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o end, abort

Lrse l.'.irlil1.]:9i3
'--r . .':l{

o create iile, Jelete file

operating sYStem o oPen, close

meters as a table.

" L,u, irC ,Il.il'.lbtmcnt

o rcqur,:,t 'lcvice, ti':leJSe device
J read, r.''rite, rePositirln
o get Jcl'ice lrttribr'rtr's, sct tievice attrilrutes
o logic:1ly attach or detach devices
, lrrformation maintenatlce
tx ln f le, to g.'t inPrrt, we ml)' I
-sr:'trie, o get time or date, set tinre or date
as *,*ll al :he 'l'iJle's
he inPut should be read'
Ui co' o 8et :rvstern data' set s}'sten'r data
o get Process, fiie, or ilt:r'ice attribr'rtes

o cr"ote, delete communication connection

I

o send, receive messages

.1 Process Control
norr'rally (end)'
ini -, i, .',- ,. . l ' 't '-'
tl-i l'r: Fl'i)''J' eetls to be able to halt 'ts ext'cution ':ilher
.y -ll"ti.rft, i "
il;;il
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tl'5, r'r'e 'liscuss

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l^'^'''"-,^r.,
brieflY t
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or abnormally
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("b",;;' lfIr a Sy5ttrrrr ':" '-
abnorntaity (abortr' *i*1. :lil ':"::i:t:,:Ttgt: *il,:[":ll
runs into a pro hlem ;nd
or"-'""'ally' or if the.prosram an error
a"J f! a..i'-,:.-rrli;:g tl:t""t', Yotl, causes an error trap, a Cump
of m:mory1 is"sometimes taken and by a
coirc':pis ''r'Li iuiic:ion:' is written to cLisk and may be examrned
-.".a t-",
Ll: i'' message generated' Th";;"iP
i:...,,,-,,-,,i-.'r i"'ls of iyst':m
 ......-....,-;- -.:,:- .j :. , t:: l't:r:*:-" rri'!i";' i r_" :r"
".",j;-,

&rol-r^lrr ( n Z)
52 Chapter 2 i'strr;1r iitr'uctrrr'*s

has a network identifier, such as an IP address. Similarly, each process h

a process name, and.this name is translated into an identifier by which t
oper.riing s'rstem can rcfer to the piocc,rs. -i-he g :t hc s i i f ;n J 3 :t prc c-?3 s
slrstem crlls do this lranslaiion. The iileniiiiers are then passeii to the *ener
purpose open and close calls provided by the file system or to speci
cpen conrection and close coll+cticn system calls, ilepenrling on t
!t system's model of communication. The recipicnt process usually musi give
:I
.t permission for communicaiicn to ta k,: plarce rvith an ac c lpt c onlrr ct, i jn .t.
itIli Most processes that will be receiving connections are special-purpose dnenc,
,t, ,
which are systems programs provided for that purpose. They execr-rte a ';a
t f or c onne c ,: i on call and are awakened when a connection is made. The sour
,lat of the communication, known as the client, andthe receivinp; daemon, knqwo
rl,I a seraer, then exchange messages try using read nes s age and wr:it e ne s s r
..
system calls. The close connecticn cail terminates lhe commulLi.:.ttion.
:t
In ihe shared-memory mr'1el, processes use shared nenory create al
i, shared nemory attach systern cails to create and gain access to r.:3ions
m.emory trrr'n:.1 by other processes. Rrcall that, norr:.rl!y', ths,,pi'rriir.g.ry .,l
trjes to prer-ent one process from accessing anolher proc,tss's nren'ror-y. Sh,:i
mcmory i-. 1uires Lhat trvo or mr)i: proccsjcs 'r6tdtr to ie tlruir,:]:is i-r.lri--.
They can then exchange information by reaCing and writing data in the sh;:
areas. The form of the data and ihe location a;'e jetei:nii,rr-l by lhe prrr)c,:r i:,.;l
are not uncier ihe opcrating svstem's control. The processes are also respr.rn:;1
for ensuring that they are not writing to rire sarne location simultani:ot:--riy. :iu
mechanisms are discussed in Chapter 6. ln Chapter 4,.we look at a variation
the prccess sch.er,e-ihreads--in rr'hich memo;;r is shari:J b1, dtfar.rlt.
Both of the models just discussed are coi:rr.on ur o,:e^afing sy,sten
and most systems implement both. Message passi.n-g is useful for exchangi:
tl smaller arnounts of data, because nc conflicts nced be avoided. Ii is also e.rsier
implement than is shared memory for intercomputer communication. Sha:
m-emory allov';s r.axin'.um speed and convenience of cc,mmul-ricaticn, ,hc.
canbe done at memory speeds v.'hen i: takes i.;lace within a cor,puter. P:ci:,li:r
exist, irower-er, in the ar:as of protection and synchronizaticn bet-,veen
processes sharing memory.

2.5 $ysterrrPrograr"ns
Another aspect of a modem system is the collection of system programs. Rer
Figure 1.1, which depicted the logical computer hierarchy. At the lowest level
ha.-,l,.::e. 1.,-ri is:he ,p.:-r:ii: 3;ystem,then'.lrt .,-,,- ,,;.''j., r, .. I ,,
tlre.r;:1:licarionorogram.(systemprogr.rmsproviilea-\,ir\L.tientLrri,'i,;rr:.
for p;ogram dcvtlopm+,rt a:'lrl e(3c lrion. Some of thern are sin-ply , '
interfaces to system calls; others are conslrferabli, 1116r" :omplex. They ,:
be divided into these categories:

I File management. T1rese prcgrar,ls create, d.:lere, copy, rename, prli

dump, list, and generally manipulate files and directories.
.r.' Status information. Some prograrns simply ask the system for the cl.i
. time, amount of available rnernory or disk space, number of users,
similar siah.i; informafion. Others dr€ rrror,j c()rrpir,'(, proviJing det*,,

#i
 reErE

2.6 {''' ;:'t::..;.',.r':',;:'"':';,.1i:;i: l}'':lilit't;:ilt.J }rli;lllrnrnlllil;n

information)Typically' these pro-

performance, logging, and debugging c'i oi6et output devices
has
srams forma,,"o p'?li'nl ;;tpt"tD;fh"^terminal
some svstems also support a
GUI'
lvhich the
ltrocessid il?n;t ;;.of,'];t ii i""' *i,.,ativand retrieve
of the
configuiation information'
registry, which l' t" ticlte
"*a
.. -..11i i.1]-
'' J" text ediiors -muy '"d b-" available
:i ,.i,etiiic * File mc"iificalion. several
jif", l:--:::tt"T1'rere
JeVices.
on disk oi .r,h*r stoful€
'.:g en the modify the content ti sttred --iiles
or perform
search corrtents of
: give its mav also u" up*.rui'.o,i1"J""Jr-a
,ion caii. transformatiorLs of the text'
qqers rnd
C9m pilers' assemhlers' dcbu
Progr.r m m i n6-l an gu a ge su ppod'
,l,rgttttttts,
ite a wait
-re
-loll rae
'.e i.'t"?p,"t"r, ri, .oi'^-on p'"g'u*-f
Visrril Basic, and PERL) are often Provldeo to if;:',!::'lti;
:F,1T,sJ ttle u>trt vvrLrr rrr'- v kg*lil?
,iltPlVIlcl-E sYStem-
or com-
,-,, nrn*r". loading and execulion' Once a Program is assembled
ira. r1!
'fion. The systcm may
.... -.- ,l ,-;!., 1 it m,r't be lo'r lcJ into memory to bei'xr'ctrted'
editors, and ove i 1,rv
.qLd !i'iJ

-- ,,f
.irlr'ti :,.;,hX ;;i;.;;ble l6aders, tinka ge or macf i r e
J--
i#i";; "illl*',I,i"i;,;,
;;;;;;;;' asiJwell' l"' "rthe
r hi ghe rre u'ilu" g"u g"s
I s)'ste-rt "tS
11" -. -,1 language u." need"d
for creating
'.:ictiin. programs provide the mechanism
1 Comrnunlcrtions' These users, and cL-.mputer systtrr';' l}'ev
.'; sh.rr:J
'-:es anJ virtual connections among processes/ to'browse wet
, a1low users to send messages
to one
",.;-t'h;;'"iui'-t''
tog remotely' or to tran-{'fer
rln.: i:.,1,:
Pages, to send
electronic-rriil messages' to it-t

ly. S'-rch ?it"l fro.r't one machine to another'

:.tion of
operating sy,stems are suppli*d
t,'rt'.]:it!, In rddition to sr.stems programs,.most
ton"*t" ;iroblt rns or,Perfr|n:inB
,. -in t with programs tflot ''e t'tt'tl'iIn 'olui"g web brornsers' 'to:'i Prrceir()rs
' r" r common operrtions. S"tft"irogto*: in:l;1etyti"*t' t.,t"pii""' plltti.g ;ird
,asier to database
and text f,lrmatters, 'pt"ud'n#t" ptogtuo's aie known as system
lilared statistical-anuty,l' putlffi t"J ["*tt' ntt'6
::rce it
: li,::r '
t iI iti es tffil"# ::i:11'ri.," n bv -j.T
"o v
L' the
:i.T see
T'r:'.:t35:' i'- J: .i
,:n ;lr.e
appl ica tion u^ d'v't'L-
"s"'i is i: :T:p
runntng ro,l.
*1,
*": ;l jii: [i: ilil,:*l';
Con>ider p65. \'Vhen his conrputer *it'J o*'' irr terfrce' AItern'r tir ely'
nJ
user m ight sce the cu rliea tt"ing 'ou" '
u
Both
or even in orr" of *t" *i'iJ*''i"
*lgttt ftut" u to*mandline uNtX shell' act in
calls look different and
use the same set
u"itrt"
"f ';t;;;irr 'y'iut"
different waYs.

an
we face in designing and implementing
In this section, we 'liscuss problems solulions to such prtrblems'
no c.omplete
operating system. There are, cf course'
aPProachis that have proved successful'
but there are

2.6.1 Design Goals

system is to define goals and specifications'
The first problem in designing a of
ihe system *itt U" iff"tted by the choice
At the highest level, th*e i"'ifi of