MAU11201 – Calculus

Homework #1 solutions

1. Find the domain and the range of the function f which is defined by
2 − 3x
f (x) = .
7 − 2x

The domain consists of all points x 6= 7/2. To find the range, we note that
2 − 3x
y= ⇐⇒ 7y − 2xy = 2 − 3x ⇐⇒ 3x − 2xy = 2 − 7y
7 − 2x
2 − 7y
⇐⇒ x(3 − 2y) = 2 − 7y ⇐⇒ x= .
3 − 2y
The rightmost formula determines the value of x that satisfies y = f (x). Since the formula
makes sense for any number y 6= 3/2, the range consists of all numbers y 6= 3/2.

2. Show that the function f : (0, 1) → (0, 2) is bijective in the case that
4x
f (x) = .
3−x

To show that the given function is injective, we note that

4x1 4x2
= =⇒ 12x1 − 4x1 x2 = 12x2 − 4x1 x2
3 − x1 3 − x2
=⇒ 12x1 = 12x2 =⇒ x1 = x2 .

To show that the given function is surjective, we note that

4x 3y
y= ⇐⇒ 3y − xy = 4x ⇐⇒ 3y = x(y + 4) ⇐⇒ x= .
3−x y+4
The rightmost equation determines the value of x such that y = f (x) and we need to check
3y
that 0 < x < 1 if and only if 0 < y < 2. When 0 < y < 2, we have x = y+4 > 0 and also

3y y + 4 − 3y 4 − 2y 2(2 − y)
1−x=1− = = = > 0,
y+4 y+4 y+4 y+4
4x
so 0 < x < 1. Conversely, suppose that 0 < x < 1. Then y = 3−x
> 0 and also

4x 6 − 2x − 4x 6(1 − x)
2−y =2− = = >0 =⇒ 0 < y < 2.
3−x 3−x 3−x
 3. Find the domain and the range of the function f which is defined by
√
q
f (x) = 4 − x.

√ √
The domain consists of all numbers x with x ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0. This gives x ≤ 4
and also x ≤ 16, so the domain is [0, 16]. To find the range, we note that
√ √ √
q
y = 4 − x =⇒ y 2 = 4 − x =⇒ x = 4 − y 2 =⇒ x = (4 − y 2 )2 .

Note that the first equation implies y ≥ 0, while the third one implies 4 − y 2 ≥ 0. These
restrictions should be observed before squaring the equations. The range is thus [0, 2].

4. Express the following polynomials as the product of linear factors.

3 2 3 7x2 1
f (x) = 3x + 4x − 5x − 2, g(x) = x − + .
6 6

When it comes to f (x), the possible rational roots are ±1, ±2, ±1/3, ±2/3. Checking
these possibilities, one finds that x = 1, x = −2 and x = −1/3 are all roots. According to
the factor theorem, each of x − 1, x + 2 and x + 1/3 is thus a factor and one has

f (x) = 3(x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 1/3) = (x − 1)(x + 2)(3x + 1).

When it comes to g(x), let us first clear denominators and write

6g(x) = 6x3 − 7x2 + 1.

The only possible rational roots are ±1, ±1/2, ±1/3, ±1/6. Checking these possibilities, one
finds that x = 1, x = 1/2 and x = −1/3 are all roots. It easily follows that

6g(x) = 6(x − 1)(x − 1/2)(x + 1/3) =⇒ g(x) = (x − 1)(x − 1/2)(x + 1/3).

5. Determine all angles 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π such that 4 sin2 θ + 4 sin θ = 3.

Letting x = sin θ for convenience, one finds that 4x2 + 4x − 3 = 0 and

√
−4 ± 16 + 4 · 12 −4 ± 8 1 3
x= = =⇒ x = , − .
8 8 2 2
Since x = sin θ must lie between −1 and 1, the only relevant solution is x = sin θ = 21 . In
view of the graph of the sine function, there should be two angles 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π that satisfy
this condition. The first one is θ1 = π6 and the second one is θ2 = π − π6 = 5π
6
.
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #2 solutions

1. Determine the inverse function f −1 in each of the following cases.

1 7 · 5x − 3
f (x) = log2 (2x − 6) − 1, f (x) = .
3 4 · 5x + 2

When it comes to the first case, one can easily check that
3(y + 1) = log2 (2x − 6) ⇐⇒ 23y+3 = 2x − 6 ⇐⇒ 23y+2 = x − 3,
so the inverse function is defined by f −1 (y) = 23y+2 + 3. When it comes to the second case,
7 · 5x − 3
y= ⇐⇒ 4y · 5x + 2y = 7 · 5x − 3 ⇐⇒ 2y + 3 = (7 − 4y) · 5x
4 · 5x + 2
2y+3 2y+3
and this gives 5x = 7−4y
, so the inverse function is defined by f −1 (y) = log5 7−4y
.

2. Simplify each of the following expressions.

cos sin−1 x , cos tan−1 x , log3 (54) − 3 log3 (18) + log3 (36).

To simplify the first expression, let θ = sin−1 x and note that sin θ = x. When x ≥ 0,
the angle θ arises in a right triangle with an opposite side of length x and a hypotenuse
√ of
length 1. It follows by Pythagoras’ theorem that the adjacent side has length 1 − x , so
2

the definition of cosine gives

adjacent side √
cos(sin−1 x) = cos θ = = 1 − x2 .
hypotenuse
When x ≤ 0, the last equation holds with −x instead of x. This changes the term sin−1 x
by a minus sign, but the cosine remains unchanged, so the equation is still valid.
To simplify the second expression, let θ = tan−1 x and note that tan θ = x. When x ≥ 0,
the angle θ arises in a right triangle with an opposite side of length x and an adjacent
√ side
of length 1. It follows by Pythagoras’ theorem that the hypotenuse has length 1 + x , so 2

the definition of cosine gives

adjacent side 1
cos(tan−1 x) = cos θ = =√ .
hypotenuse 1 + x2
When x ≤ 0, the last equation holds with −x instead of x. This changes the term tan−1 x
by a minus sign, but the cosine remains unchanged, so the equation is still valid.
As for the third expression, one may use the properties of logarithms to get
54 · 36 3·2
log3 (54) − 3 log3 (18) + log3 (36) = log3 = log3 = log3 3−1 = −1.
18 3 18
 3. Use the ε-δ definition of limits to compute limx→3 f (x) in the case that
 
3x − 4 if x ≤ 3
f (x) = .
4x − 7 if x > 3

In this case, x is approaching 3 and f (x) is either 3x − 4 or 4x − 7. We thus expect the

limit to be L = 5. To prove this formally, we let ε > 0 and estimate the expression
   
|3x − 9| if x ≤ 3 3|x − 3| if x ≤ 3
|f (x) − 5| = = .
|4x − 12| if x > 3 4|x − 3| if x > 3
If we assume that 0 6= |x − 3| < δ, then we may use the last equation to get
|f (x) − 5| ≤ 4|x − 3| < 4δ.
Since our goal is to show that |f (x) − 5| < ε, an appropriate choice of δ is thus δ = ε/4.
4. Compute each of the following limits.

3x3 − 7x2 + 6x − 2 2x3 − 7x2 + 4x + 4

L = lim , M = lim .
x→1 x−1 x→2 (x − 2)2

When it comes to the first limit, division of polynomials gives

3x3 − 7x2 + 6x − 2
L = lim = lim (3x2 − 4x + 2) = 3 − 4 + 2 = 1.
x→1 x−1 x→1

When it comes to the second limit, division of polynomials gives

2x3 − 7x2 + 4x + 4
M = lim = lim (2x + 1) = 4 + 1 = 5.
x→2 x2 − 4x + 4 x→2

5. Use the ε-δ definition of limits to compute limx→2 (3x2 − 4x + 7).

Let f (x) = 3x2 − 4x + 7 for convenience. Then f (2) = 11 and one has
|f (x) − f (2)| = |3x2 − 4x − 4| = |x − 2| · |3x + 2|.
The factor |x − 2| is related to our usual assumption that 0 6= |x − 2| < δ. To estimate the
remaining factor |3x + 2|, we assume that δ ≤ 1 for simplicity and we note that
|x − 2| < δ ≤ 1 =⇒ −1 < x − 2 < 1
=⇒ 1<x<3 =⇒ 5 < 3x + 2 < 11.
Combining the estimates |x − 2| < δ and |3x + 2| < 11, one may then conclude that
|f (x) − f (2)| = |x − 2| · |3x + 2| < 11δ ≤ ε,
as long as δ ≤ ε/11 and δ ≤ 1. An appropriate choice of δ is thus δ = min(ε/11, 1).
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #3 solutions

1. Show that there exists a real number 0 < x < π/2 that satisfies the equation

x sin x + x cos x = 1.

Consider the function f which is defined as the difference of the two sides, namely
f (x) = x sin x + x cos x − 1.
Being a composition of continuous functions, f is then continuous and we also have
π π−2
f (0) = −1 < 0, f (π/2) = −1= > 0.
2 2
In view of Bolzano’s theorem, this already implies that f has a root 0 < x < π/2.
2. For which values of a, b is the function f continuous at the point x = 3? Explain.
 2 
 4x + ax + b if x < 3 
f (x) = a+b−2 if x = 3 .
 3
2x − bx + a if x > 3


Since f is a polynomial on the intervals (−∞, 3) and (3, +∞), one easily finds that
lim− f (x) = lim− (4x2 + ax + b) = 36 + 3a + b,
x→3 x→3
lim+ f (x) = lim+ (2x3 − bx + a) = 54 − 3b + a.
x→3 x→3

In particular, the function f is continuous at the given point if and only if

36 + 3a + b = 54 − 3b + a = a + b − 2.
Solving this system of equations, we obtain a unique solution which is given by
54 − 3b = b − 2 =⇒ 4b = 56 =⇒ b = 14 =⇒ a = −19.
In other words, f is continuous at the given point if and only if a = −19 and b = 14.

3. Show that f (x) = 2x5 − 3x3 − 5x + 1 has three roots in the interval (−2, 2). Hint:
you need only consider the values that are attained by f at the points ±2, ±1 and 0.

Being a polynomial, the given function is continuous and one can easily check that
f (−2) = −29, f (−1) = 7, f (0) = 1, f (1) = −5, f (2) = 31.
Since the values f (−2) and f (−1) have opposite signs, f has a root that lies in (−2, −1).
The same argument yields a second root in (0, 1) and also a third root in (1, 2).
 4. Compute each of the following limits.

2x4 − 4x2 + 5 x3 − 5x + 4
L = lim , M = lim− .
x→+∞ 3x4 − 7x + 2 x→3 x3 − 8x − 3

Since the first limit involves infinite values of x, it should be clear that

2x4 − 4x2 + 5 2x4 2

L = lim = lim = .
x→+∞ 3x4 − 7x + 2 x→+∞ 3x4 3
For the second limit, the denominator becomes zero when x = 3, while the numerator is
nonzero at that point. Thus, one needs to factor the denominator and this gives

x3 − 5x + 4 16
M = lim− = lim− = −∞.
x→3 (x − 3)(x + 3x + 1) x→3 19(x − 3)
2

5. Use the definition of the derivative to compute f ′ (x0 ) in each of the following cases.

f (x) = (3x + 1)2 , f (x) = (x2 − 1)2 .

The derivative of the first function is given by the limit

(3x + 1)2 − (3x0 + 1)2 (3x − 3x0 )(3x + 3x0 + 2)

f ′ (x0 ) = lim = lim
x→x0 x − x0 x→x0 x − x0
= lim 3(3x + 3x0 + 2) = 3(6x0 + 2) = 6(3x0 + 1).
x→x0

The derivative of the second function is given by the limit

(x2 − 1)2 − (x20 − 1)2 (x2 − x20 )(x2 + x20 − 2)

f ′ (x0 ) = lim = lim
x→x0 x − x0 x→x0 x − x0
= lim (x + x0 )(x2 + x20 − 2) = 2x0 (2x20 − 2) = 4x0 (x20 − 1).
x→x0
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #4 solutions

1. Compute the derivative y ′ = dy

dx
in each of the following cases.

y = ln(tan x) + 2(sec x)5 , y = tan−1 (sin(2x)).

When it comes to the first function, one may use the chain rule to get
1
y′ = · (tan x)′ + 10(sec x)4 · (sec x)′
tan x
1 sec2 x
= · sec2 x + 10 sec4 x · sec x tan x = + 10 sec5 x · tan x.
tan x tan x
When it comes to the second function, one similarly finds that

1 2 cos(2x)
y′ = 2 · sin(2x)′ = .
sin (2x) + 1 sin2 (2x) + 1

2. Compute the derivative y ′ = dy

dx
in the case that y 2 cos x + x3 ey = x2 y 3 .

Differentiating both sides of the given equation, one finds that

2yy ′ cos x − y 2 sin x + 3x2 ey + x3 ey y ′ = 2xy 3 + 3x2 y 2 y ′ .

We now collect the terms that contain y ′ on the left hand side and we get

(2y cos x + x3 ey − 3x2 y 2 )y ′ = 2xy 3 + y 2 sin x − 3x2 ey .

Solving this equation for y ′ , one may thus conclude that

2xy 3 + y 2 sin x − 3x2 ey

y′ = .
2y cos x + x3 ey − 3x2 y 2

3. Compute the derivative f ′ (x0 ) in the case that

(x3 + 2)3 · e4x · cos(5 tan x)

f (x) = √ , x0 = 0.
x3 + 1
 First, we use logarithmic differentiation to determine f ′ (x). In this case, we have

ln |f (x)| = ln |x3 + 2|3 + ln e4x + ln | cos(5 tan x)| + ln |x3 + 1|−1/2

1
= 3 ln |x3 + 2| + 4x + ln | cos(5 tan x)| − ln |x3 + 1|.
2
Differentiating both sides of this equation, one easily finds that
f ′ (x) 3 · 3x2 sin(5 tan x) · 5 sec2 x 3x2
= 3 +4− − .
f (x) x +2 cos(5 tan x) 2(x3 + 1)
To compute the derivative f ′ (0), one may then substitute x = 0 to conclude that
f ′ (0)
=0+4−0−0=4 =⇒ f ′ (0) = 4f (0) = 32.
f (0)

4. Show that the derivative of the inverse tangent function is given by

′ 1
tan−1 x = .
1 + x2

Using Theorem 3.19 with f (x) = tan x and g(x) = tan−1 x, one finds that
1 1
g ′ (x) = = = cos2 g(x) = cos2 (tan−1 x).
f ′ (g(x)) sec2 (g(x))

Let θ = tan−1 x for simplicity and note that tan θ = x. When x ≥ 0, the angle θ arises in a
right triangle with an opposite side of length x and an adjacent
√ side of length 1. It follows
by Pythagoras’ theorem that the hypotenuse has length 1 + x , so 2

 2
2 2 1 1
g (x) = cos (tan x) = cos θ = √
′ −1
= .
1+x 2 1 + x2

When x ≤ 0, the last equation holds with −x instead of x. This changes the term tan−1 x
by a minus sign, but the cosine remains unchanged, so the equation is still valid.

5. Compute the derivative f ′ (2) in the case that x2 ef (x) + 3xe2f (x) = 2 for all x.

Let us write x2 ey + 3xe2y = 2 for simplicity. Differentiating both sides, we get

2xey + x2 ey y ′ + 3e2y + 3xe2y · 2y ′ = 0.

We now collect the terms that contain y ′ on the left hand side and we get
2xey + 3e2y 2x + 3ey
(x2 ey + 6xe2y )y ′ = −2xey − 3e2y =⇒ y′ = − = − .
x2 ey + 6xe2y x2 + 6xey
To determine the value of y that corresponds to x = 2, we note that

x2 ey + 3xe2y = 2 =⇒ 4ey + 6e2y = 2 =⇒ 3e2y + 2ey − 1 = 0.

Let z = ey for convenience. Then 3z 2 + 2z − 1 = 0 and the quadratic formula gives

√
−2 ± 4 + 4 · 3 −2 ± 4 1
z= = = , −1.
6 6 3
Since z = ey must be positive, the only acceptable solution is z = ey = 1/3 and so
2x + 3ey 2x + 1 5
y′ = − =− 2 =− .
x + 6xe
2 y x + 2x 8
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #5 solutions

1. Show that f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 1 has exactly one root in (0, 1).

Being a polynomial, f is continuous on the interval [0, 1] and we also have

f (0) = 1, f (1) = 2 − 3 − 4 + 1 = −4.
Since f (0) and f (1) have opposite signs, f must have a root that lies in (0, 1). To show it is
unique, suppose that f has two roots in (0, 1). Then f ′ must have a root in this interval by
Rolle’s theorem. On the other hand, it is easy to check that
√
2 3 ± 33
f (x) = 0 =⇒ 6x − 6x − 4 = 0 =⇒ x =
′
.
6
Since f ′ has no roots in (0, 1), we conclude that f has exactly one root in (0, 1).

2. Compute each of the following limits.

3x2 − 5x − 2 (ln x)2

L1 = lim , L2 = lim , L3 = lim+ (e3x + sin x)2/x .
x→2 2x2 − 7x + 6 x→∞ x x→0

The first limit has the form 0/0, so one may use L’Hôpital’s rule to find that
6x − 5 12 − 5
L1 = lim = = 7.
x→2 4x − 7 8−7
The second limit has the form ∞/∞ and one may apply L’Hôpital’s rule to get
2(ln x) · 1/x 2 ln x
L2 = lim = lim .
x→∞ 1 x→∞ x
This is still a limit of the form ∞/∞ and another application of L’Hôpital’s rule gives
2/x 2
L2 = lim = lim = 0.
x→∞ 1 x→∞ x

The third limit involves a non-constant exponent which can be eliminated by writing
2 ln(e3x + sin x)
ln L3 = ln lim+ (e3x + sin x)2/x = lim+ ln(e3x + sin x)2/x = lim+ .
x→0 x→0 x→0 x
This gives a limit of the form 0/0, so one may use L’Hôpital’s rule to find that
2(e3x + sin x)−1 · (3e3x + cos x) 2(3 + 1)
ln L3 = lim+ = = 8.
x→0 1 1+0
Since ln L3 = 8, the original limit L3 is then equal to L3 = eln L3 = e8 .
 3. On which intervals is f increasing? On which intervals is it concave up?

f (x) = ln(4x2 + 1).

To say that f (x) is increasing is to say that f ′ (x) > 0. Let us then compute
1 8x
f ′ (x) = · (4x2 + 1)′ = 2 .
+14x2 4x + 1
Since the denominator is always positive, f (x) is increasing if and only if x > 0. Next, we
look at concavity. To say that f (x) is concave up is to say that f ′′ (x) > 0. In this case,
8(4x2 + 1) − 8x · 8x 8(4x2 + 1 − 8x2 ) 8(1 + 2x)(1 − 2x)
f (x) =
′′
= = .
(4x + 1)
2 2 (4x + 1)
2 2 (4x2 + 1)2
To determine the sign of this expression, one needs to find the sign of each of the factors.
According to the table below, f (x) is concave up if and only if x ∈ (−1/2, 1/2).
−1/2 1/2
8(1 + 2x) − + +
1 − 2x + + −
f ′′ (x) − + −

4. Find the intervals on which f is increasing/decreasing and the intervals on which f

is concave up/down. Use this information to sketch the graph of f .
x
f (x) = .
x2 +1

To say that f (x) is increasing is to say that f ′ (x) > 0. Let us then compute
x2 + 1 − 2x · x 1 − x2
f ′ (x) = = .
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
Since the denominator is always positive, f (x) is increasing if and only if
1 − x2 > 0 ⇐⇒ x2 < 1 ⇐⇒ −1 < x < 1.
To say that f (x) is concave up is to say that f ′′ (x) > 0. In this case, we have
−2x(x2 + 1)2 − 2(x2 + 1) · 2x(1 − x2 )
f ′′ (x) =
(x2 + 1)4
−2x(x2 + 1) − 4x(1 − x2 ) 2x(x2 + 1 + 2 − 2x2 )
= = −
(x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1)3
√ √
2x(3 − x2 ) 2x(x − 3)(x + 3)
=− 2 = .
(x + 1) 3 (x2 + 1)3
To determine the sign of this expression, one needs to find the sign of√each of √the factors.
According to the table below, f (x) is concave up if and only if x ∈ (− 3, 0) ∪ ( 3, +∞).
 √ √
− 3 0 3
2x√ − − + +
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x − √3 − − − +
x+ 3 − + + +
f ′′ (x) − + − +

x
Figure 1: The graph of f (x) = .
x2 +1

5. Show that the cubic polynomial f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c has a unique real root for
any given constants a, b, c such that a2 < 3b.

Since f is a polynomial, it is certainly continuous and we also have

lim f (x) = lim x3 = −∞, lim f (x) = lim x3 = +∞.

x→−∞ x→−∞ x→+∞ x→+∞

In view of the intermediate value theorem, f must then attain all values, so it must have a
real root. Suppose that f has two roots x1 < x2 . Then f ′ must have a root in (x1 , x2 ) by
Rolle’s theorem. On the other hand, it is easy to check that

f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b

is a quadratic whose discriminant ∆ = (2a)2 − 4 · 3b = 4(a2 − 3b) is negative. Thus, f ′ does

not have any real roots and this means that f has a unique real root.
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #6 solutions

1. Find the global minimum and the global maximum values that are attained by

f (x) = 4x3 + x2 − 2x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

The derivative of the given function can be expressed in the form

f ′ (x) = 12x2 + 2x − 2 = 2(6x2 + x − 1) = 2(3x − 1)(2x + 1).

Thus, the only points at which the minimum/maximum value may occur are the points

x = 0, x = 1, x = 1/3, x = −1/2.

We exclude the rightmost point, as it does not lie in the given interval, and we compute
4 1 2 38
f (0) = −1, f (1) = 4 + 1 − 2 − 1 = 2, f (1/3) = + − −1=− .
27 9 3 27
This means that the minimum is f (1/3) = −38/27 and the maximum is f (1) = 2.

2. Find the linear approximation to the function f at the point x0 in the case that

3x4 − 4x + 2
f (x) = 2 , x0 = 0.
x + 3x + 1

To find the derivative of f (x) at the given point, we use the quotient rule to get
(12x3 − 4)(x2 + 3x + 1) − (2x + 3)(3x4 − 4x + 2) −4 − 6
f ′ (x) = =⇒ f ′ (0) = = −10.
(x2 + 3x + 1)2 12
Since f (0) = 2, the linear approximation is thus L(x) = −10x + 2.

3. Show that f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 1 has exactly two roots in (−1, 1) and use Newton’s
method with x1 = ±1 to approximate these roots within two decimal places.

To prove existence using Bolzano’s theorem, we note that f is continuous with

f (−1) = −1 − 4 + 1 < 0, f (0) = 1 > 0, f (1) = 1 − 4 + 1 < 0.

In view of Bolzano’s theorem, f must then have a root in (−1, 0) and another root in (0, 1),
so it has two roots in (−1, 1). Suppose that it has three roots in (−1, 1). Then f ′ must have
two roots in this interval by Rolle’s theorem. On the other hand,

f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 8x = x(3x − 8)

has only one root in (−1, 1). This implies that f can only have two roots in (−1, 1).
To use Newton’s method to approximate the roots, we repeatedly apply the formula
f (xn ) x3n − 4x2n + 1
xn+1 = xn − = x n − .
f ′ (xn ) 3x2n − 8xn
Starting with the initial guess x1 = −1, one obtains the approximations

x2 = −0.6364, x3 = −0.4972, x4 = −0.4735, x5 = −0.4728.

Starting with the initial guess x1 = 1, one obtains the approximations

x2 = 0.6, x3 = 0.5398, x4 = 0.5374, x5 = 0.5374.

This suggests that the two roots are roughly −0.47 and 0.53 within two decimal places.

4. A rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side length a > 0 with one of its
sides along the base of the triangle. How large can the area of the rectangle be?

Let x, y be the two sides of the rectangle and assume that x lies along the base of the
triangle. Then one can relate the two sides x, y by noting that
√
y √ 2y 3
tan 60 =
◦
=⇒ 3= =⇒ y = (a − x).
(a − x)/2 a−x 2
We need to maximise the area A of the rectangle and this is given by
√ √
3 3
A(x) = xy = x(a − x) = (ax − x2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ a.
2 2
√
Since A′ (x) = 23 (a − 2x), the only points at which the maximum value may occur√ are the
2
points x = 0, x = a and x = a2 . Since A(0) = A(a) = 0, the maximum is A( a2 ) = a 8 3 .

5. A ladder 5m long is resting against a vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder slides
away from the wall at the rate of 0.2m/s. How fast is the angle θ between the ladder
and the wall changing when the bottom of the ladder lies 3m away from the wall?

Let x be the horizontal distance between the base of the ladder and the wall, and let y
be the vertical distance between the top of the ladder and the floor. We must then have

x(t)2 + y(t)2 = 52 =⇒ 2x(t)x′ (t) + 2y(t)y ′ (t) = 0.

At the given moment, x′ (t) = 0.2 = 1/5 and also x(t) = 3, so it easily follows that
x(t)x′ (t) x(t)x′ (t) 3/5 3
y ′ (t) = − = −p = −√ =− .
y(t) 52 − x(t)2 52 − 32 20
We now need to determine θ′ . Using the chain rule along with the quotient rule, we get

x 2 x′ y − y ′ x x′ y − y ′ x
tan θ = =⇒ sec θ · θ =
′
=⇒ θ =
′
· cos2 θ.
y y2 y 2

Since cos θ = y/5 and the other variables are already known, we may conclude that
 2
x′ y − y ′ x 2 4(1/5) − 3(−3/20) 4 1
θ =
′
· cos θ = · = .
y2 42 5 20
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #7 solutions

1. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f (x) = 3x2 and g(x) = x + 2.

The graph of the parabola f (x) = 3x2 meets the graph of the line g(x) = x + 2 when

3x2 = x + 2 ⇐⇒ 3x2 − x − 2 = 0 ⇐⇒ (3x + 2)(x − 1) = 0.

Since the line lies above the parabola at the points −2/3 ≤ x ≤ 1, the area is then
1 1 1
x2

125
Z Z
2
+ 2x − x3
 
[g(x) − f (x)] dx = x + 2 − 3x dx = = .
−2/3 −2/3 2 −2/3 54

2. Compute the volume of a sphere of radius

√ r > 0. Hint: one may obtain such a sphere
by rotating the upper semicircle f (x) = r2 − x2 around the x-axis.

The volume of the sphere is the integral of πf (x)2 and this is given by
Z r r
x3
 3
2r3 4πr3
 
2 2 2 2r
π(r − x ) dx = π r x − =π + = .
−r 3 −r 3 3 3

x4 1
3. Compute the length of the graph of f (x) = 16
+ 2x2
over the interval [1, 3].

p
The length of the graph is given by the integral of 1 + f ′ (x)2 . In this case,

4x3 2 x3 1 x6 1 1
f ′ (x) = − 3 = − 3 =⇒ f ′ (x)2 = + 6−
16 2x 4 x 16 x 2
so the expression 1 + f ′ (x)2 can be written in the form
2
x6 x3

2 1 1 1
1 + f (x) =
′
+ 6+ = + 3 .
16 x 2 4 x

Taking the square root of both sides, we conclude that the length of the graph is
3 3 3
x3 x4
  
1 1 49
Z p Z
1 + f (x) dx =
′ 2 + 3 dx = − 2 = .
1 1 4 x 16 2x 1 9
 4. Find both the mass and the centre of mass for a thin rod whose density is given by

δ(x) = x2 + 2x + 3, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.

The mass of the rod is merely the integral of its density function, namely
2 2 2
x3

25
Z Z
2
M= δ(x) dx = (x + 2x + 3) dx = + x2 + 3x = .
1 1 3 1 3

The centre of mass is given by a similar formula and one finds that
2 2 2
3 x4 2x3 3x2

1 3 31
Z Z
3 2
x= xδ(x) dx = (x + 2x + 3x) dx = + + = .
M 1 25 1 25 4 3 2 1 20

5. Use the definition of integrals and Riemann sums to compute the value of the limit
 
n n n
lim + + ... + 2 .
n→∞ n2 + 1 2 n2 + 2 2 n + n2

First of all, we note that the given sum can be expressed in the form
n X n/n2 n n
X n X1
= = · f (k/n),
k=1
n2 + k 2 k=1
1 + (k/n) 2
k=1
n

1
where f (x) = 1+x 2 . It is thus a Riemann sum for the function f on [0, 1]. If we divide this

interval into n equal parts and choose x∗k = k/n for each k, then we get
1 n n
1
Z X X
f (x) dx = lim f (x∗k )∆x = lim · f (k/n).
0 n→∞
k=1
n→∞
k=1
n

Once we now combine the last two equations, we may finally conclude that
n n Z 1
X n X 1 dx  1 π
lim = lim · f (k/n) = = tan−1 x 0 = .
n→∞
k=1
n +k
2 2 n→∞
k=1
n 0 1+x
2 4
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #8 solutions

1. Compute each of the following indefinite integrals.

√ √
Z Z
cos x dx, x2 · x + 1 dx.

√
For the first integral, we let u = x. This gives x = u2 and dx = 2u du, so
√
Z Z
cos x dx = 2u cos u du.

We now integrate by parts using dv = 2 cos u du. Since v = 2 sin u, we find that
√
Z Z
cos x dx = 2u sin u − 2 sin u du = 2u sin u + 2 cos u + C
√ √ √
= 2 x · sin x + 2 cos x + C.
For the second integral, we let u = x + 1. Then du = dx and x = u − 1, so
√ √ √
Z Z Z
2
x · x + 1 dx = (u − 1) u du = (u2 − 2u + 1) u du
2

2 4 2
Z
= (u5/2 − 2u3/2 + u1/2 ) du = u7/2 − u5/2 + u3/2 + C
7 5 3
2 4 2
= (x + 1)7/2 − (x + 1)5/2 + (x + 1)3/2 + C.
7 5 3

2. Compute each of the following indefinite integrals.

Z Z
3 2
sin x · cos x dx, tan4 x · sec6 x dx.

For the first integral, we use the substitution u = cos x. Since du = − sin x dx, we get
Z Z Z
sin x · cos x dx = cos x · (1 − cos x) · sin x dx = − u2 (1 − u2 ) du
3 2 2 2

1 1 cos5 x cos3 x
Z
= (u4 − u2 ) du = u5 − u3 + C = − + C.
5 3 5 3
For the second integral, we use the substitution u = tan x. Since du = sec2 x dx, we get
Z Z Z
tan x · sec x dx = tan x · (1 + tan x) · sec x dx = u4 (1 + u2 )2 du
4 6 4 2 2 2

1 2 1
Z
= (u4 + 2u6 + u8 ) du = u5 + u7 + u9 + C
5 7 9
tan5 x 2 tan7 x tan9 x
= + + + C.
5 7 9
 3. Compute each of the following indefinite integrals.

x2 x2
Z Z
√ dx, √ dx.
9−x 9 − x2

For the first integral, we let u = 9 − x. This gives x = 9 − u and dx = −du, so

x2 (9 − u)2 18u − u2 − 81
Z Z Z
√ dx = − √ du = du
9−x u u1/2
2
Z
18u1/2 − u3/2 − 81u−1/2 du = 12u3/2 − u5/2 − 162u1/2 + C


=
5
2
= 12(9 − x)3/2 − (9 − x)5/2 − 162(9 − x)1/2 + C.
5
For the second integral, let x = 3 sin θ for some angle −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Then

x2 9 sin2 θ 9
Z Z Z Z
2
√ dx = · 3 cos θ dθ = 9 sin θ dθ = (1 − cos(2θ)) dθ
9 − x2 3 cos θ 2
9θ 9 sin(2θ) 9θ 9 sin θ cos θ
= − +C = − + C.
2 4 2 2
p
Since sin θ = x/3 by above, we also have cos θ = 1 − x2 /9 and this finally gives
r
x2 9 −1 x 9x x2
Z
√ dx = sin − 1− +C
9 − x2 2 3 2 3 9
9 x x√
= sin−1 − 9 − x2 + C.
2 3 2

4. Compute each of the following indefinite integrals.

2x + 1 2 + ex
Z Z
dx, dx.
x2 − 3x + 2 3 − ex

When it comes to the first integral, one may use partial fractions to write
2x + 1 2x + 1 A B
= = +
x2 − 3x + 2 (x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2
for some constants A and B. Clearing denominators gives rise to the identity

2x + 1 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)

and this should be valid for all x. Let us then look at some special values of x to get

x = 1, 2 =⇒ 3 = −A, 5 = B.
This gives A = −3 and B = 5, so it easily follows that
Z  
2x + 1 3 5
Z
dx = − + dx = −3 ln |x − 1| + 5 ln |x − 2| + K.
x2 − 3x + 2 x−1 x−2

When it comes to the second integral, we let u = ex . This gives du = ex dx and so

2 + ex 2 + ex 2+u
Z Z Z
dx = e dx =
x
du.
3−e x e (3 − e )
x x u(3 − u)

Proceeding as before, we use partial fractions to obtain a decomposition of the form

2+u A B
= + =⇒ 2 + u = A(3 − u) + Bu.
u(3 − u) u 3−u

Taking u = 0 gives 2 = 3A and taking u = 3 gives 5 = 3B, so it easily follows that

Z  
2+u 2/3 5/3
Z
du = + du
u(3 − u) u 3−u
2 5 2x 5
= ln |u| − ln |3 − u| + K = − ln |3 − ex | + K.
3 3 3 3

5. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained by rotating the graph of f (x) = sin x
around the x-axis over the interval [0, π].

The volume of the solid is the integral of πf (x)2 and this is given by

π2
 π
π π π sin(2x)
Z π Z
2
Volume = π sin x dx = (1 − cos(2x)) dx = x− = .
0 2 0 2 2 0 2
 MAU11201 – Calculus
Homework #9 solutions

1. Compute each of the following indefinite integrals.

Z 2
x − 2x − 3 x3 − x2
Z
dx, dx.
x3 − x2 x2 − 2x − 3

When it comes to the first integral, one may use partial fractions to write
x2 − 2x − 3 x2 − 2x − 3 Ax + B C
3 2
= 2
= 2
+
x −x x (x − 1) x x−1
for some constants A, B and C. Clearing denominators gives rise to the identity
x2 − 2x − 3 = (Ax + B)(x − 1) + Cx2
and this should be valid for all x. Let us then look at some special values of x to get
x = 0, 1, 2 =⇒ −3 = −B, −4 = C, −3 = 2A + B + 4C.
This gives B = 3, C = −4 and 2A = −3 − 3 + 16 = 10, so it easily follows that
Z 2 Z  
x − 2x − 3 5 3 4
dx = + − dx
x3 − x2 x x2 x − 1
3
= 5 ln |x| − − 4 ln |x − 1| + K.
x
When it comes to the second integral, one may use division of polynomials to write
x3 − x2 5x + 3 5x + 3
= x + 1 + = x + 1 + .
x2 − 2x − 3 x2 − 2x − 3 (x + 1)(x − 3)
The rightmost rational function is now proper and it can be decomposed as
5x + 3 A B
= + .
(x + 1)(x − 3) x+1 x−3
Clearing denominators, we get 5x + 3 = A(x − 3) + B(x + 1) and this implies
x = −1, 3 =⇒ −2 = −4A, 18 = 4B =⇒ A = 1/2, B = 9/2.
Once we now combine our computations above, we may finally conclude that
x3 − x 2
Z Z  
1/2 9/2
dx = x+1+ + dx
x2 − 2x − 3 x+1 x−3
x2 1 9
= + x + ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 3| + K.
2 2 2
 2. Compute each of the following indefinite integrals.
Z √ Z
2+ x
√ dx, ln(x2 + x) dx.
x+ x

√
For the first integral, we let u = x to simplify. Since x = u2 and dx = 2u du, we get
Z √ Z Z Z  
2+ x 2+u 4 + 2u 2
√ dx = · 2u du = du = 2+ du
x+ x u2 + u u+1 u+1
√ √
= 2u + 2 ln |u + 1| + C = 2 x + 2 ln( x + 1) + C.

For the second integral, we let u = ln(x2 + x) and dv = dx. Then du = x2x+1
2 +x dx, so

Z Z
2 2 2x + 1
ln(x + x) dx = x ln(x + x) − · x dx
x2 + x
Z Z  
2 2x + 1 2 1
= x ln(x + x) − dx = x ln(x + x) − 2− dx
x+1 x+1
= x ln(x2 + x) − 2x + ln |x + 1| + C.

3. Use integration by parts and induction to show that

π/2
(2n · n!)2
Z
sin2n+1 x dx = for each integer n ≥ 0.
0 (2n + 1)!

We integrate by parts with u = sin2n x and dv = sin x dx. Since v = − cos x, we get
Z Z
2n+1
sin x dx = − sin x cos x + 2n sin2n−1 x · cos2 x dx
2n

Z
= − sin x cos x + 2n sin2n−1 x · (1 − sin2 x) dx
2n

Z Z
2n 2n−1
= − sin x cos x + 2n sin x dx − 2n sin2n+1 x dx.

Next, we rearrange terms and we evaluate the integral over [0, π/2] to find that
π/2 π/2 π/2
sin2n x cos x
Z  Z
2n+1 2n
sin x dx = − + sin2n−1 x dx.
0 2n + 1 0 2n + 1 0

Since sin 0 = 0 and cos(π/2) = 0, this leads to an identity of the form

Z π/2 Z π/2
2n+1 2n 2n
In = sin x dx = sin2n−1 x dx = · In−1 .
0 2n + 1 0 2n + 1
We now use this identity to establish the given formula. When n = 0, we have
π/2
(20 · 0!)2
Z h iπ/2
I0 = sin x dx = − cos x =1=
0 0 1!
and the formula holds. If we assume that it holds for some n, then we also have

2n + 2 2n + 2 (2n · n!)2
In+1 = · In = ·
2n + 3 2n + 3 (2n + 1)!
22 (n + 1)2 (2n · n!)2 (2n+1 · (n + 1)!)2
= · = .
(2n + 2)(2n + 3) (2n + 1)! (2n + 3)!

In particular, the formula holds for n + 1 as well, so it holds for all n ≥ 0 by induction.

4. Show that each of the following sequences converges.

r
4n2 + 5 (−1)n 2
an = 2
, bn = 2
, cn = n tan .
9n + 7 n +1 n

Since the limit of a square root is the square root of the limit, it should be clear that
r
4n2 + 5 4n2 4 4 2
lim 2
= lim 2
= =⇒ lim an = = .
n→∞ 9n + 7 n→∞ 9n 9 n→∞ 9 3

The limit of the second sequence is zero because − n21+1 ≤ bn ≤ n21+1 for each n ≥ 1. This
means that bn lies between two sequences that converge to zero. Finally, one has

2 tan(2/n)
lim cn = lim n tan = lim .
n→∞ n→∞ n n→∞ 1/n

This is a limit of the form 0/0, so one may use L’Hôpital’s rule to conclude that

sec2 (2/n) · (2/n)0

lim cn = lim = lim 2 sec2 (2/n) = 2 sec2 0 = 2.
n→∞ n→∞ (1/n)0 n→∞

√
5. Define a sequence {an } by setting a1 = 1 and an+1 = 2 4 + an for each n ≥ 1. Show
that 1 ≤ an ≤ an+1 ≤ 8 for each n ≥ 1, use this fact to conclude that the sequence
converges and then find its limit.
√
Since the first two terms are a1 = 1 and a2 = 2 5, the statement

1 ≤ an ≤ an+1 ≤ 8
does hold when n = 1. Suppose that it holds for some n, in which case
√ √ p √
5 ≤ 4 + an ≤ 4 + an+1 ≤ 12 =⇒ 2 5 ≤ 2 4 + an ≤ 2 4 + an+1 ≤ 2 12
√ √
=⇒ 2 5 ≤ an+1 ≤ an+2 ≤ 2 12
=⇒ 1 ≤ an+1 ≤ an+2 ≤ 8.

In particular, the statement holds for n + 1 as well, so it actually holds for all n ∈ N. This
shows that the given sequence is monotonic and bounded, hence also convergent; denote its
limit by L. Using the definition of the sequence, we then find that
√ √ √
an+1 = 2 4 + an =⇒ lim an+1 = lim 2 4 + an =⇒ L = 2 4 + L.
n→∞ n→∞
√
This gives the quadratic equation L2 = 4(L + 4) which implies that L = 2 ± 2 √5. Since the
terms of the sequence satisfy 1 ≤ an ≤ 8, however, the limit must be L = 2 + 2 5.