to use a plan table, passing compass or drone to produce aerial
photos (Photo 2.3), or use satellite data.
Determine the design of the opening direction by combining maps of vein
distribution, land status, land cover, and topographic information derived from
maps or satellite/drone images (or digital elevation models).
Clarify the size of the opening in accordance with the thickness of the gold-
carrying veins and rock conditions. This process requires experience and a

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detailed evaluation of the risk of collapse (Photo 2.4). A landslide risk

management is required after the opening hole is formed.

Photo 2.3 Example of Aerial Photography from Drone

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Photo 2.4 Collapse in a Tunnel

► See chapter IV D.4.1 for support in the tunnel

After the excavation is carried out for sampling the gold veins, take rock samples
with dowsing, sampling (Photo 2.5a) and panning (Photo 2.5b). Adjust the
opening area plan according to the condition of the gold veins and rock
conditions found in the area.

a b
Photo 2.5 a) Gold Vein Sampling b) Gold Content Checking

► See chapter IV E for excavation and hauling method

Consultation with primary gold miners and if possible with existing mine expert
from education institution or agencies related to appropriate rock reinforcement
(Photo 2.6) and processing methods (mandate of Mining Law No. 3/2020).

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a b
Photo 2.6 a) Safe due to the Rock Strength and the Tunnel Shape
b) Safe Due to Supporting System

Adjust the design of the mining plan to the conditions of the vein distribution and
grade because this will determine the detailed land preparation plan,
reinforcement method, the need for wood for reinforcement, the number of
blowers, water pumps and electricity requirements for mining (Photo 2.7).

a b

Photo 2.7 Selection of Entry Access a) Forming a Tunnel b) Forming a Vertical Shaft

Consider the integration of required supporting infrastructures, such as mine site

buildings, drainage and drying systems, chemical storage facilities (cyanide, zinc
dust, urea, lime, activated carbon etc.).

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a b (Bapak Panca)

Photo 2.8 Supporting Facilities a) Miners Accommodation b) Pump System

► See chapter IV. G for mine dewatering system

B.2. Management of Mine and Processing Waste

Small-scale primary gold mining activities produce a waste rock from the wall rock and
the waste of gold processing, with the significant differences in size, height, volume and
quality (Photo 2.9). This activity has the potential to reduce the quality of the
environment due to the pollution and or the environmental damage.
For the waste rock, based on the existing topographical conditions, determine the
location of mining waste disposal. If it is too high and dangerous, slope formation must
be reshaped where the slope is not more than the natural slope of the embankment
material (the angle of repose), this slope angle varies according to the moisture content
and grain size distribution of the material.
► See chapter V for reclamation and post-mining
Mining waste must be drained into a collecting pond to keep it from the leaving the
activities area, if it must be released to the environment it must meet the quality
standard requirements (Figure 2.3). For soils that are easily excavated, a settling pond
can be made of plastic with a protective covering around it (Figure 2.4a) The used
settling pond in clear water conditions can be used to keep fish (Photo 2.10). If the
surrounding soil is difficult to excavate, it can be made as shown in Figure 2.4b). If pond
2.4b is to be applied, the position of the water outlet hole from the mine is higher than
the pond so that water can flow itself to the location of the reservoir.

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a b

c D
Photo 2.9 Waste from Mining Process a) Well and Tunnel Waste, Waste from Cyanide
Processing b) With Tanks c) With Heap Leah d) Slug from Bullion

Figure 2.3 Construction of Settling Ponds (Kepmen LH No. 23/2008)

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a b
Figure 2.4 How to Build a Pond a) in an Area that is Easy to Dig up
b) in an Area that is Difficult to Dig up

Photo 2.10 Used Sedimentation Pond

The wastewater quality standards for gold and or copper ore mining activities are shown
in Table 2.1.

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Table 2.1
The Wastewater Quality Standards for Gold and or Copper Ore Mining Activities

Parameters Units Maximum Concentration Analysis Methods **

pH 6-9 SNI 06-6989-11-2004
TSS mg/L 200 SNI 06-6989-3-2004
Cu* mg/L 2 SNI 06-6989-6-2004
Cd* mg/L 0.1 SNI 06-6989-18-2004
Zn* mg/L 5 SNI 06-6989-7-2004
Pb* mg/L 1 SNI 06-6989-8-2004
As* mg/L 0.5 SNI 06-2913-1992
Ni* mg/L 0.5 SNI 06-6989-22-2004
Cr* mg/L 1 SNI 06-6989-22-2004
Hg* mg/L 0.005 SNI 06-2462-1991
* Source: Decree of the Minister of State for the Environment Number 202 of 2004

Notes:
* = As the concentration of dissolved metal ions
** = If there is an updated version, use the latest version

- If in the natural state the pH of the water in the water body is below or above the
water quality standard, then with the recommendation of the Minister, the
Provincial Government may determine the maximum level for the pH parameter
in accordance with the natural conditions of the environment.

- To meet the quality standards of wastewater, it is not allowed to achieve the level
of wastewater parameters by dilution with water directly taken from the water
source.

B.3. Supporting

Based on the shape of the deposit and the ease to mine then determine the mining
type, open pit or underground mine.
For Open Pit Mine:

1. Determine the angle of the slope, the height of the bench, and the width of bench
by taking into account the rock strength.
2. Try to drain water by gravitation so pump is not required.
3. Determine the soil disposal location, as well as the haulage system.
► See chapter IV.D.4.3 for support method in open pit

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For Underground Mine (Photo 2.11)

1. Determine the approximate entrance by using tunnel (Photo 2.11a) or vertical
shaft (Photo 2.11b)
2. Determine the opening area and available reinforcing materials
3. Lighting and ventilation sources
4. Ground water conditions
5. How to transport waste and gold ore

a b (Photo: Mr. Panca)

Photo 2.11 a) Design of Tunnel b) Design of Vertical Shaft
►See chapter IV.D.4.1 for support in the tunnel
►See chapter IV.D.4.2 for shaft support method

B.4. Ventilation System

Ventilation is very necessary for underground mining work, in order to work efficiently,
miners require sufficient fresh air with minimum dust content. This equipment requires
electricity to move it and requires a long access (usually made of plastic) for air flow into
the working area (Photo 2.12). In order to be efficient, it must be known from the
beginning:
Size of the opening
Source of electricity (from the generator or PLN) if the generator will be used as
power how to transport the generator and fuel to the location)
Air supply equipment

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Photo 2.12 Ventilation System with Blower from Above

► See chapter IV.F.1 for ventilation

B.5. Lighting
Lighting is indispensable for underground mining work. In order to work efficiently,
miners need lighting to the work site even though many miners only rely on headlights.
Lighting both along the tunnel (Photo 2.13a) and the head lamp) (Photo 2.13b) requires
a power source. For this reason, it must be known from the beginning the power source
that will be used.

a Lighting in tunnel (Photo: Mr. Adang) b Head lamp for Miners (Photo: Mr. Panca)
Photo 2.13 Lighting and Electrical System
► See chapter IV.F.2 for lighting

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B.6. Mine Plan

In the excavation plan there is one general rule, and a good procedure to follow, is to
obtain one ton of gold ore of the desired grade for every mined material in order to
achieve mining sustainability. The basis of the purpose of excavation there are two,
namely:

1. Determine the size, shape, boundary of the gold rock, grade, mineralogy and
wall rock properties (Figure 2.5)
2. Prepare the deposit to be mined so that the mining period can be determined

Figure 2.5 Examples of Vein Areas for Determining Rock Reserves

►See chapter IV.B for position and underground mapping

B.7. Location of Facilities and Infrastructures (Road, Shelters, and

Processing Facilities)
In order to achieve efficient, safe, environmentally friendly mining, the following must be
done:
1. Determine a safe (non-slippery) road with a handrail and steps when passing
through a steep slope
2. The location of the openings is safe from natural disaster and from rock pile
3. Mark the excavated pits with clear marks so that no one will fall into
4. Determine the location of the gold processing plant and its waste site. This
location must be safe from landslides and processing waste does not spread
5. Determine the location of chemical storage and gold refining away from
housing

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C. Mining Activities Towards Veins

To facilitate the implementation, maintenance and transportation of materials required
for excavation and mining products, access roads should be constructed. Usually
access roads are built directly through gold veins either by tunnels or vertical shaft.
Under certain conditions, the excavation of veins is carried out by open-pit mining.
1. Construct roads with possible dimensions to facilitate the transportation of
tools, equipment, support materials and other necessities (air pipes, water
pipes and electrical cables, etc.)
2. The road must be safe from debris and flooding
3. Road construction design should consider adequate drainage facilities to
protect against flooding. Roads and associated drainage facilities require
regular maintenance.

C.1. Rock Strength

The strength of rock wall and ore will affect the safe slope of the open pit and rock fall in
the tunnel. In hard rocks usually do not need reinforcement (Photo 2.14a). In weathered
rock, fractured rock or contain a lot of clay, reinforcement is needed (Photo 2.14b).

a b
Photo 2.14 Rock Strength a) Strong Rock b) Weak Rock
► See chapter IV.C for rock strength

C.2. How to Excavate

The method of excavation is generally carried out manually, namely chisels and
hammers and crowbars. In certain conditions if the gold veins are large enough and the
capital can support excavation with a Jack Hammer or Jack Leg (2.15). What needs to
be done is:

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1. The chisel must be in accordance with the rock conditions and always in a sharp
condition. Try to sharpen it with a grinder or other sharpening tool.
2. Use goggles, head protection (project helmet), gloves as protection and earplugs.

a b (Photo: Mr. Panca)

c (Photo: Mr. Panca ) d

Photo 2.15 a) Excavation with Hammer and Chisel b) Electric Hammer Jack
c) Pneumatic Handheld d) Use of Leg Jack to Speed Up Production
in Wide Vein

► See chapter IV.E for excavation and hauling method

C.3. Supporting Methods

C.3.1. For Horizontal Access
In soft rock or many fractures, wood and/or bamboo are very commonly used to support
rock in small-scale gold mining because of their ease of discovery and ease of
installation. The shape of the opening for soft rock is usually in the form of a rectangle.
The distance between the supports is usually between 1-1.5 m. Between the supports,
the boards are usually installed either on the roof or on the left and right side of the road
(Photo 2.16a).

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For hard rocks usually no support is required (Photo 2.16b). The roof is shaped like a
horseshoe.

a b
Photo 2.16 a) With Wooden Support b) No Support with a Horseshoe Shape Roof
► See chapter IV.D.4 for support method
C.3.2. For Vertical Shaft
If vertical shaft is chosen, then should carry out followings:
1. Provide the wooden support
2. Create a framework that is strong enough to withstand the weight of waste rock
material and gold ore to be lifted up (Photo 2.17a and b).
3. Make the wall of the hole straight by attaching the plumb bob to keep the wall
straight.

a b
Photo 2.17 Reinforcement in Vertical Shaft a) Upper Support Section
b) Strengthening Along the Tunnel
► See chapter IV.D.4 for support method

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C.4. Ventilation Preparation

Fresh air is urgently needed in underground mining operations. Fresh air is pumped into
the hole through a blower installed outside (Photo 2.18):
Ensure that the incoming air is free of fumes that may occur around the mine
Blower power can reach the end of the working area
No leaky air ducts
Air duct material can be rubber or plastic

a b

Photo 2.18 Ventilation System a) Horizontal b) Upright

► See chapter IV.F.1 for ventilation

C.5. Lighting
Lighting in mine inlets is very important though often ignored (Photo 2.19a). Lighting
generally relies on lights in the head (Photo 2.19b). For safety and convenience and
reduce costs, do the following:
1. Use LED lights throughout the tunnel.
2. Use DC Current.
3. The connection must be waterproof.

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a (Photo: Mr. Adang) b (Photo: Mr. Panca)

Photo 2.19 Lighting in a Tunnel a) Small-scale Mine b) Artisanal Mine
► See chapter IV.F.2 for lighting

C.6. Lorry, Pulley or Similar (How to Transport Waste or Gold Veins)

One of the things that is often forgotten in tunnel construction is the construction of rails
(the rails here are not only iron rails (Photo 2.20a) but also rails made of wood
structures that form the rails (Photo 2.20b). Indeed, at the beginning the construction of
this rail wasted time but had a higher production rate in transporting rock from the mine
to the surface. Some aspects that have to considered are:
1. Check the slope down towards the entrance
2. Fasteners with bearings must be firmly maintained
3. Always checked regularly to keep it in a good condition

a b
Photo 2.20 a) Intermediate Scale Mine Level with Iron Rails
b) Simple Lorry System with Wooden Rails
► See chapter IV.E.4 for underground haulage system

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D. Mine the Gold Veins

Mining in veins is very important to ensure the extracted stone contains a favorable
grade of gold and maintains continuity.

Check for veins containing irregularly branched gold, if the veins are getting
smaller the possibility of running out. If the veins are enlarged, it is likely to
continue (Figure 2.6).

b
Figure 2.6 How to Chase the Gold Vein a) Towards Thick or Thin
b) Thick Vein does not Guarantee Continuity Compared to Thinner

• If the gold veins disappear because of the fault do as follows (Figure 2.7):
o Carry out advanced digging
o Make a vertical hole
o Find the continuity of gold veins
o Direct the excavation towards the golden veins

Figure 2.7 How to Chase the Gold Veins that Suddenly Disappear

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Disappearing of gold veins due to wedge. The gold veins are sometimes found
become thinner such as they have disappeared. Continue to dig until it reaches a
certain length until you see the veins enlarge again (Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8 How to Ensure Veins Continuation

But if the shrinking veins are disappearing, it can be ascertained that the veins
are no longer continuous (Figure 2.9).

Figure 2.9 Indication of the End of Gold Vein

D.1. Veins Selection

Not all veins contain gold with sufficient levels to generate profits. Only rocks containing
profitable gold are taken. For that do:

If the color of the side rock is similar to the vein of rock containing gold, use tools
such as “dowsing” (Photo 2.21a)
Sampling of rocks that have the same physical properties in the horizontal direction
(Figure 2.2b)
If there are veins that have different physical properties, separate them
Collect the samples and grind them
Weigh the rock and do the pan with a mini pan
Observe the presence or absence of gold, separate gold and rock
If the gold content is very fine:
o take more samples
o do more grinding

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o do panning and make sure the pan is washed with detergent soap so that
it is free from oil
o separate the fine gold grains from iron minerals by using a magnet
o Mix the granules gold with borax in the cup and heat with the right mixture
of oxygen and LPG and added charcoal to increase the temperature.
o Observe the gold yield in crucible

Determine which part has sufficient grade for you.

a b
Photo 2.21 a) Quick Sampling with “Dowsing” b) Direct Sampling

D.2. Supporting System

For weak rocks, a pair of wood is required to withstand the forces from the top (roof)
and from side of tunnel, for that do:
1. Make sure there are no voids between the roof and the side rock with support, fill
it up as quickly as possible so that the rock will support itself (Figure 2.10). This
condition will reduce the required support load.

a b
Figure 2.10 Load Reduction Techniques on Supporting System
a) Field Conditions b) In Plan

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2. If soft rock is found from above and from the side, use a spilling (Figure 2.11).
Do it little by little with the material that is between the wall or roof with the
support and compact it.

Figure 2.11 Installation of Spilling a) Field Conditions b) In Plan

► See chapter IV.D.4.1 for support in the tunnel

D.3. Haulage
Things that required to be considered of rocks hauling either waste rock or gold rock in
a tunnel are:

1. Rails installation, distance between the connection and installation of the

connectors and distance between the rails must be precisely so that the lorry
(usually from a box equipped with wheels) does not fall or roll over (Photo 2.22)
2. Clean the gravel that is on the rail so that the lorry does not roll over
3. A routine equipment maintenance and inspection

a b
Photo 2.22 Installation of Rails and Bearings a) Steel b) Wood

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Meanwhile, for a vertical shaft after passing through the tunnel, it is carried up by a
pulled rope:

1. Make sure the swivel mount is strong enough and check regularly
2. Make sure the rope used is in accordance with the weight of the stone/ore being
pulled
3. Make sure the handle of basket and the basket is strong enough
►See Chapter IV.E.4 for underground haulage system

E. Hauling to Temporary Stacking or Processing Site

Hauling cost from the mine entry to the processing site affects whether a mine site is
economically mined or not. Therefore, make sure:
1. Road facilities from the mine site to stockpile or processing locations
2. Transportation costs per kg or per unit weight (Photo 2.23)
3. Time required for one time haulage

a b
Photo 2.23 Gold Rocks Haulage a) Carried by Man with Weight of 25 kg
b) Modified Motor to Accommodate Additional Loads
►See Chapter IV.E.4 for underground haulage system
F. Work Safety
The IPR holder needs to provide all equipment, supplies, facilities, and personal
protective equipment that are given free of charge to workers according to the type,
nature, and danger of the work they are doing and for everyone who enters a mining or
processing and/or refining business place.
The most basic thing that must be provided by the IPR holder is the Occupational
Health and Safety (K3) Box which must be available according to the number of workers
involved (Table 2.2).

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Table 2.2 Occupational Health and Safety K3 Box that Must Be Available
Workgroup

No Content (Unit) Type A (less than or Type B Type C

equal to 25 Workers) (26 -50 Workers) (51 - 100 Workers

Wrapped sterile
1 20 40 40
gauze (wrap)
Bandage (5 cm
2 2 4 6
wide) (roll)
Bandage (10 cm
3 2 4 6
wide) (roll)
4 Plaster (width) 2 4 6
5 Quick pads 10 15 20
6 Cotton (25 gram) 1 2 3

7 Mittela (Sheet) 2 4 6

8 Scissors (unit) 1 1 1
9 Pins (unit) 12 12 12
Disposable gloves
10 2 3 4
(pair)
11 Masker (unit) 1 1 1
Masks for
12 cardiopulmonary 1 1 1
resuscitation (unit)
Clean plastic bag
13 1 1 1
(unit)
Aquades (100 ml
14 1 1 1
Saliner solution)
First aid guide at
15 1 1 1
work
Table of contents
16 1 1 1
notebook

It is very important to pay attention to the safety of underground mining workers so that
no miners are left in the underground area in certain work shifts. Each person who
represents or is in charge is obliged to record how many people enter the underground
area and record how many people leave the underground area after their shift. The
work schedule must be posted at the entrance (Photo 2.24). For that make sure:
1. Everyone is registered/registered at the entrance of the tunnel/shaft at the time
of entering the tunnel by placing a clear identity card, do not use sandals, or
any object that does not show the identity of entering the tunnel/shaft
2. Everyone is required to take an identity card when exiting the tunnel/shaft
3. If within a certain time in accordance with the usual working hours, the identity
card is still stuck in its place, the person in charge or the person assigned to
take absent must look for the identity card owner that is still left behind

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4. Workers in shift work are prohibited from entering until the identity card owner
left behind is found

ID that remains for

those who enter the
tunnel

a b
Photo 2.24 a) Work Schedule at the Entrance b) Example of Placement of Identity Card

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III. GOOD CONCEPT AND GUIDELINES FOR PROCESSING

OF PRIMARY GOLD

The processing of ore containing gold into pure gold or precious metal will go through
several processes starting from the reduction of ore containing gold to the remaining
processing results (waste).

A. Rock Reduction
Ore containing gold in the size of boulder, reduced in size. This reduction process is
highly dependent on the size of the existing gold ore (Figure 3.1). The purpose of ore
reduction is so that gold can be free from ore that does not contain gold so that the
gravitational (physical) and chemical processing can be carried out to get the maximum
gold possible in the shortest possible time, so that the right size for processing varies
from one location to another varies depending on the size of the gold in the ore sources.

Figure 3.1 a) Rocks Containing Gold Before Size Reduction b) Rocks is reduced in Ball
Mill etc. c) Rocks After Size Reduction d) Details on Gold Condition after
Fully Liberated

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The gold veins from mines have various sizes. The gold is often covered by the host
rock making it very difficult to separate it out. In order for gold to come into contact with
and react with materials that can dissolve gold or can be separated without chemical
processing, the veins containing gold must be reduced to a point where almost all of the
gold can react with the solvent if the separation is carried out chemically. If the
separation is done in a non-chemical way, the purpose of separating gold from the
parent rock that does not contain gold is so that there is a difference in specific gravity
so that it can be separated between gold and rocks that do not contain gold.
The size used in small-scale primary gold processing is mesh. Mesh is a measure of the
number of holes in a net or gauze in an area of 1 square inch of net/gauze that can be
passed by solid materials. Mesh 40 means that there are 40 holes in the 1 inch area of
the net/gauze, mesh 6 means that there are 6 holes in the 1 inch area of the net/gauze,
and so on (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1
Conversion of Mesh to Other Units

https://andythoncianus.wixsite.com/andythoncianus/single-post/2018/02/14/mesh-
micron-sizes

The reduction method is carried out in stages starting from boulder sizes which are from
the mine to appropriate size. This is according to the size of the liberation degree of
gold in the rock veins. The reduction process is carried out as follows:

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If done manually, use rubber or bamboo in a circle with a handle. Use a hammer
that weighs according to the strength of rock to be more effective (Photo 3.1a).
Use goggles to prevent splashes of stones in your eyes and gloves
If using a jaw crusher or hammer mill, pay attention to the size of the filter iron so
that the stone is not squeezed so that it interferes with productivity (Photo 3.1b).
The results from manual process and jaw crusher are suitable for the heap leach
process and zinc dust
If using a stamp mill, make sure that whenever there is space in the stamp mill
container, fill it with gold ore (Photo 3.1c). It should be noted that the stamp mill
casing made of iron will interfere with the cyanidation process
Use a trommel or ball mill to produce a fine size that is used for the cyanidation
process carried out in the drum (Photo 3.1d).

a (Do not imitate because without b (Do not imitate because without glasses,
glasses and gloves) masks and gloves)

c d
Photo 3.1 Size Reduction Process With a) Manual with Hammer b) Hammer Mill
c) Stamp Mill d) Trommel
► See chapter IV.H.1 for crushing

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B. Gold Extraction Process

B.1 Gold Leaching Process
The gold extraction process is a very important stage in primary gold processing. Gold
cyanidation is the most common leaching process used for gold extraction. The gold
cyanidation process is a hydrometallurgical technique for extracting gold from ores by
converting gold into water-soluble complex ions. The gold-rich solution is adsorbed by
activated carbon or precipitated using zinc dust.

In an effort to support government policies and increase the acquisition of gold at an

affordable cost so that the net results from small-scale miners are several gold
processing techniques as follows:

1. The Heap Leach method uses carbon to capture gold:

• Create a roof shield so that it is not exposed to direct sunlight and rain
• Ensure that the sink and cyanide holding pool containing gold are not leaking
• Ensure that there is sufficient space between the bottom of the tub and the ore
for smooth circulation
• Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12
• Cover the surroundings with plastic so that splashes from the sprinkler do not
come out polluting the environment (Photo 3.2)

a b
Photo 3.2 a) Small Scale Heap Leach Process b) Cyanide Containing Gold
Captured With Activated Carbon

► See chapter IV.H.2.2 for gold ore leaching method using sprinkling/heap
Leach and carbon

2. Cyanidation method using submergence for gold recovery

Create a roof shield to prevent direct sunlight and rain (Photo 3.3)
Ensure that the sink and cyanide pool containing gold are not leaking
Ensure that there is sufficient space between the bottom of the sink and the ore
so that it can be used for draining

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Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12

Photo 3.3 Submergence Process

►See chapter IV. H.2.3 for the gold ore leaching method using immersion
and carbon

3. Cyanidation method using carbon for gold recovery:

Create a roof shield to prevent direct sunlight and rain
Make sure the drum holder is strong enough to withstand the load when filled
with material, water and lime
There is sufficient supply of water and air
Make sure before the fine ore are poured into the drum, the material has
decomposed well, it is better to prepare a stirrer that can go directly into the
barrel (Photo 3.4a)
Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12
Make sure that no material from which the gold will be extracted settles to the
bottom

a b
Photo 3.4 a) Material Decomposition Process b) Simple Cyanide Tong Construction

► See chapter IV. H.2.1 for the gold ore leaching method using tanks and
carbon to extract the gold

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4. Cyanidation method using zinc dust

Create a roof shield to prevent direct sunlight and rain (Photo 3.5)
Ensure that the sink and cyanide pool containing gold are not leaking.
Make sure there is enough space between the bottom of the drum and the ore
for smooth circulation.
Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12

Photo 3.5 Cyanidation Process Using Zinc Ash

► See chapter IV.H.2.4 for gold ore leaching method using zinc dust

B.2 Refining and Borax Methods for Capturing Gold

This method with borax is a process of separating gold in ore without using cyanide.
The ore from the mine is enriched by using a pan or other concentration tool after which
it is mixed with borax and burned. The process carried out is as follows:
1. Choose ore with gold
2. Reduce rock size according to the liberation degree of gold in veins to obtain
optimum results
3. Do the panning to separate the gold, the gold that is still attached to the ore
(concentrate) and the ore that do not contain gold (tailing)
4. Put in crucible, add borax and charcoal as materials to increase the
combustion temperature
5. Heat up slowly with torching technique (combination of LPG and oxygen) until
it becomes liquid
6. Look for the “eyes” on the bottom of the crucible that indicate bullion
7. Gently separate liquid that does not contain gold with bullion by pouring it into
a container filled with water (Photo 3.6b)
8. Take the bullion then put into water and clean it up

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a b
Photo 3.6 a) Concentrate Mixed with Borax and Charcoal b) Separation
between Slug with Bullion
► See chapter IV.H.3 for the gold processing method into bullion without
cyanide and mercury (borax method)

C. Process of Becoming Bullion (Adsorption and Melting)

In the process of gold recovery by using cyanide process with the addition of zinc dust
do:

Collect black mud

Wash with water to remove cyanide
Add nitric acid to dissolve anything in the black mud except gold grains
Heat it until bullion produced (Photo 3.7)

In the process of extracting gold from activated carbon (Figure 3.2) using the cyanide
process, make sure:
Attention to the wind direction, because the produced vapor still contains high
cyanide
The carbon is air-dried before pouring to the chamber
Use wood chips on the part of the igniter for the first ignition
Adjust the incoming air so that dust does not fly, but the fire not too small to keep
it on
Check if all activated carbon has turned to ash
Filter the ash through a filter if there is still carbon that has not been completely
ashed, collect it and re-ash it
Mix ash with borax then burn with the concept of torching/welding using oxygen
and LPG
Separate gold from waste

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Figure 3.2 Activated Carbon Combustion Equipment

Photo 3.7 Bullion from Torching

► See chapter IV. H.4 for processing charcoal into ash

D. Gold Purifying Process

The resulting bullion is not pure yet still contains silver and other metals. To increase
the added value, gold should be sold in the form after being cukim so as to produce
local gold with levels above 99%. This process usually produces a strong odor so that
often only a few miners sell in the form of cukim. Cukim design and equipment are
shown in Photo 3.8.

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a b c

Photo 3.8 a) Simple Cukim Equipment (For Individuals) b) Small Scale Cukim
(Photo: Mr Panca H.W.) c) Pure Gold Using Cukim Technique

► See chapter IV. H.6 for the processing of bullion into local gold (cukim)
► See chapter IV.H.7 for assay calculation

E. Waste Handling Method

When processing gold with cyanide, the combustion of activated carbon and smelting
will produce gases that may be inhaled by workers or surrounding community (Photo
3.9). For that make sure:

The location of processing plant should be far from settlements by considering of

wind direction and land contours so that air pollution can be minimized
Make sure that the location of activated carbon combustion and smelting is in an
open space or if it is in a closed room, it is equipped with good ventilation and
good natural lighting
Ensure that when activated carbon ashing and smelting are equipped with an air
chimney or work with your back to the wind
All processing workers must be equipped with a mask.

Waste from gold processing is generally in the form of solid and liquid waste, then
ensure:

1. Solid waste is placed in area that will not be flooded during rainy season, no
landslides and must meet environmental requirements (Figure 3.3).
2. Liquid waste before is discharged into river must placed in sediment ponds for
sedimentation, and if possible the waste can be processed prior discharging in

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order to meet the quality standard (Figure 3.3). The wastewater quality standards
for gold and or copper processing are shown in Table 3.2.

a b
Photo 3.9 Concentration of CN in the Air a) 1.5 m From Active Heap Leach
Reaches 2 ppm b) 1 m From Active Carbon Ashing Reach 7.1 ppm

Table 3.2
Wastewater Quality Standards for Gold and/or Copper Ore Processing Activities

Parameter Unit Maximum Content Method of Analysis **

pH 6-9 SNI 06-6989-11-2004
TSS mg/L 200 SNI 06-6989-3-2004
Cu* mg/L 2 SNI 06-6989-6-2004
Cd* mg/L 0.1 SNI 06-6989-18-2004
Zn* mg/L 5 SNI 06-6989-7-2004
Pb* mg/L 1 SNI 06-6989-8-2004
As* mg/L 0.5 SNI 06-2913-1992
Ni* mg/L 0.5 SNI 06-6989-22-2004
Cr* mg/L 1 SNI 06-6989-14-2004
CN** mg/L 0.5 SNI 19-1504-1989
Hg* mg/L 0.005 SNI 06-2462-1991
*Source: Decree of the Minister of State for the Environment Number 202 of 2004

Information:
* = As the concentration of dissolved metal ions
** = Specific parameters for gold ore processing using Cyanidation process
CN in the form of free CN.

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Figure 3.3 Construction of Tailings and Sedimentation Ponds

(Kepmen LH No 23/2008)

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IV. DETAILS OF MINING AND PROCESSING APPLICATION

TECHNIQUES

A. Primary Gold Mining and Processing

The mining and processing of small-scale primary gold is different compared to alluvial
gold. In general, small-scale primary gold mining is carried out by making shafts,
tunnels or a combination of tunnels and shafts. The primary gold mining system
requires more complex technical knowledge to run a primary gold mine.

Likewise, the processing of small-scale primary gold needs special treatment compared
to alluvial gold. The processing of small-scale primary gold mines mostly use chemical
techniques to capture gold so the process of it is more complicated than alluvial gold.

In small-scale primary gold mining, mine safety and environmental management comply
with applicable standards and payment of contributions is mandatory. So that one of
them is the need for easy and accountable daily records as a benchmark for safety as
shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Daily Record Example

Lokasi :
Location
Pemilik :
Owner

Tanggal/ Orang yang terlibat/

Date Kegiatan/Activities Keterangan/Remark Involved Workers
9 Pembenahan Bedeng
10 Penggalian + listrik 2,8 m belum stek 10
11 Penggalian dan perapian base camp 3,785 belum stek
12 Pemasangan blower I Hari persiapan
Instalasi penggalian
13 Langsir Kayu stek Dari Penjual ke lokasi
Pembuatan stek
14 Pembuatan stek
pemasangan Stek
15 Penggalian 6,33 m
tembus lubang lama
16 Perapian posisi sumur Se�ng dududkan stek gantung

Perencanaan terowongan belok kanan

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B. Positioning and Underground Mapping

The location of the tunnel and shaft entry points can be determined using GPS or a
mobile phone that is already equipped with map application software.
1. Make sure that the datum system (e.g. WGS84 (Figure 4.1a) or Djakarta
(Batavia) (Figure 4.1b)) because it will produce the different coordinates result
(UTM/Longitude-Latitude) even though in the same location. For example:
Anggrek location with different datum systems (can be seen in Table 4.2) that
will produce different coordinates result even though in the same location.

Table 4.2 Example of Different Datum System Will Produce Different Coordinate

System Datum Djakarta (Batavia) Datum WGS 84

Latitude-Longitude N1o 09” 29,5” E127 o 41’ 30,8” N1o 09’ 27,5” E127o 41’ 27,0”
UTM 52 N 354474 128038 52 N 354339 127987

Figure 4.1 Datum Systems a) WGS 84 b) Djakarta/Batavia Produce Different Coordinate

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2. Use a compass/theodolite (Figure 4.2a) to determine the tunnel direction or use

plumb bob (Figure 4.2b) to determine the shaft alignment.

a b

Figure 4.2 a) Compass to Determine Tunnel Direction and b) Plum Bob to Determine
Shaft Alignment

3. Use a fixed point from a nail on the wall or roof portal and use a tape
measurement to measure the length of the progress of a tunnel or shaft to
provide mining progress information (Photo 4.1).

a Insert the ”looping” into the reference nail b The tape measurement is pulled tight
until it binds the reference nail

Photo 4.1 The Measurement of Tunnel or Shaft Progress using Reference Nail and Tape
Measurement

4. Create a tunnel progress map using compass, tape measurement, and nails as
fixed points along the tunnel/shaft progress. It is drawn as a reference and
equipped with a scale and North direction (Figure 4.3).

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Figure 4.3 Tunnel Progress Measurement

5. Draw gold bearing vein distribution at the end of tunnel when tunnel is
developed (Photo 4.2) so the direction of gold bearing vein distribution can be
estimated as shown in Figure 4.4.

Photo 4.2 Gold Bearing Vein in The Tunnel

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Figure 4.4 Vein Distribution Map in The Tunnel

C. Rock Strength
In making tunnels, there are problems that will become obstacles in progress, where
these obstacles come from the state of the rock, one of them.

C.1. Rock Type

Primary gold mine are usually dominated by igneous rock of "andesite" inside,
weathered rock near surface, and clay (alteration) near the gold bearing vein. Rock
fractures are often found in hard rocks so it will change the rock strength from strong to
weak when excavated. The following figure shows rock conditions based on the
weathering level, see Figure 4.5 and Photo 4.2 for field conditions.

C.2. Rock Strength

The strength of a rock can easily be measured using simple tools such as thumb, pen
knife, and hammer. Table 4.2 provide guideline to calculate rock strength.

D. Tunnel Support

D.1. Location
The appropriate location must be selected in order to facilitate safe entry access and
close to the ore body containing gold. The selected location must consider the following
factors:

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The tunnel location must avoid landslide area, falling rocks, floods and allows to
facilitate the workplaces outside the tunnel, disposal, transportation of mine
equipments, and other facilities.

Term Description Illustration

Completely All rock material is decomposed and/or disintegrated to
weathered soil The original mass structures is still largely intact

Highly More than half of the rock material is decomposed

weathered and/or disintegrated to soil. Fresh or discoloured rock
is present either as discontinuous framework or as core
stones

Moderately Less than half of the rock material is decomposed

weathered and/or disintegrated to soil. Fresh or discoloured rock
is present either as continuous framework or as cores
tones

Slightly Discolouration indicates weathering rock material and

weathered discontinuity surfaces. All the rock material may be
discoloured by weathering and may be somewhat
weaker externally than in its fresh condition

Fresh No visible sign of rock material weathering; perhaps

slight discolouration on mayor discontinuity surfaces

Figure 4.5 Rock Weathering Level

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Soil
Completely weathered

Highly weathered

Moderately weathered

Slightly weathered

Fresh

Photo 4.3 Rock Weathering Condition in The Field

Table 4.3 Simple Rock Strength Determination

Term Field Test UCS (MPa)

Extremely weak rock Indented by thumbnail 0.25 – 1.0
Very weak rock Crumbles under firm blows with point of a 1.0 - 5.0
geological hammer. Can be peeled by
pocket knife
Weak rock Can be peeled by pocket knife with difficulty 5.0 - 25
Shallow indentation with firm blow with point
of geological hammer
Medium strong rock Cannot be scraped or peeled by pocked 25 - 50
knife Specimen can be fractured with a
single firm blow a geological hammer
Strong rock Specimen requires more than one blow of a 50 - 100
geological hammer to fracture it
Very strong rock Specimen requires many blows of a 100 - 250
geological hammer to fracture it
Extremely strong Specimen can only be chipped with a with a > 250
geological hammer

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a) Unsafe tunnel entry point b) Safe tunnel entry point

c) Unsafe shafts d) Safe Shaft

Photo 4.4 Tunnel/Shaft Entry Point a, c) Unsafe b, d) Safe

The water drainage must be built above of the tunnel so the rainwater will be
directed to the left and right side of the tunnel

Figure 4.6 The Location of Water Drainage System and River to The Tunnel

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The tunnel and shaft entrances are provided with a protective roof so the
rainwater cannot enter into the tunnel/shaft
There is a safe access road for both walking and two-wheeled or four-
wheeled. Roads built around dirt/waste stones are usually soft when exposed
to water so road access may be more difficult during the rainy season so the
road must be made of wood for comfortable walking or if climbing must be
given stairs and given a handrail on the side of the ravine
The tunnel location must consider mine drainage facilities that collect mine
waste water. The roads and associated drainage facilities require regular
maintenance
Involve all miners in the location, especially shared facilities

D.2. Portal/Shaft Collapse

The collapse in portal or shaft area is a significant risk in small-scale primary gold
mining due to it is close to weathered area. Collapse can occur at the portal and shaft
area due to the weak support system, the heavy rainfall that increases the load on the
soil/rocks, and the additional load as the result of the flow of water carrying rocks or
landslides that hit the portal or shaft.

The soil/rock contains small quantities of water during dry season but it becomes
saturated during the rainy season. The water must be directed as far away as
possible from portal and shaft.
Make roofs/houses to protect the tunnel/shaft from the rain and the sun which
can reduce the binding force between the grains.
Ask local community members about their experiences with collapse and flooding
events: which areas that have high risk and how many times it occurs? Consider
this information for portal collapse mitigation.

D.3. Tunnel/Shaft Dimension

The tunnels and shaft dimension must be made in the appropriate size for the workers
in order to provide safe workplace, comfort workplace, and work effectiveness.
For tunnels : the dimension of the tunnel must comply with the height of worker
and width of comfort access (including the support dimension) for worker and
equipment. The tunnel must have space for ventilation and lighting.
For shaft : the shaft dimension (not including the left and right side support) must
comply with the worker width who can go down using the ladder. The tunnel must
have space for ventilation and lighting.
The shaft access for gold bearing vein transportation should be separated with
people access

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D.4. Support Method

D.4.1 Support in the Tunnel

Almost all tunnels requires support to prevent a collapse that will cause accident or
disturb the mine operation. The support materials usually are made of the processed
wood such as timber and lumber, sometimes inlaid with bamboo if available. The tunnel
support pattern is different among mine locations so it requires special skills to install
the support. The basic knowledge of tunnel supports as follows:

Create standards or working drawings according to the potential rock collapse

o Portal design (Figure 4.7a)
o Work procedures (Figure 4.7c)
 Supports installation
 Fill the gap between flank and rock wall using waste rock until
compact in shape to prevent rock movement
o Support installation (Figure 4.7d)

a Portal design b Field condition

c. Installation d. Installed support

Figure 4.7 Portal Support Planning and Installation

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Tunnel support. It is necessary to inform the support types that must be

carried out such as:

o Stull: this method is used to maintain the opening in the hanging wall or
gold bearing vein that easily collapse. Usually this method is combined
with wedges in place on the top of the stull (Photo 4.5).

Wedges

Stull

Photo 4.5 Wedges and Its Installation

o Supports for weak veins that have strong wall (Figure 4.8a)
o Supports for weak veins and weak hanging walls that have strong footwall
(Figure 4.8b)
o Supports for wall and veins that easily collapse if no supports are installed
as quickly as possible (Figure 4.8c)
o The small mines usually use logs as shown in Figure 4.8d

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Figure 4.8 Support Planning (Stout, 1989)

When excavating the soft rock, the problem is the fall which which hinders the
excavation (Photo 4.6). The bording should be installed to solve this problem.
The installation of bording as follows :

Photo 4.6 Collapse in Tunnel That Must Be Handled using Bording

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o Make stop and false frame (Figure 4.9a)

o Through the false frame, pushed them into the fall using a hammer until it
penetrates the rock (Figure 4.9b)
o Open the stop and remove the fall. If the fall is a vein, then move it to
stockpile area/processing area. If it is barren rock, move it to disposal area
o After all the rock is clean, fill the cavity with wood until all the rock is in
contact with the filler wood. If necessary, hit until full contact with the
original rock (Figure 4.9c)
o If the wall rock tends to collapse, install the lagging (Figure 4.9d)

Figure 4.9 Bording Installation (1,2,3 Chaussier,1987)

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D.4.2 Shaft Support Method

Almost all shafts requires support to prevent a collapse that will cause accident or
disturb the mine operation. The support materials usually are made of the processed
wood such as timber and lumber, sometimes inlaid with bamboo if available. The shaft
support pattern is different among mine locations so it requires special skills to install
the support.

Create standards or working drawings according to the potential rock collapse

(Figure 4.10):
o Shaft design
o Work procedures

Figure 4.10 The Shaft Support Method

D.4.3 Support Method in Open Pit

Small-scale primary gold mining with open-pit mines is almost never done in Indonesia
when referring to Law No. 3/2020 where IPR is granted with a limited area and
investment. Excavations in open pits will form slopes. Usually the ratio of the vertical
and horizontal axes in soil slopes is 1:2 and in rocks 1:1 (Figure 4.11d). From Figure
4.11d, it can be seen that to be able to carry out good mining for small-scale primary
gold mining using an open pit mining system is difficult to carry out to deep elevations
because it will be unprofitable. To move side rock which is quite a lot requires
investment and extracting ore requires a larger investment.
If the open pit mine will be applied for the primary gold deposit with small scale mine,
following steps must be carried out:

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Create standards or drawings according to the potential failures:

o Design open pit in weak rock/soil (Figure 4.11a)
o Excavation design for open pit (Figure 4.11d)
The factor of safety criteria of open pit mine based on The Ministerial Decree of
Energy and Mineral Resources of The Republic Indonesia Number 1827 K/30/
MEM /2018.

a Soil/Soft rock mine plan b Gold bearing vein condition

c Rock mining d Open pit

Figure 4.11 The Slope Design of Primary Gold Open Pit Mine

The factor of safety criteria of open pit mine based on The Ministerial Decree of Energy
and Mineral Resources of The Republic Indonesia Number 1827 K / 30 / MEM / 2018.
The factor of safety criteria (static and dynamic), probability of failure, and
consequences of failure according to The Ministerial Decree of Energy and Mineral
Resources of The Republic Indonesia Number 1827 K / 30 / MEM / 2018 are shown in
Table 4.4.

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Table 4.4 The Factor of Safety and Probability of Failure of Slope Mine

Acceptability Criteria
Consequences Static Factor of Dynamic Factor Probability of Failure
Type of Slope of Failure S a f e t y (FoS) of Safety (FoS) (max) PoF (FoS<1)
(min) (min)

Single Slope Low to high 1.1 - 25-50%

Low 1.15-1.2 1.0 25%
Inter-ramp Medium 1.2-1.3 1.0 20%
High 1.2-1.3 1.1 10%
Low 1.2-1.3 1.0 15-20%
Overall Medium 1.3 1.05 10%
Slope
High 1.3-1.5 1.1 5%

The consequences of failure criteria based on The Ministerial Decree of Energy and
Mineral Resources of The Republic Indonesia Number 1827 K/30/ MEM/2018 consist of
low, medium, and high. Based on the assessment of B Sulistijo, PhD, this severity
criterion can be applied to small-scale primary gold mining.The consequences of failure
criteria are as follows:
a. High; if there are consequences for:
(i) human death;
(ii) over-three-people serious injury;
(iii) over 50% mining facilities and infrastructure damages;
(iv) over 24 hours stoppage time of production;
(v) lost and unmineable reserves; and/or
(vi) the impact of environmental damages are widespread outside
the mining permit (IUP) area including settlements;

b. Medium; if there are consequences for:

(i) people serious injury;
(ii) 25% - 50% mining facilities and infrastructure damages
(iii) 12 - 24 hours stoppage time of production
(iv) reserves are buried but still mineable; and/or the impacts of
environmental damage inside mining permit (IUP) area

c. Low; if there are consequences for:

(i) people unserious injury;
(ii) under 25 % mining facilities and infrastructure damages; and/or
under 12 hours stoppage time of production

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E. Excavation and Hauling Method

The rock breaking process in small scale mining can be excavated using manual
method (chisel, hammer, and picks), Jack Hammer, and Jack Leg (rare conditions).
When the excavation is started, ensure following procedures:

1. Ensure to write the daily record (Table 4.5)

Table 4.5. Daily Record Example

Lokasi/Location :

Tanggal/Date Nomer/No. Keterangan/Remark Sketsa/Sketch

3 1 Lebar urat 30 cm
Wide of vein 30 cm
Dilakukan sampling ada indikasi emas
Sampledwith gold indication

o
2 Arah kemajuan terowongan N10 E
o
Direction of tunnel N10 E

Kondisi 5 m dari patok batuan samping

warna hitam lunak. Kuarsa pu�h sedikit
4 1 abu-abu
The condition is 5 m from the side rock
peg, soft black color. White quartz
slightly gray

1. Plot the tunnel development in map. Some small-scale miners have conducted
the method in limited plotting map (Figure 4.12). The tunnel development map (if
possible) can provide information not only the gold bearing vein but also the
support location, faults, shaft locations, rock types, and geological structures
(Figure 4.13)

2. Plot of the sampling position/vein progress taken and the gold yield obtained
(Figure 4.14). Mention in the form of bullion or after purification (cukim -Ciok
Kim/local gold). If faults are found (see Figures 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 for pursuing gold
vein forwarding) plots on the map as well as bedding should be plotted to
estimate the direction and grade conditions of gold veins.

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Figure 4.12 Plotting Map Example at Small Scale Mine

Figure 4.13 Tunnel Detail Mapping

(Forrester, 1955 modified by Sulistijo)

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a) Assay plotting result b) Strike and dip measurement

Figure 4.14 Analysis Result Plotting Method

E.1. Manual Excavation

To facilitate manual excavation (Photo 4.7), the openings and the size of the equipment
must be adjusted to the work holes and carry out the following steps:

Photo 4.7 Manual Excavation (Do Not Try Without Personal Protective Equipment)

Keep the chisel sharp and protected with safety rubber to prevent it from being
hit by a hammer when it misses
Always wear a safety helmet, shoes, gloves, and goggles to avoid splashing
stones into the eyes

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Provide a container (dustpan, plastic sack, etc.) that make it easier to transport
the loose stones from the mining face to the surface
Sacks must be separated between containing gold bearing vein or not
containing gold bearing vein
Pay attention for lithology changing to identify the gold or the rock strength for
support
Pay attention to the needed support

►See chapter IV.D.4 for support method

E.2. Jack Hammer

To facilitate manual excavation with a Jack Hammer (Photo 4.8) the minimum size of
the working hole must be adjusted to the equipment used. The things that must be
considered in excavation activities using a Jack Hammer are:
Ensure the sufficient electricity supply
Inspect that the cable is not chipped
Always wear a safety helmet, shoes, gloves, and goggles to avoid splashing
stones into the eyes
Place a container at the bottom of the surface (dustpan, plastic sack, etc.) to
make it easier to bring loose stones from mining area to the surface
Sacks must be separated between containing gold bearing vein or barren rock
Pay attention for lithology changing to identify the gold or the rock strength for
support

Photo 4.8 Jack Hammer

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E.3. Jack Leg

To facilitate manual excavation with Jack Legs (Photo 4.9) the minimum size of the
working area must be adjusted to the equipment used. Things that must be considered
in excavation activities using Jack Legs are:

Provide compressed air pipe

Always wear a safety helmet, shoes, gloves, and goggles to avoid splashing
stones into the eyes
Place a container at the bottom of the surface (dustpan, plastic sack, etc.) to
make it easier to bring loose stones from mining area to the surface
Sacks must be separated between containing gold bearing vein or barren rock
Pay attention for lithology changing to identify the gold or the rock strength for
support

Photo 4.9 Jack Leg Equipment

E.4. Underground Haulage System

The underground haulage types from the mining face to surface are conducted based
on the haulage direction.
1. On horizontal direction (adit or tunnel) (Photo 4.10 ) do as follows :
If the mine opening is wide enough, the rails and rail pads can be made from
wood
The wagon size must comply with the tunnel width, tunnel condition, and the
miners ability to push the wagon.
Ensure to lubricate the wheels or rail pads neither with oil or grease for free
spinning.

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a b

c d
Photo 4.10 a) Simple Railway Arrangement b) Wagon c) Railway Setup
d) Railway Junction Construction Diagram (Stout, 1988)

ii. For a larger scale can use iron rails and wagons (Photo 4.11) that can be
shed from the side. If using iron rails and wagons, the principle of making the
junction is the same as that of a simple junction.

a b

Photo 4.11 a) Railway Junction Arrangement b) Railway Junction Construction

Diagram (Stout, 1988)

2. On vertical direction (shaft) do as follows :

Create threaded wheels axle to prevent threads wrapping around the wheel
axle (Figure 4.15.1)
Prepare a strong storage container, make sure it does not scrap the wall to
avoid wear and tear when it is lifted to the surface

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Inspect the rope to keep it in good condition

Adjust the strength of the rope and the storage container with the filling rock
in the storage container
Lubricate the axle and rope grooves (Figure 4.15.2)
Ensure the axle wheel is strong enough/not broken and install a safety
equipment or the miners must work together to avoid the storage container
fell back suddenly

1
2

Figure 4.15 The Tunnel Haulage Equipment

F. Ventilation, Lighting, and Communication

F.1. Ventilation
The mechanical ventilation system is needed when the tunnel development, raise, and
shaft are located far from the surface. It is not enough only to rely on natural ventilation.
1. Choose a blower or suction air pump that is suitable with the length of the
tunnel or shaft. A blowing fan for ventilation is commonly used.
2. Put the blowing fan in a safe and clean position to ensure air intake (Photo
4.12)
3. Choose a delivery pipe that is suitable with the tunnel development.
PVC
Plastic
4. Be sure that the wind speed at the end of the ventilation system at least 7
m/minute.
5. Be sure the minimum oxygen volume is 19.5%, the air temperature in the
underground mine must be maintained from 180C to 200C with a maximum
relative humidity of 85%
6. In order to work for 8 hours, the carbon monoxide (CO) volume is 0.005% (50
ppm) and the maximum hydrogen sulfide (H2S) volume is 0.001% (10 ppm)
7. Prepare a measuring tool for temperature, humidity, gas and wind speed

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Blowing fan

Ventilation pipe
Hose

Photo 4.12 Blowing Fan Position

Figure 4.16 a) Simple Temperature and Humidity Measuring Tool (Tokopedia) b) H2S, CO,
O2 Detector and Exploding Gas c) Wind Speed Measuring Tool

The advance ventilation plan must be designed better than the conventional one if the
underground mine will be scaled up as shown in Figure 4.17. The mine air flow is
adjusted by installed the doors that that can be opened and closed in accordance with
the direction of air flow.

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Figure 4.17 A Typical Ventilation System of The Advance Small Scale Mine
(Stout, 1988)

F.2. Lighting
The mining locations, such as workplace and mine opening, require lighting. The
lighting in the mine opening is needed to increase efficiency so it will increase
production. In many small-scale mining locations, lighting relies on a head lamp for each
mine worker. It will effects the production if there is a problem with the head lamp. Some
aspects that need to be considered in mining lighting are as follows:
1. Electricity from the independent generator or State Electricity Company/PLN (if
the mine area close to the residential area)
2. Inspect that the cable conductor is not chipped
3. Use separate fuses according to the field conditions. It will not shut off power
in the entire area due to the short circuit
4. Choose a moisture-resistant cable
5. Use LED lights to save money

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a b

Photo 4.13 Lighting a) Tunnel b) Shaft

F.3. Communication
The communication in underground mines is very important aspect to achieve efficient
work. The telephone or one-way communication equipment should ideally be installed.
The ventilation tubes can be used as the communication system if there are no
standard telecommunication equipment to avoid communication problems. There is a
part of the blower that can be opened and closed (Photo 4.14) so it can be used as a
one-way communication tool where one person talks and the other person listens and
vice versa. It is an effective communication tool in underground mining.

Photo 4.14 Simple Communication Tool using Ventilation Tube

G. Mine Dewatering System

The tunnel or shaft often develops through both of the water bearing layer and the
terrain condition that is not suitable for gravity drainage, so it requires water pump to
drain it. This pump requires full 24-hour supervision so the pump can be operated
whenever needed. If the pump unit is in trouble/not working properly, it is possible that

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the tunnel will be submerged and interfere the production/exploration process. The
stages that must be carried out are as follows:
1. Intake flow rate determination :
Flow rate measurement :
i. Using V-Notch weir
1. Install V-notch in the selected channel
2. The gap between the tool and the channel is clogged with
clay
3. Be sure there are no seepages in the gap
4. Watch the rise of water at V-notch until it shows steady
condition
5. Measure the head
6. Calculate flow rate using equation below :
Q =1.39 H5/2 m3/second

Where:
Q = flow rate m3/second
H=m
*V-Notch angle = 900

iii. By calculating the volume of water in a period time :

1. Determine the area (A) filled with water (m2)
2. Provide measurement tape and stand it on one side
3. Record water level (H1 ) at T1
4. Record water level (H2 ) at T2
5. Flow rate = A x (H2- H1)/( T2-T1 ) (m3/second)

2. Determine the maximum flow rate to be pumped, O max=1.2Q

3. Determine the maximum suction (Hs)
4. Determine head of the water discharge from the fixed groundwater (H p)
5. Determine the effective pump head, He=1.2(Hp+Hs) (Figure 4.18. No.1)

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6. Determine how long it will take to dry so the flow rate that must be pumped
every second can be calculated (Figure 4.18 No. 2)
7. Select the pump capacity according to discharge at the intended head (Figure
4.18. No.3) and the type of water that can be pumped

3
1

Figure 4.18 The Example of The Flow rate, Head, and Pump Type Relationship
(Tsurumi Chart)

H. Processing

H.1 Crushing
The rocks containing gold, in boulder size, are reduced into smaller size. The reduced
size depends on the gold extraction method, permeability, and the free gold condition.
The hard rock with no voids and ore covered with quartz veins need to be reduced until
the contact between the gold and the solution is visible. The greater contact between
gold and solution, the higher gold recovery will be. The finer the ore size in vein, the
finer the rock containing gold must be crushed. The procedure for ore reduction is as
follows:

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Check the weathering, strength, voids, and ore condition using a loupe
Crush the ore into fine size and see liberates gold particles using magnifying
glass / loupe and record its size
Select the gold processing method used and then determine the equipment
used:
o Heap leach : Manually with 1-3 cm size
Jaw crusher
o Immersion : Hammer mill
o Tank : Manual (hammer)- Trommel
Stamp mill-trommel
Jaw Crusher- Ball mill
Jaw Crusher-trommel
o Borax : Ball mill, trommel

H.2. Gold Ore Leaching

The Gold ore leaching process consists of two important steps, namely the dissolution
process and the process of separating gold from the solution. The solvent most often
used is NaCN, because it is able to dissolve gold better than other solvents. In the
second stage, the separation of gold metal from the solution is carried out using
activated carbon or zinc dust or other methods.

H.2.1. The Gold Ore Leaching Method Using Tanks and Carbon to Extract the
Gold

The steps that must be carried out for leaching gold ore with leaching tanks equipment
and activated carbon media to capture gold to the maximum are as follows:
1. Choose the base leaching tank system to be installed. There are two types of base
leaching tank systems and each of it will affect the installed equipment :

a. Tank with flat base system (Photo 4.15)

The advantage of the leaching tank with flat base system is that the
equipment can be built directly without supports and it is suitable for large
capacities. The disadvantage of the system is that the system required mixing
equipment and design properly along the walls of the leaching tank to prevent
precipitate at the bottom of the leaching tank.

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Leaching tank with flat base system Mixing axle system

Photo 4.15 Leaching Tank with Flat Base System

b. Leaching tank with conical base system (Photo 4.16)

The advantage of leaching tank with conical base system is that the
equipment does not need a stirrer in the middle of the leaching tanks to
prevent precipitate of fine ore. The disadvantage of this system is that support
structure and compressor must be built to prevent precipitate of ore.

Tank with conical case system Truss system of tank with conical base

Photo 4.16 Leaching Tank with Conical Base System

2. Prepare a pH meter (paper or digital probe) and other measuring equipment such as
temperature, TDS, EC, ORP and DO measuring devices (Photo 4.17)

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A Paper pH Indicator Digital probe pH, TSD, EC, ORP, Density

Photo 4.17 Cyanidation Testing Kit

3. Prepare a mixer (Photo 4.18a), and turn it on then add the fine rock containing gold
with water then put it in a tank (Photo 4.18b)

a Feeding Mixer System b Feeding

Photo 4.18 Ore Mixer

4. Add the ore material and turn on the compressor simultaneously to generate the
stirring process
5. Add the required chemicals according to the capacity and common utilization or
according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI).
6. Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the maximum
limit is pH 12
7. Keep a daily log every hour to find out the effectiveness of the processing as shown
in Table 4.6
8. After the process finished, separate the carbon with impurities using a panning or
sieve according to the capacity of the tank
9. Do ashing.
►See chapter IV.H.4 for processing charcoal into ash

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10. Do bullion processing.

►See chapter IV. H.5 for the smelting process
Table 4.6 Example of Daily Log Processing Data

Lokasi/location :
Tanggal/Date :
Pemilik/Owner :
Berat Material /Weight : 1.415 ton
Berat Jenis Campuran/ :
Density
Volume air/Water Vol.

Tanggal/Date Jam/Hour Keterangan/Remark pH DO ORP EC TDS Suhu

20 09.00 Masukan kapur 7.18
11.00 H2O2 5 lt 11.7
12.00 H2O2 10 lt 6.58
14.00 H2O2 10 lt+ Kapur 11.85
21 07.30 Masukan CN 1kg 11.82
19.30 NaCN 2 kg 11.7
22 09.30 Masukan 6 kg karbon dan 1kg CN 11.72
18.30 Masukan Carbon 6 Kg 11.73
23 08.30 Panen
Bulion 414.9 gram
Au : 8.32 gram
Ag : 352.4 gram
Kadar/Grade : 5.879859 gram/ton

H.2.2. Gold Ore Leaching Method Using Sprinkling/Heap Leach and Carbon

The steps that must be carried out for leaching gold ore with watering and activated
carbon media to capture gold to the maximum are as follows:
1. Make sure there is no leak in the sink and cyanide tank containing gold. Make a
double layer, if necessary, if there is a leak then the gold will seep into the
ground (Photo 4.19a)
2. Make sure there is sufficient space between the bottom of the tank and the ore
for better circulation
3. Crush the rock into 1-3 cm in size and spread it carefully after it is mixed with
lime
4. Cover the surroundings with plastic so that splashes from the shower do not
pollute the environment (Photo 4.19b)

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a Before filling process b After filling process

Photo 4.19 Preparation and Processing

5. Prepare a pH meter (paper or digital probe) and other measuring equipment

such as temperature, TDS, EC, ORP and DO measuring devices (Photo 4.17)
6. Add the required chemicals according to the capacity and common utilization or
according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI)
7. Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12
8. Keep a daily log every hour to find out the effectiveness of the processing as
shown in Table 4.6
9. After finished, dry the carbon in the air
10. Do ashing
► See chapter IV.H.4 for processing charcoal into ash
11. Do bullion processing
► See chapter IV. H.5 for the smelting process

H.2.3. The Gold Ore Leaching Method Using Immersion and Carbon

The steps that must be carried out for leaching gold ore by immersion and activated
carbon media (Photo 4.20) to capture gold to the maximum are as follows:
1. Make sure there is no leak in the sink and cyanide tank containing gold. Make a
double layer, if necessary, if there is a leak then the gold will seep into the
ground

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2. Make sure there is sufficient space between the bottom of the tank and the ore
for better circulation.
3. Crush the rock into fine size and spread it carefully after it is mixed with lime

Photo 4.20 Immersion Method

4. Prepare a pH meter (paper or digital probe) and other measuring equipment

such as temperature, TDS, EC, ORP and DO measuring devices (Photo 4.17)
5. Add the required chemicals according to the capacity and common utilization or
according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI)
6. Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12
7. Keep a daily log every hour to find out the effectiveness of the processing as
shown in Table 4.6
8. After finished, dry the carbon in the air
9. Do ashing
► See chapter IV.H.4 for processing charcoal into ash
10. Do bullion processing
► See chapter IV. H.5 for the smelting process

H.2.4 Gold Ore Leaching Method Using Zinc Dust

The steps that must be carried out for leaching gold ore by immersion and zinc dust
(Photo 4.21) media to capture gold to the maximum are as follows:
1. Make sure there is no leak in the sink and cyanide tank containing gold. Make a
double layer, if necessary, if there is a leak then the gold will seep into the
ground
2. Make sure there is sufficient space between the bottom of the tank and the ore
for better circulation.
3. Crush the rock into fine size and spread it carefully after it is mixed with lime

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Photo 4.21 The Immersion Method using Zinc Powder

4. Prepare a pH meter (paper or digital probe) and other measuring equipment

such as temperature, TDS, EC, ORP and DO measuring devices (Photo 4.17)
5. Add the required chemicals according to the capacity and common utilization or
according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI)
6. Maintain the pH above 10 so that the cyanide does not evaporate and the
maximum limit is pH 12
7. Keep a daily log every hour to find out the effectiveness of the processing as
shown in Table 4.6
8. After it finished, separate the concentrated solids using chemical process

H.3. The Gold Processing Method into Bullion without Cyanide and
Mercury (Borax Method)
With the ban on the use of 100% mercury in small-scale gold mining by 2025
(Presidential Decree No. 21/2019) and strict requirements for the use of cyanide and
the handling of processing waste using cyanide, this alternative borax method can be
utilized. This method is relatively fast and inexpensive. This method can use the existing
refining equipment except the cyanidation process.
The process can be explained as follows:
1. Choose ore that contain gold
2. Observe using a magnifying glass / loupe the mesh size that is suitable to
liberate gold from rocks
3. Reduce the size using manual (hammer), stamp mill, jaw crusher
4. Reduce the size according to the degree of freedom of ores to get optimum
results using a trommel, hammer mill, rood mill, etc.
5. Processing the gold separation with impurities by :
a. In small amount, do panning method to separate gold particles and
gangue minerals particles. Collect gold and gold particles in one container

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b. In large amount, use a gravity concentration separator to separate gold

particles and gangue minerals particles. Collect gold and gold particles in
one container.
Note: The separation of gold particles can be processed again into fine size to
make the melting process faster.
6. Put it on the crucible bowl, add borax in a ratio of 1:1 and charcoal as a
material to increase the ignition temperature
7. Warm up slowly using burner with LPG and Oxygen combination as fuel or
other smelting equipment until it melted
►See chapter IV.H.5 for the smelting process
8. Look into the eyes on the bottom of the crucible bowl that indicate bullion
9. Gently separate the solution that does not contain gold and bullion by pouring
it into a container filled with water. The bullion dissolves easily with the liquid
slug (Photo 4.22c)
10. Take the bullion (eye) (Photo 4.22d), put it in the water and clean it

a b

c d

Photo 4.22 a) The Concentrate Mixed with Borax and Charcoal b) Separation Between
Slug and Bullion c) Dissolved Bullion in Slug d) Eyes that Indicates Bullion

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H.4 Processing Charcoal into Ash

The activated carbon as the product of cyanidation process contains gold, other
dissolved metals, cyanide, and other sulfides. The following steps must be conducted to
obtain the workers healthy, good environmental condition, and optimum results:
Pay attention to the wind direction, because the carbon steam still contains high
CN
It is recommended using air dried / natural aerated method to handle the
activated carbon, containing gold and other metals
The equipment for ashing of activated carbon can be seen in Figure 4.19. The
tube capacity depends on combustion requirements

Figure 4.19 The Equipment for Ashing of Activated Carbon

Use a wood chip on the part of the igniter for the first combustion. Once the fire
have formed, add enough activated carbon (Photo 4.23) and wait until the fire
have formed then add the activated carbon to be processed.
If possible check the content of cyanide (CN), H2S, O2, and H2S that are
exposured on human, especially places with lots human activities.
Adjust the incoming air so it will not make the dust fly. Be sure not adjust the
incoming air too small that will lead to stop the fire. Cover the top with gauze to
catch the dust. Prevent the dust spread out of the tank because it contains gold
and other precious metals.

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Do continuous observations by adjusting the air flow from the blower so the fire
of activated carbon do not stop.
Check the process until all activated carbon has completely turned ash.
Sieve the ash with a ash sieve. If there is still carbon that has not been
completely turned ash, then puree it and sieve it again. Collect the remaining
activated carbon that has not been turned ash and do ashing process if the
amount is sufficient.

a b
Photo 4.23 a) Activated Carbon b) Ash Containing Gold and Other Precious Metal
Ready to be Processed into Bullion

Ash containing gold and other metals is ready to be processed using burner with
LPG and Oxygen combination as fuel or furnish.
► See chapter IV.H.5 for the smelting process

The process of removing gold with cyanide and the additional zinc dust, do following
steps:
Collect black mud
Rinse it with water to remove cyanide
Add nitric acid to dissolve anything in the black mud except gold
Sieve with filter paper, drain the retained solids on the filter paper
The filter paper containing solid gold, put it on the meting crucible bowl and
do using burner with LPG and Oxygen combination as fuel until the bullion
remains
►See chapter IV.H.5 for the smelting process

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H.5 The Smelting Process

The ash as the product of the activated carbon ashing process, the solid as the product
of chemical separation processes, and gold concentrate as the product of other
processes must be melted down to obtain bullion. This process can be conducted using
a ready-made smelting furnace (Photo 4.24a) or the traditional one using LPG and
oxygen combination as fuel (Photo 4.24b).

a b

Photo 4.24 Smelting Equipment a) Standard Melting Furnace (Tokopedia)

b) Traditional Melting Method

The smelting process using burner with LPG and Oxygen combination as fuel as
follows:
1. If the crucible bowl is being used for the first time, sprinkle the borax all over the
surface and start melting the borax, shaking it slowly until spreads all the crucible
bowl surface.
2. Add and mix the ash and gold concentrate with borax in a ratio of 1:1 (Photo
4.25a). Add charcoal (if needed) to raise the temperature and put it on the
crucible bowl.
3. Add a little water to prevent ash flies when it is melted with a mixture of oxygen
and LPG
4. Adjusting the fire until it reaches the optimum temperature by adjusting the
composition of oxygen and LPG bullion add borax if needed (Photo 4.25b)
5. Do it slowly until all the mixture becomes a molten gold
6. At the same time, stirring it until the rounded molten gold and the rounded liquid
(eyes) in the crucible bowl are collected. The eye indicates bullion (Photo 4.25d)
7. If there are still red spots, add borax while continuing to heat until the spots
disappear, indicating that the process is complete

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8. Pour the slug into the liquid slowly while the fire keeps on burning to maintain the
slug in a liquid condition (Photo 4.25b). Be careful to maintain the eye dissolves
in the slug (Photo 4.25c)
9. After the eye is visible (Photo 4.25d) and the liquid has reduced, take the eye
and put it in water. Cleaning after the temperature is cool. Bullion ready to be
refined or sold

Photo 4.25 a) Concentrate Mixed with Borax and Charcoal b) Separation Between Slug
with Bullion c) Dissolved Bullion in Slug d) Eyes Indicating Bullion e) Bullion in
slug

►See Chapter IV.H.6 for the processing of bullion into local gold (cukim)
► See Chapter IV. H.7 for assay calculation

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H.6 The Processing of Bullion into Local Gold (Cukim)

The processing of bullion into local gold using the cukim concept is suitable for low
grades (less than 30% and the optimum grade is 5-10%). Environmentally cukim (Ciok
Kim) design and equipments are shown in Figure 4.20.

a b

Figure 4.20 The Environmentally Cukim Equipment a) Design b) Equipment

The process as follows:

Maximum bullion grade is 25%, if bullion grade is high then mix with Ag/Au
If the equipment is number 4, then fill number 6 with water and urea in a ratio of
10 water: 1 urea
Use nitric acid (technically HNO3) with a concentration of 68%
The bullion is crushed (cut into small pieces) so the contact is bigger
Insert the bullion into the reactor, soak it into the water and the water level is ± 1
cm below the surface
Add HNO3 until it reacted (if the assay is less than 10% use the ratio of HNO 3:
H2O = 1:10 and if the assay is 10-25% use the ratio of HNO3: H2O = 1:1)
Put in the heating pot (1)
Turn on the water pump (5)
Turn on vacuum cleaner (7)
Wait the reaction until the brown/yellow smoke turns into white, which means the
reaction is complete, then replace with concentrated HNO3
Continue stirring until the reaction is stopped and forms a solid in the bottom like
coffee
Rinse it until the water runs clear (collect the rinse water for the Ag removal
process)
Boil it with pure H2O, after boiling then leave it to cool. The filtration is performed
by pouring it into filter paper. Collect the solid form on the filter paper. Gold in the

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mud, brownish lumps. These lumps are ready to be melted down. The silver, lead
and copper will dissolve. Collect the rinse water to obtain Ag.
►See chapter IV.H.5 for the smelting process
The solution that are passing through the filter paper contain AgNO3 and other
metals. Add industrial salt or 10% HCl slowly until a white precipitate on the
bottom is no longer formed.
Filter the solution with filter paper and rinse it under running water. The filtered
solution must be dried in the sun until the solid turns from white to black. Add
caustic soda and a little water, then stir it well. Filter the solution with filter paper
and rinse it with water.
Add black silver flour then the filter paper ready to be melted
► See chapter IV.H.5 for the smelting process

H.7 Assay Calculation

The price both of gold bullion and local gold (cukim gold) are determined based on the
gold content in each weight. There are several methods to calculate gold content for
buying and selling purposes. The methods that have been widely used by the
community in small-scale primary gold mining:
1. Use sledge hammer to shape the gold bullion or cukim gold into solid and have
similar thickness, length and width
2. Prepare a digital scale with 0.01 gram or 0.001 gram accuracy. The maximum
capacity of a scale must be comply with gold sample purposes
3. Prepare a glass container and fill it with pure water, if necessary, measure the
temperature and density of the water
4. Prepare a strong small string (thread) that does not absorb water
5. Turn on the scale and be sure to zero out the scale (0.00 gram position) (Photo
4.26a)
6. Weigh the gold (Photo 4.26b)
7. Place the container filled with water on the scale and set the scale to 0.00 grams
(Photo 4.26 c)
8. Take the measurement of the hanging gold on a thread in a container filled with
water on a scale (Photo 4.26d)

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a b

c d
Photo 4.26 Weighing Method to Determine Assay

Calculate the ratio of the bullion weight to its weight in water (Table 4.7)

Table 4.7
Assay Determination Method

Tanggal/Date :
Pemilik/Owner :
Merek
Timbangan/ :
Weighing Brand
Satuan/Unit :
Berat Emas (A) Berat di air (B) C=A/B
Gold Weight
No (A) Weight in Water
1 4.510 0.310 14.548

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Use the assay calculation table, usually in unwritten buying and selling Cu=0% and
Ag=100% (rightmost column). The assay calculation method is shown in Figure
4.21.
Refer to the table : the gold weight (A) divided by the weight of gold hanging in water
(B) is C of 14.55.
Point the C along the horizontal line to the rightmost column where Cu = 0% and Ag
= 100% and the assay is 60.99%

Figure 4.21 Assay Determination using Table Method

H.8. Gold Quality Checking

The gold quality can be determined quickly using several methods:
1. One of the simplest method to determine the presence of gold by using touchstone
and nitric acid solution
a. Prepare gold and acid test stones and materials to be tested (Photo 4.27a).
b. Scratch the material on the touchstone, see the mark color on the touchstone
(Photo 4.27b).

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c. Rub it with nitric acid solution, if the color disappears that indicates it is not
gold, if the color is not disappeared that indicates gold (Photo 4.27c)
d. If the color gradually disappears, it means that the material has lower assay
than the material with the slow-gradual color or unchanging color
* Be careful when using acid because anything that comes into contact with
acid, including our skin, will be destroyed

a b c
Photo 4.27 The Gold Qualitative Method

2. Another accurately method is by using gold small needle. Each small needle has
a different assay for example 50,60,70,80 and 90%. If this equipment is not
available, it can be made by taking a small amount of gold that the assay is
known. Other equipment is a dark touchstone, flat, and has a slightly rough
surface so when a sample of material is scratched, it will leave a mark.

Figure 4.22 Touchstone and Standard Gold Needle for Gold Assay Test (Blower, 1988)

The procedure of touchstone method:

a. Scratch gold needles on the touchstone

b. Scratch sample gold on the touchstone
c. The color that most closely to a standard gold needle indicates the assay of
the sample gold

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d. If the color of the sample gold shows the color between the standard gold
needle color, then the assay lies between the standard gold needle
e. If there is any doubt about the assay material result that has the same color,
aqua regia can be used to obtain more accurate assay
f. Place a drop of acid on the suspicious scratch, observe the scratch, the
scratch color that earlier disappear shows lower assay than either the late one
or the unchanged color scratch one

I. Bookkeeping
The average cost in small scale mining is very difficult to determine because the cost of
exploration and mining costs in the small scale mining industry must include many
variable and unexpected costs. However, small-scale primary gold miners must
estimate the price and production.
The owners of small-scale primary gold mines have to lease or purchase land which is
mostly paid by the owner’s profit sharing minus the operational costs. The weaknesses
of the community miners are the miners did not have any reserves information in their
location and the miners did not have mine planning method because they conducted
trial and error method in the initial excavation and they only followed the gold bearing
vein which are found.
The small-scale gold miners should make a simple bookkeeping, for financial
transparency reason, that records income and expenses, as well as their accountability.
Table 4.8 shows an example of income and expenses records in a small-scale mining
group.
Table 4.8 Simple Bookkeeping
Lokasi/Location :
Pemilik/Owner :

No Tanggal/Date Keterangan/Remark Pemasukan/Debet Pengeluaran/Credit Saldo Tanda buk�/Evidence

1 3 Kabel+instalasi set 930,000 2,409,500 Nota 10
Cable+instalation Note 10
Head lamp 106,000 2,303,500 Toko kuitansi/Receipt
2 4 Kable PLN 1,320,000 983,500 Nota 11
PLN Cable Note 11
Jasa Instalasi 250,000 733,500 marsono
Instalation cost
3 5 Papan paku 192,000 541,500 nota 12
Nail Board Note 12
4 6 Dari Pak 4,000,000 4,541,500
From Mr. x
5 7 Bambu 4 ikat 200,000 4,341,500
Bambo 4 ties

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The gold miners and people who work in gold processing only get profit sharing, most of
them did not get the fixed salary. The financial transaction (buying/expenses and
selling/income record) of gold/bullion is very important aspect due to the profit sharing
system. The profit sharing is obtained from the income (selling) minus expenses
(buying) then divided by the community agreement sharing. The land owner and capital
owner get higher profit sharing than the mining workers. The additional profit sharing will
be given to the land owner and capital owners if they work in gold mine. According to
The Law of Republic Indonesia Number 3 of 2020 Concerning Mineral and Coal Mining,
the mining workers must set aside income to pay the production royalties, reclamation
and post mining expenses.

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V. RECLAMATION AND POST-MINING

According to the Mineral and Coal Mining Law No. 3/2020, reclamation is an activity that
applies to all stages of mining, with the aim of managing, restoring, and improving the
quality of the environment and ecosystem so that it can function again according to its
designation. Post-mining activities, hereinafter referred to as post-mining, are planned,
systematic, and continuing activities after part or all of the mining business activities to
restore the natural environment and social functions according to local conditions
throughout the mining area. Reclamation efforts require planning, management,
implementation, maintenance and monitoring, all supported by an adequate budget as
defined in the proposed reclamation and mine closure planning document. Where
according to Article 73 paragraph 2 the Minister is responsible for the implementation of
technical rules in the IPR for environmental management including reclamation and
post-mining.

A. Reclamation
Ideally, reclamation in ex-mining and processing zones should be carried out in stages
following mining activities and ongoing processes. Considering the maximum of IPR
area for individuals is only 5 Ha and cooperatives is 10 Ha and the nature of gold
distribution in primary deposits which mostly in form of veins where there is one
dimension that is much longer than other dimensions, then the reclamation locations are
mostly around the openings.
Because almost all of the primary gold mining activities are carried out by underground
mining, erosion generally occurs in the waste dump areas where the waste rock has no
economic value to be mined. Waste rock is dumped around the entrance of the tunnel
or shaft. The discarded rock is generally poor in nutrients, forming slopes with a slope
angle equal to the natural angle of the waste rock so that it is prone to landslides and
erosion because there are no plants at the disposal site.
Erosion control is important, both during mining and post-mining. Erosion effects may
require repair work on site by means of reclamation. Inadequate erosion control can
lead to decreased water quality downstream. The main objective of the programmed, is
to establish adequate vegetation cover to stabilize the waste dump area and prevent or
control erosion to natural levels.

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Ex-mining land should be planted with local annual plants such as cloves, cocoa,
cashew, lemongrass, coconut, teak so that the yields can be used every year and local
perennials such as mahogany, jackfruit, kemuning, etc.

Prior of planting activities, then do below:

Ensure embankment slopes do not slide

If the pile is rock make a pot add topsoil from the surroundings (Figure 5.1)
Make planting holes
Distance between planting holes is 2 x 3 m

Figure 5.1 Plant Trees Technique (Mine Rehabilitation Handbook,1988)

The reclamation process is distinguished by the waste dump from tunnels and the
waste dump from shaft.

1. The reclamation method for the area around the tunnel is as follows (Figure 5.2):

a. In areas that have not disturbed, make holes with a flat distance of 1 m with a
size of 30 x 30 x 30 cm
b. If possible set the angle with the ratio between horizontal to vertical 2:1
c. Fill the plant holes with topsoil (see procedure in Figure 5.1)

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Design

Before reclamation After reclamation

Figure 5.2 Illustration of Reclamation Around the Tunnel

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2. Reclamation for area around vertical shaft, as follows:

a. Set the embankment to a maximum height of 1.5 m

b. Try to make an angle with a horizontal and vertical ratio 1:2
c. Make a width slope 1 m wide before piling with waste rock
d. At an undisturbed area, make planting holes with a size of 30 x 30 x 30 cm.
The distance between the holes on the width slope is 2 m while on the pile of
non-slope mining waste the distance between the plants is 2 x 3 m.
Procedure for making holes and filling them see Figure 5.1

Figure 5.3 Illustration of Reclamation Around Shaft

B. Post-Mining

Post-mining activities are activities that are planned, systematic, and sustainable after
the end of part or all of the mining business activities to restore the functions of the
natural environment and social functions according to local conditions throughout the
mining area. Planning and implementation of sustainable and environmentally sound of
post-mining will accelerate environmental recovery according to its designation, and
prevent damage to the social functions of communities around abandoned mining areas
(Photo 5.1).

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 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

a b
Photo 5.1 Post Mining Impacts a) Tunnel Construction b) Shaft Construction

When mining activities are end, two important things should ideally remain, those
are a safe environment and conducive social conditions. Small -scale primary gold
mining activities with open pit mines will change the landscape, such as changes
in slope, hydrological patterns, loss of some topsoil, decreased soil fertility, and
loss of vegetation. Therefore, a post-mining program is required so that
abandoned mining land can be reused according to its designation in the future.

According to Government Regulation No. 78 of 2010 concerning Reclamation and Post-

mining, Article 44 letter i District/city governments before issuing IPR in small-scale
mining areas, are obliged to prepare reclamation and post-mining plans for each small-
scale mining area, and Decree of the Minister of State for Energy and Mineral
Resources Number 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation
of Good Mining Rules and Mining Law No. 3 of 2020 article 70 letters b and c, namely b)
comply with laws and regulations in the field of mining safety, environmental
management, and comply with applicable standards and c) manage the environment
with the Minister.

The substance of this document is to provide information on a sustainable post-mining

management system. Thus, in the post-mining period, a chain of regional development
activities and community development that is sustainable and environmentally sound
will sustain. Post-mining activities for small-scale primary gold mining are carried out
mainly by securing ex-mining holes so as not to endanger people, animals, or the
environment. For that must be carried out:

1. Completion of reclamation at the time the mine will be closed

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2. Fill up the mine area (tunnel or shaft) as much as possible (Figures 5.4 and 5.5)
3. Provide a sign indicating the area is a former mine
4. If in the future it will be used again or used for other purposes (as access to
water sources in the shaft and others) the tunnel opening is given a strong door
and locked (Photo 5.2)
5. Planting annual trees around openings with high density so that it functions as a
natural barrier
6. Fertilizing and maintaining plants so that plants thrive on land that initially
contains limited nutrients.
7. Clean the mine site from building materials and mining equipment when not in
use anymore.
8. Planting the former tailings area with hard trees from local species that are easy
to grow

Figure 5.4 Post-Mining Illustration Around the Tunnel

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Design

Initial conditions Illustration after post-mining

Figure 5.5 Post-Mining Illustration Around the Shaft

a b
Photo 5.2 Example of Non-Permanent Closing of Tunnels a) Rigid b) Not Permanent

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C. Alternative Use of Former Mines Area

C.1. Water Resources

Under certain conditions, if the tunnels and shafts produce a lot of water with quality that
can be used for daily needs as well as for fisheries (Photo 5.3) and agriculture, it should
not be permanently closed, but simply given a door so that water can be utilized by
gravity or pumping. What needs attention if you are going to use the water, it must be
checked for quality standards so that it is feasible according to its designation.

Photo 5.3 Water Utilization from Small-Scale Primary Gold Mine Shaft for Fishery

Based on Government Regulation no. 22/2021 Appendix VI, river water quality
standards and divided into 4 classes:

Class I, water whose designation can be used for raw drinking water, and or
other designations that require the same water quality as that use;
Class II, water whose designation can be used for water recreation
infrastructure/facilities, freshwater fish farming, animal husbandry, irrigating
crops, and or other designations that require the same water quality as those
uses.;

Class III, water whose designation can be used for freshwater fish cultivation,
animal husbandry, irrigating crops, and or other designations that require the
same water quality as those uses;
Class IV, water whose designation can be used to irrigate crops and or other
uses that require the same water quality as that use.

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Table 5.1: Surface Water Quality Standards based on Government Regulation No.22/2021
Classes
Parameters Units
I II III IV
Temperature °C Deviation 3 Deviation 3 Deviation 3 Deviation 5
TDS(total dissolved solids) mg/L 1,000 1,000 1,000 2,000
TSS (total suspended solids) mg/L 40 50 100 400
Colour PT-COUNIT 15 50 100 -
pH 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9
BOD mg/L 2 3 6 12
COD mg/L 10 25 40 80
DO mg/L 6 4 3 1
Sulfate (SO42-) mg/L 300 300 300 400
Chloride mg/L 300 300 300 600
N-NO3 mg/L 10 10 20 20
Nitrite mg/L 0.06 0.06 0.06 (-)
Ammonia mg/L 0.1 0.2 0.5 (-)
Total Nitrogen mg/L 15 15 25 (-)
Total Phosphate (P) mg/L 0.2 0.2 1.0 (-)
Fluoride mg/L 0.5 1.5 1.5 (-)
Sulfur mg/L 0.002 0.002 0.002 (-)
Cyanide mg/L 0.02 0.02 0.02 (-)
Free chlorine mg/L 0.03 0.03 0.03 (-)
Barium mg/L 1 (-) (-) (-)
Boron mg/L 1 1 1 1
Mercury mg/L 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005
Arsenic mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1
Selenium mg/L 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05
Iron mg/L 0.3 (-) (-) (-)
Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Cobalt mg/L 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Mangan mg/L 0.1 (-) (-) (-)
Dissolved nickel (Ni) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 1
Dissolved Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 2
Dissolved Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2
Dissolved Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.03 0.03 0.03 1
Chromium (VI) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 1
Oil and fat mg/L 1 1 1 10
Total detergent mg/L 0.2 0.2 0.2 (-)
Phenol mg/L 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02
Aldrin/Dieldrin μg/L 17 (-) (-) (-)
BHC μg/L 210 210 210 (-)
Chlordane μg/L 3 (-) (-) (-)
DDT μg/L 2 2 2 2
Endrin μg/L 1 4 4 (-)
Heptachlor μg/L 18 (-) (-) (-)
Lindane μg/L 56 (-) (-) (-)
Methoxychlor μg/L 35 (-) (-) (-)
Toxaphene μg/L 5 (-) (-) (-)
Fecal Coliform MPN/100L 100 1,000 2,000 2,000
Total Coliform MPN/100L .1,000 5,000 10,000 10,000
Waste nil nil nil nil
Radioactivity Gross-A Bq/L 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Radioactivity Gross-B Bq/L 1 1 1 1

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 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

Based on Government Regulation No. 22/2021, water used for the purpose of
cultivating freshwater fish, animal husbandry and irrigating crops is included in Class III.
The water quality parameters of this class that are easiest to check in the field are
acidity (pH); The pH value of water is usually measured using pH paper. The standard
criteria for water pH quality for freshwater fisheries and irrigation are 6-9. How to
measure the pH of water: a) take a strip of pH paper, b) dip it into a water sample, c)
then compare the color change of the pH paper strip with the reference color on the
most appropriate pH paper packaging that shows the pH value of the water measured
or measured directly with a pH meter (Photo 5.4).
In addition to pH, water quality can also be indicated by its color and turbidity. Clear,
turquoise-blue water usually indicates a high level of acidity or has a low pH. Acidic
water like this cannot be used for irrigation purposes.

Photo. 5.4 pH Measurement with pH Paper and pH Meter

C.2. Mining Education and Tourism

In tunnels made through hard rock and without artificial supports, the site of the former
mining tunnel can be used for education or tourism. Before turning the location of the
former tunnel into a place for education or tourism, make sure the tunnel is sa fe and
there are no falling rocks. When entering the tunnel it must be ensured to wear a safety
hat and head lamp if there is no permanent lighting in tunnel (Photo 5.5).

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Photo 5.5 Locations of Former Small-Scale Primary Gold Mines Used for
Education

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VI. SUGGESTIONS AND FEEDBACK

One of the main barriers to the development of a good small-scale primary gold mining
sector is access to finance. Financial entities including banks, microfinance institutions,
and other lenders are unwilling to provide loans/credits/financing to the small-scale
primary gold mining sector because the risks are often deemed too high. Another
reason is that lenders do not have the expertise and experience to review small-scale
primary gold mining loan applications or develop financial products tailored to the small-
scale primary gold mining sector. On the other hand, cooperative and organizational
miners do not have much experience in recording and reporting or preparing loan
applications that could increase their access to conventional financing and other
options.
To overcome the challenges above, in accordance with the mandate of the Minister of
Energy and Mineral Resources Number 7 of 2020 article 74 (IUPK OP for transportation
and sales) and the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 26 of 2018 article
58, IUJP and IUP OP owners can help through:
1. Establish partnerships with financial entities/banks to build their capacity and
understanding to develop financial products that will adapt to the small-scale
primary gold mining sector and better assess loan applications from IPR holders,
2. Work with IPR owners, both individuals and cooperatives, to build their capacity
to develop loan/investment applications for mining equipment/investments
(mercury-free mining and processing) and then apply for loans or investments.

A. Preparation for Industry Engagement

Convincing financial entities by the mining industry that small-scale primary gold mining
has good prospects so as to increase the small-scale primary gold mining community's
access to financing to enable the procurement of efficient mining and processing
technology to increase added value. Improving the economy of people who have mining
potential through IPR owners by providing:
a. Technical support
b. Technology transfer
c. Formation of private partnership
d. Access to financing facilities for the purchase of safe and mercury-free mining and
processing equipment

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For this reason, all financial sectors should support the establishment of long-term
financial loan arrangements to provide affordable and accessible loans to smallholder
miners/mining cooperatives holding IPRs to purchase more efficient mining and
processing equipment.

B. Rewards for Industries Assisting Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining

with IPR
In order to attract the mining industry to help small-scale gold mining that has an IPR,
several alternatives can be done, including:
1. Can accommodate the production of gold and stone containing gold/ore from
primary gold mining locations that have an IPR that has been assisted both in
technical and capital terms by the IUP holder. Special production operations for
transportation and sales
2. CSR allocation funds can be used to assist IPR in the field of environmental
improvement because it is in accordance with the breath of CSR, one of which is
in the environmental field.

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VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Applicable Laws and Regulations

---------------,”Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomer 202 tahun
2004 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Bagi Usaha dan atau Kegiatan
Pertambangan Bijih dan atau Kegiatan Pertambangan Bijih Emas dan atau
Tembaga”.
-------------, “Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No 23 tahun 2008
tentang Pedoman Teknis Pencegahan Pencemaran dan/Atau kerusakan
Lingkungan Hidup Akibat Pertambangan Emas Rakyat”

----------,”Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomer 78 Tahun 2010

tentang Reklamasi dan Pasca Tambang”

------------,“SNI 4726 : 2011 Tentang Pedoman Pelaporan, sumberdaya, dan

cadangan mineral”. Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
---------------,”Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No. 11 Tahun 2017 Tentang
Pengesahan Minamata Convention on Mercury (Konvensi Minamata Mengenai
Merkuri)”.

-----------,“Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik

Indonesia No 1806 K/30/MEM/2018 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan
Penyusunan, Evaluasi, Persetujuan Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Biaya, serta
Laporan Pada Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Minera dan Batubara”.
-----------, “Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik
Indonesia No 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kaidah
Teknik Pertambangan yang Baik”.
-----------,“Permen ESDM No 26 Tahun 2018 tentang Pelaksanaan kaidah
Pertambangan yang Baik dan Pengawasan pertambangan Mineral dan
Batubara”
----------,”Undang-undang No. 3 tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-
Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara ”
--------------, “Keputusan Direktur Jendral Mineral dan Batubara Kementrian
Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral No 185.K/37.04/DJB/2019 Tentang Petunjuk
Teknis Pelaksanaan Penilaian, dan Pelaporan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan
Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara”.

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 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

--------------,“Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia No.21 Tahun 2019 tentang

Rencana Aksi Nasional Pengurangan dan Penghapusan Merkuri”.

---------------“Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Republik

Indonesia No 19 Tahun 2020 Tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan menteri
Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Republik Indonesia No 25 Tahun 2015
tentang Penelegasian Wewenang Pemberian Perijinan Bidang Pertambangan
Mineral dan Batubara dalam Rangka Pelaksanaan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu
Pintu Kepada Kepala Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal”.
--------------,”Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik
Indonesia No.7 Tahun 2020 Tentang Tata Cara Pemberian Wilayah, Perizinan
dan Pelaporan pada Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara”

--------------,“Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik

Indonesia No.19 Tahun 2020 Tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Energi
dan Sumber Daya Mineral No.25 Tahun 2015 Tata Pendelegasian Wewenang
Pemberian Perizinan Bidang Pertambagan Mineral dan Batubara dalam Rangka
Pelaksanaan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu kepada Badan Koordinasi
Penanaman Modal”

-------------,”Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomer 22 tahun 2021

tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup”

-------------,”Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomer 96 tahun 2021

tentang Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara”

Other Cited References

Panduan Pelembagaan Pertambangan Rakyat
https://bestekin.com/2020/05/04/pemurnian-emas-menggunakan-asam-nitrat-2/
o https://jogja.tribunnews.com/2019/05/07/penambang-di-kulon-progo-segera-dilatih-
cari-emas-tanpa-merkuri

http://modi.minerba.esdm.go.id
http://momi.minerba.esdm.go.id

https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/apri-jika-tak-dikelola-dengan-baik-pertambangan-
rakyat-rawan-disalahgunakan (05 juli 2020)
http://mygold-mine.blogspot.com/Primer

VII-2
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

Http://sib3pop.menlhk.go.id
Http://tambangrakyat.com

Http://ijintender.co.id

https://andythoncianus.wixsite.com/andythoncianus/single-post/2018/02/14/mesh-
micron-sizes

--------------, RSNI 1, Tata cara Pengolahan dan Pemurnian Emas Tanpa Merkuri
untuk Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil (PESK).

--------------, 1998, Mine Rehabilitation Handbook, Mineral Council of Australia.

---------------,2000,Air Quality Guideline, WHO Regional Office for Europe,

Copenhagen, Denmark
--------------,2020,”Buku 4 Teknologi Pengolahan Emas pada Pertambangan Emas
Skala Kecil”, Direktorat Pengolahan Bahan Berbahaya Beracun Direktorat Jendral
Pengelolaan Sampah,Limbah dan B3 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan
Kehutanan

PT Komunikasi Pekerja, (2021) Kampanye Peningkatan Kesadartahuan tentang

Bahaya Merkuri dan Cara untuk mengurangi Penggunaannya di Sektor PESK,
Kiroyan
The Asia Foundation, 2016: Frugal Rehabilitation Methodology – Field
Handbook.Tersedia online di https://asiafoundation.org/publication/frugal-
rehabilitationmethodology/

Blowers,Mike,1988,“Handbook of Small Scale Gold Mining for Papua New Guinea”,

Pacific Resource, New Zealand.

Bansah,B.J. and A.B. Yalley,A.B., Dumakor-Dupey,N.,2016,” The Hazardous

Nature of Small Scale Underground Mining in Ghana”, Journal of Sustainable
Mining.
Chamid, Chusharini. and Sulistijo,B., 2010, "Sterilisation Program As Part of The
Sustainable Mine Closure Program in Gold Mines", Proceedings PIT IAGI Lombok
2010, The 39th IAGI Annual Conventional and Exhibition", Senggigi Beach, 22 - 25
November.

Chausier, Jean-Bernard and More,Jean,1987, Mineral Prospecting Manual,

Mackays Ltd of Chatham, Kent.
D’Hondt, L., 2009, Konflik Pertambangan di Maluku Utara:Mencari Keadilan di
antara keuntungan, identitas adat dan lingkungan, Chapter 10,
Forrester,J.D., 1955,Principles of Field and Mining Geology, John Willey & Sons,Inc.

VII-3
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

Gustin, D et all, 2014, Politik Ruang dan Perlawanan:Kisah Konflik atas Ruang Di
tingkat Lokal,”Dampak Kebijakan ruang Terhadap Perempuan di Lingkar Ruang
Tambang NHM, Jaringan Kerja Pemetaan Partisipatif.
Jazcczak,E., Et al, 2017, Cyanide in the Environment-Analysis_Problmes and
Challenges,Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017:24(19):15929-15948.
Milesi,J.P, et all., 1992, Cirotan, West Java, Indonesia: a2.2 m.y.Hybrid Epithermal
Au-Sn-W Deposit, Economic Geology (Submitted).

Murao,Satoshi, Chamid,C., Sulistijo,B. Ch. Usman Ali, Shiraki,N., Yamazaki,M.,

Tumenbayar,B. and JUramgaa,J.,2010 "Communities and Small Scale Mining,
Intiative : Its Contributions and The Way Forward", Procedings of the 20th
Symposium on Geo-Environments and Geo-Technics 2010 Page 297-302, Report
Received 4 November 2010.
Rowe,R.J., 1989, Gold in Western Australia, A Reference Book of Gold Industry
Technology, Rowe Scientific.

Sukamto,R.,2001, Peta Geologi Regional Skala 1:10.000.000, Pusat Penelitian

dan Pengambangan Geologi.

Sulistijo, B, 1998, Identification Massive Low Grade Deposit in Dome area.

Sulistijo,B dan Chamid,C.,2007, "Sustainable Solution For Improving Amage Of
Mining Industries In Indonesia", Procedings 2007 Indonesian Mining Association
Conference. Jakarta International Expo Kemayoran, 31 October - 1 November
2007.

Sulistijo,B., Field Visit to PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals and Its Solution, North
Halmahera, North Maluku Province, September 2016

Sulistijo, B., Et all., 2017,Social Mapping of Artisanal Miners Community and Its
Environment in North Halmahera,May.
Sulistijo, B, 2018, Mercury-Cyanide Safe Uses Awareness among Artisanal Miners
and Community.
Stout, Koehler S., 1989, The Profitable Small Mine: Prospecting to Operation, A
Maclean Hunter Publication.
Van Bemmelen,R.W., 1970, the Geology of Indonesia Vol. II Economic Geology,
Nijhoff/The Hague.

Van Leeuwen,T.M., 1994, “25 Years of Mineral Exploration and Discovery in

Indonesia”, Journal of Geochemical Exploration 50 (13-90).

VII-4
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

Veiga. M.,Marcello, 1997, “Introducing New Technologies for Abatement of Global

Mercury Pollution in Latin America”, CETEM-Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, Cidade
Universit’aria,I. do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

VII-5
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

A. Abbreviations and Glossary

A.1. Abbreviations
Term Definition
AMDAL Environmental Impact Assessment
(Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan)
APL Area for other usage
(Area Penggunaan Lain)
BKPM Capital Investment Coordinating Board
Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal
Bappelitbangda Regional Development Planning, Research and Development Agency
(Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan, Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Daerah)
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
(Adalah bentuk tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan kepada masyarakat dan
lingkungan sekitar)
BUMDES Village-owned enterprise
(Badan Usaha Milik Desa)
ESDM Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
(Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral)
GPS Global Positioning System
GOLD-ISMIA Global Opportunities for Long-Term Development – Integrated Sound
Management of Mercury in Indonesia’s Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold
Mining
HP Hand Phone
IPR Artisanal Mining Permit
(Izin Pertambangan Rakyat)
IT Mine Inspector
(Inspektur Tambang)
IUJP Mining Services Business Permit
Izin Usaha Jasa Pertambangan
IUP Mining permit
(Izin Usaha Pertambangan)
IUPK Special Mining Permit
(Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus)
K3 Occupational Health and Safety
(Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja)
KTBT Chief of Underground Mine
(Kepala Tambang Bawah Tanah)
KTT Head of technical Mine
(Kepala Teknik Tambang)
KTP ID card
(Kartu Tanda Penduduk)
LGVA Low Grant Value Agreement
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
NIB Business Registration Number
(Nomor Induk Berusaha)
NPWP Tax File Number
(Nomer Pendaftaran Wajib Pajak)
PESK Small Scale Mine
(Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil)

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 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

PLN State Electricity Company

(Perusahaan Listrik Negara)
PJO Operational Responsible
(Penanggung Jawab Operasional)
PNBP Non-tax revenue
(Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak)
PTL Responsible for Engineering and Environment
(Penanggung Jawab Teknik dan Lingkungan)
RKAB Rencana Kerja Anggaran dan Biaya
RKL Environmental Management Plan
(Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan)
RPL Environmental Monitoring Plan
(Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan)
RTRW Spatial Plan
(Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah)
SDA Natural Resources
(Sumber Daya Alam)
UKL Environmental Management Efforts
(Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan)
UPL Environmental Monitoring Efforts
(Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan)
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
(merupakan Metode grid berbasis menentukan lokasi di permukaan bumi
yang merupakan aplikasi praktis dari 2 dimensi)
SOP Standard Operational Procedures
(Prosedur Operasi Baku)
SNI National Standard of Indonesia
(Standard Nasional Indonesia)
UNDP United National Development Program
UU Laws
(Undang-Undang)
WGS 84 World Geodetic System yang merupakan koordinat sistem referensi yang
digunakan oleh Global Positioning System.
WIUP Mining Business Permit Area
(Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan)

A.2. Glossary

Term Definition
Alluvial gold Deposits form over time where a river runs, or has previously run through
ground which is rich in gold.
Datum Reference
Foot wall The lower underlying wall of a vein, ore deposit,
Hanging wall The upper or overhanging wall of an inclined vein, fault, or other geologic
structure
Hard crop Is a perennial plant that has woody stems with a hard texture (hard tree
species), has a useful life of up to 20 years or more
Ore Gold deposits formed by ordinary sedimentary processes that deposit or
concentrate heavy minerals
pH A logarithmic scale from 0-14 that explains the degree of acidity or alkalinity of

VII-2
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

the water or soil; neutral water has a pH of 7.

Portal Access to tunnel
Primary gold Gold formed at the same time as the rock formation process
Pump head The maximum height that the pump can achieve pumping against gravity
Seedling A plant that has recently germinated and expanded its seed leaves
Top soil The uppermost layer of unconsolidated material on the Earth’s surface. In this
case, this refers to actual soil (with organic material) rather than sterile media
such as sand tailings without any plant growth.
Tailings Mined material rejected after processing when gold concentrate has been
extracted; depending on the recovery rate of the processing techniques, the
tailings may still contain residual gold ore at low grades.
Wall rock Rocks devoid of valuable (low grade) minerals surrounding the ore body
Yearly crop It is a plant that lives all year round, so it can be harvested all year round

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 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

APPENDIX I
GOLD-ISMIA ACTIVITIES IN SMALL-SCALE PRIMARY GOLD
MINING SECTOR

I.1. Awareness Raising Campaign on the Hazards of Mercury and

How to Reduce Its Use in the Small Scale Mine Sector

Stakeholders
The project is managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, BPPT, gef,
planetGOLD Indonesia, UNDP
Contact: Ms. Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti (Coordinator of Gold-
ISMIA/[email protected]), Mr. B. Sulistijo (Artisanal Gold Mine
Specialist, [email protected])

Key Features
Implementation period: 2019-2020
Location: Kalirejo and Hargorejo Village, Kulon Progo District, Special Region of
Yogyakarta
Activities:
o Explanation of the mercury hazard program using videos, posters and
brochures.
o In-depth discussion on community awareness and mercury use
o Field visit

a b

a) Socialization atmosphere in Sengon 2 Village and b) Materials and Implementation

of Socialization

Appendix I-1
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

I.2. LGVA Grants from UNDP and GOLD-ISMIA

Stakeholders
The project is managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, BPPT, gef,
planetGOLD Indonesia, UNDP
Contact: Ms Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti (Gold-ISMIA
Coordinator/[email protected]), Ms, Ria Camelia (Field Assistant Gold
ISMIA), Mr Tukiman (Head of miner group of Plampang III)

Key features
Implementation Period: 2019-2022
Location: Plampang III and Kalirejo Village, Kapanewon Kokap, Kulon Progo
District, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Activities: Provide guidance to Precious Metal Mineral Producers Cooperatives
with No. AHU-001235.AH.01.26. year 2019 in order to maintain gold processing
without using mercury but with a pyro metallurgical system

a b

c d

a) Metal Mineral Producers Cooperative Started as a Cooperative Assisted by

the Gold-ISMIA Project b) Planned Processing Site c) Location of IPR No
545/04630/PZ/2020 Place for Collecting Gold Veins d) Piles of Gold Veins Left
Lying

Appendix I-2
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

I.3. Mercury Free Gold Processing Pilot Project and Waste

Management for Small-Scale Gold Mining in Kulonprogo

Stakeholders
This project is managed by BPPT, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Gold-
Ismia project UNDP
Contact: Mr. Haswi P. Soewoto and Mr. Ridha Cindra

Key factures
Built with APBN funds by BPPT
Implementation period: 2018-2019
Location: Sengon 1, Desa Kalirejo Village, Kulon Progo District, Special Region
of Yogyakarta
Activities:as gold mining development research and training for small-scale
miners / gold mining

a c
a) Mercury Free Treatment Building Facilities managed by BPPT b) 2 Units of Jaw
Crusher Equipment and c) Waste Collection and Treatment (Photo c: Mr. Haswi)

Appendix I-3
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

APPENDIX II
Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources
No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018, 7 May 2018

Issuance of Endorsement
a. KaIT/Head of Service on behalf of KaIT issues a letter
b. Ratification of the KTT
c. The applicant receives the KTT ratification letter

Administrative Requirements for Application for KTT Ratification consists of:

a. Company application letter
b. A copy of the mining business permit
c. A stamped statement letter signed by the Company's Supreme Leader, stating
that he supports all activities programs of the KTT candidates
d. Curriculum vitae of KTT candidates
e. Mandatory competency certificate for KTT candidates who have been registered
at the Directorate General of Mineral and Coal or a qualification certificate
recognized by KaIT
f. Company organizational structure describing the position of the Candidate for the
KTT signed by the company leader and given the company's wet stamp
g. A copy of the ratification of the KTT candidates if they have previously been
ratified as KTT
h. A stamped statement letter regarding the validity of the document signed by the
applicant; and
i. Softcopy of documents as referred to in letter a to letter h

The duties and responsibilities of KTT consist of:

a. Make the company's internal regulations regarding the application of good
mining engineering principles
b. Appoint operational supervisors and technical supervisors
c. Ensure that all mining service companies operating under it fulfill their
obligations in accordance with statutory provisions
d. Apply standards in accordance with statutory provisions; submit a report on
mining services activities to the KaIT in accordance with statutory provisions
e. Have competent mining technical personnel in accordance with statutory
provisions

Appendix II-1
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

f. Carry out risk management in every business process and sub-process of

mining activities
g. Implementing a mining safety management system and supervising the
implementation of a mining safety management system implemented by
mining service companies working in their areas of responsibility
h. Report on the application of good mining engineering principles to the Head
Office, either periodic, final, and/or special reports in accordance with the
provisions of the legislation
i. Report the implementation of environmental management and monitoring
activities periodically in accordance with the established form
j. Report the number of procurement, use, storage, and inventory of hazardous
and toxic materials and waste periodically every 6 (six) months
k. Report any symptoms that have the potential to cause environmental pollution
and/or damage.
l. Submit environmental case reports no later than 1 x 24 (one time twenty-four)
hours after the occurrence of environmental cases along with efforts to
overcome them
m. Deliver early notification and report accidents, dangerous events, occurrences
due to labor diseases, and occupational diseases
n. Submit an internal audit report on the implementation of the mineral and coal
mining safety management system
o. Stipulate standard procedures for overcoming environmental pollution and/or
damage in places that have the potential to cause environmental damage and
pollution
p. Establish standard procedures for the application of good mining engineering
principles; carry out conservation of mineral and coal resources; and
q. The Summit stipulates standard procedures for technical management of
mineral and coal mining activities

KTT Class IV

The Class IV Full fill the following criteria:

a. For holders of People's Mining Permits (IPR); and
b. Have a qualification certificate recognized by KaIT or have attended education or
technical guidance related to the application of good mining engineering
principles

Appendix II-2
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

APPENDIX III
Decree of the Director General of Mineral and Coal of the Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources No. 185.K/37.04/DJB/2019 concerning Technical Guidelines for
the Implementation of the Assessment and Reporting of the Mineral and Coal
Mining Safety Management System.

A. General requirements
Holders of IUP, IUPK, Production Operation IUP specifically for Processing and/or
Purification, and IPR need to provide all equipment, supplies, facilities, and personal
protective equipment that are given free of charge to Workers in accordance with the
type, nature and danger of the work they are doing. and for everyone who enters a
mining or processing and/or refining business place.
e. Mining Safety Administration
1) Mining Book
The Mining book includes:
a) IT prohibitions, orders, instructions to be followed up by KTT and
b) information, follow-up, and notification from KTT on Mining business
activities.
The form and procedure for filling out the mining book refers to Indonesian
national standards.
KTT and PTL implement, record, and report on the implementation of
prohibitions, orders, and instructions in the mining book, and its
contents can be read and studied by Workers.

2) Book of Mining Accident Register:

Holders of IUP, IUPK, Production Operation IUP specifically for Processing
and/or Purification, and IPR must have a Mining Accident register book in
accordance with the size and shape applied by the Head of Office.

Appendix III-1
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

The Mining Accident book contains notes on Mining Accidents resulting in

minor, serious, or death injuries which are filled out by KTT and verified by
IT.
KTT evaluates the recording of the accident register, at least including: the
tendency or pattern of accidents as material for the preparation of accident
prevention programs.
3) Documentation of Hazardous Events, Occurrences Due to Labor Diseases,
and Occupational Diseases.

Hazardous Events Recapitulation

Number of Time, Dangerous Consequences Reported to

Dangerous Day, Location Events of Dangerous KaIT/Kadis on Notes
Events Date Chronology Events behalf of KaIT

Recapitulation of Occurrence Due to Labor Disease

Chronology
Number of Effects of Reported
Department, of
Occurrence Time, Occurrence to
Position, Occurrence
Due to Day, Location Due to KaIT/Kadis Notes
Length of Due to
Labor Date Labor on behalf
Work Labor
Disease Disease of KaIT
Disease

Recapitulation of Labor Diseases

Reported
Sequence Department, Company
Time, Occupational to
number of Position, Doctor's
Day, Location Disease KaIT/Kadis Notes
occupational Length of Diagnostic
Date Cases on behalf
diseases Work Results
of KaIT

Appendix III-2
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

The K3 box must contain:

Group of Labor
No Contents (Unit) Type A (less than or Type B (26 to Type C (51 to
equal to 25 Workers) 50 workers) 100 workers)
Wrapped sterile gauze
1 20 40 40
(wrap)
2 Bandage (5 cm wide) (rolls) 2 4 6

3 Bandage (10 cm wide) (rolls) 2 4 6

4 Bandage (wide) (rolls) 2 4 6
5 Quick pads 10 15 20
6 Cotton (25 gram) 1 2 3
Triangle/Mittela Fabric
7 2 4 6
(Sheets)
8 Scissors (units) 1 1 1
9 Pin (units) 12 12 12
10 Disposable gloves (pairs) 2 3 4
11 Mask (units) 1 1 1
Masks for cardiopulmonary
12 1 1 1
resuscitation (units)
13 Clean plastic bag (units) 1 1 1
Aquades (100 ml of Saline
14 1 1 1
Solution)
15 First aid guide at work 1 1 1
16 Table of contents notebook 1 1 1

B. Obligation

The work safety obligations that must be carried out in people's mining areas in
accordance with the Kepdirjen Minerba No.185.K/37.04/DJB/2019 are as follows:
B.1. KTT as the highest organization must

1. Stipulate internal regulations related to mining operations

2. Conduct the hazard and risk management system in workplace
3. Conduct the health and skill of workers management
4. Responsible for appropriate equipment
5. Record and report of mining safety management

Appendix III-3
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

6. Supervise mining activities, supported by operational supervisor and technical

supervisor
7. If there are more than one underground mining pits and large areas of the
underground mining activity, then the person in charge of the area may be
appointed. The underground mine map must show the boundaries of the area
and shall be kept in the mine office.
8. Appoint supervisor and convey in writing to the appointed supervisor about the
duties and responsibilities based on region and time. The supervisor's name is
recorded in the mining book.
9. Ensure a good record of the number of people entering in underground mining
each shift
10. Ensure the supply and distribution of goods to support underground mining
activities so the work runs safely and smoothly
11. Inspect all administration and underground mines at least once in 3 months
12. Provide evacuation procedures using one way out in case other exit route cannot
accessible.
13. Provide additional equipment and supporting tools if the equipment that normally
used is either broken or jammed.
14. Practice adequate and effective simulation how to use the equipment and ensure
that these guidelines are known and followed to by all underground mining
workers. The guidelines copy must available at the mine office. The simulation
must be carried out at least 1 (one) time a year.

B.2. Performing underground mine inspections as follows:

1. Conduct inspections of equipment, tools, machinery, electricity and activities in

underground mining in accordance with the supervisor duties.
2. Supervisor of each shift at least must carry out:
a. inspect every workplace where any activities are carried out, the workers
routes
b. check the access and the ladder that will be used by the worker. The
operational supervisor is allowed to fix any deviations.

B.3. Provide awareness that the duties and obligations of underground miners at
least include:

a. Underground mining workers do not prohibited to carry out any activities in

underground mines when either KTT (head of mine) or the represented person
are not in the mining area
b. Cooperate and obey the instructions which is given by the supervisor or person
in charge of an activity

Appendix III-4
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

c. Cooperate and obey the instructions given by the supervisor or person in charge
of an activity; do not carry out any activities that will cause other people will
unable to work
d. Do not move or destroy the security fences, enclosures, barriers, warning signs
or other infrastructures that are installed for safety purposes
e. Ensure walking to workplaces, vice versa, through designated road
f. Do not sleep in the underground mine; and
g. Do not force the locked door open and enter the engine room or control room
without the authorization from the supervisor

B.4. Providing a tunnel inspection record with the following provisions:

a. The head of mine (KTT) provides an inspection book for each tunnel, shaft, and
sloping road which contains the inspection records. The inspection book must be
signed by the person who maintains the tunnel.
b. The inspection results of each tunnel are reported and signed by the supervisor
who is responsible for maintaining the tunnel at least once a week.
c. The inspection results of the dangerous conditions and the condition that have
been repaired are recorded and signed by the supervisor who is responsible for
maintaining the tunnel.
d. The inspection book of tunnel, shaft, and sloping road are always available. The
supervisor name who conducting the inspection must be registered in the mining
book.

Appendix III-5
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

APPENDIX IV
PERMITING THE ARTISANAL MINE PERMIT
https://www.minerba.esdm.go.id

Application for the Artisanal Mine Permit (IPR)

a) IPR Requirements
b) Application Form
c) The Licensing Process is submitted through link https://perizinan.esdm.go.id/minerba/
REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION FOR ARTISANAL MINING PERMIT
NO DESCRIPTION REMARK
1. Application Form Signed by the management of the cooperative
according to the profile of the cooperative, if the
application by an individual is signed by the
individual concerned
2. Copy of Business Registration Number Including for individual applicants - the
9SNIB) electronic mail (e-mail) address in the form and
submission of the application must be the same
as that stated in the SNIB
3. List of regional coordinates proposed by IPR
in the form of latitude and longitude according
to the nationally applicable geographic
information system
4. Copy of ID card (KTP) and Tax File Number For cooperatives, attach the KTP and NPWP of
(NPWP) the management and supervisor of the
cooperative according to the articles of
association
5. Certificate from the local kampong/village
stating that all cooperative management or
individual applicants are local residents
6. A statement letter stating: Signed on stamp duty by the chairman of the
-Individual: comply with the provisions of laws cooperative or individual applicant
and regulations in the field of environment
and mining safety.
-For Cooperatives: environmental
management capability and mining safety.
7. Proof of PNBP payment for WIUP map
printing in accordance with statutory
provisions
8. Complete digital data of application In pdf form., for each requirement in the order
documents in the checklist including the letter and form
(not combined in one pdf file.)

Appendix IV-1
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

(COMPANY LETTERHEAD)

APPLICATION ATTACHMENT FILLING FORM (for all applications)

PROFILE PT/Cooperative/CV/Firm

1. Name :
2. Address/Domicile :
3. Phone Number :
4. Facsimile :
5. Website :
6. E-mail :
7. Capital status :

a. National
Use with (V)
b. Foreign Investment
8. Tax file number :
9. NIB :
10. Company list :* Mention if any
Mining and/or Services
In one group
11. Company management structure

No Name Position Nationality Tax File Number/ID Tax

1.
2.
3.
Etc.

12. Composition of Shareholders (as stated in the last deed)

No Shareholder Nationality Number Share % Tax File

of share Value (Rp.) Number/
ID Tax
1.
2.
Etc.

13. *) Share Ownership Chart to Beneficial Ownership

(Attached separately)
* Number 13 does not need to be included for an IPR application

Appendix IV-2
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

I, the undersigned, act for and on behalf of PT/CV/Cooperative …., hereby declare that all
information submitted and the document attachments are correct. When it is known there
is a statement or document that we convey is not true, then we are willing to have ou
company blacklisted and processed legally in accordance with statutory provisions.

City, Date/Mouth/Year

Stamp Duty

Name
Position

Appendix IV-3
 Good Mining Prac�ce Handbook for Small-Scale Primary Gold Mining Sector

IPR application form

(COMPANY LETTERHEAD)
For individual applicants there is no need for letterhead

Number : City, Date/Mouth/Year

Attachment : One file

To:
Head of BKPM RI
Jl, Gatot Subroto No. 44
DKI Jakarta 12190

Subject: Application for Artisanal Mining Permit (IPR)

We hereby submit an application to obtain the Artisanal Mining Permit (IPR)

commodities… *) which are located in the region Kelurahan/Village …**), District … **),
Regency …**) Province ….**) as list of area coordinates is attached.

For consideration, attached documents are attached requirements as requirement for

evaluation of the application.

For your attention, Mr. Head, we thank you

Best Regards

Company Stamp

Name and sign applicant

(Position in cooperative management)

Appendix IV-4