CHAPTER 9

Class XI Informatics Practices

“Emerging Trends are the state-of –the art technologies, which
gain popularity and set new trends among the users. In this
chapter, we will learn about some emerging trends that will make
a huge impact (in the future) on digital economy and interaction in
digital societies. ”
A self-driving car, also known as
an autonomous vehicle (AV),
driverless car, robo-car,
or robotic car.
Eg: Waymo, Tesla

Autonomous cars uses a

combination of sensors, cameras,
radar and artificial intelligence
 Sophia is a social humanoid
Robot. Sophia has been covered
by media around the globe and
has participated in many
high-profile interviews.
In October 2017, Sophia
"became" a Saudi Arabian citizen
 Daily Life Situations
• Smartphone finds fastest route to your destination
• Automatic tagging of photos in social media
• Smile or showing palm to take photos
• Playing Games against computer
• smart personal assistants, such as Siri and Google Now
• spam filters in your e-mail
 AI

• Artificial Intelligence is comprised of two words

Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial means "man-
made“ and intelligence means "thinking power", hence
AI means man-made thinking power.
• Artificial Intelligence exists there, where a machine can
have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and
solving problems
 According to the father of Artificial
Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is

“The science and engineering of making

intelligent machines”

An intelligent machine is supposed to imitate some of the cognitive functions of

humans like learning, decision-making and problem solving. In order to make machines
perform tasks with minimum human intervention, they are programmed to create a
knowledge base and make decisions based on it.
 Applications
• Chat bots
• Speech Recognition
• Image Recognition
• Traffic prediction
• Product recommendations
• Automatic Language Translation
• Online Fraud Detection
 Advantages

• High Accuracy with less errors

• High-Speed
• High reliability
• Useful for risky areas
• Digital Assistant: Such as used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: such as a self-driving car which can make our journey
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose.
 AI, ML AND NLP

DL
 Machine Learning (ML)

• Machine Learning is a system that can learn from example through

self-improvement and without being explicitly coded by programmer.
• Machine Learning is a subsystem of Artificial Intelligence
• Computers have the ability to learn from data using statistical techniques,
without being explicitly programmed by a human being.
 Machine Learning
• It comprises algorithms that use data to learn on their own and make
predictions. These algorithms, called models
• After successive trainings, once these models are able to give results to an
acceptable level of accuracy, they are used to make predictions about new
and unknown data.
 Natural Language Processing (NLP)

• NLP deals with the interactions between computers

and human languages, in particular how to program
computers to process and analyse large amounts of
natural language data.
• The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher,
understand, and make sense of the human languages
in a manner that is valuable.
 NLP

NATURAL NATURAL
LANGUAGE LANGUAGE
UNDERSTANDING GENERATION

• Smart assistants • Language translation

• Search results • Email filters
• Predictive text • Sentimental Analysis
• Text analysis • IVR system
 Virtual Reality
Virtual reality (VR) immerses the user inside a digital simulation they can
interact with. Stimulating as many senses as possible is key to ensuring the user
feels like they really are in that virtual environment. And most VR experiences
(but not all) will use special hardware to do so.
Using VR devices such as HTC Vive, Oculus Rift or Google Cardboard, users
can be transported into a number of real-world and imagined environments
such as the middle of a squawking penguin colony or even the back of a
dragon.
 Augmented Reality
Augmented reality (AR) uses technology (like a camera and screen on a
smartphone) to add a computer-simulated layer of information on top of the
real world. AR can be considered an enhancement of the world around you –
rather than creating a new virtual world like VR, it simply adds (or subtracts)
information that is already there.
• Pokemon Go
• Skyview app
• Snapchat lenses
Mixed Reality (MR)
experience, which
combines elements of
both AR and VR,
real-world and digital
objects interact
 ROBOTICS

• Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of technology requiring applications

of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer science, among others.
Robotics is primarily concerned with the design, fabrication, operation, and
application of robots.
• The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and
assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe.
• Robot can be of many types, such as wheeled robots, legged robots,
manipulators and humanoids
• Robots are being used in industries, medical science, bionics, scientific
research, military, etc
 BIG DATA

• It’s the field deal with data sets that are too large or complex to be dealt with
by traditional data-processing application software
• Extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns,
trends, and associations, especially relating to human behaviour and interactions.
• Big data challenges include capturing data, data storage, data analysis, search, sharing,
transfer, visualization, querying, updating, information privacy and data source.
• Big data analytics support decision making in organizations
 Applications
• Live road mapping for autonomous vehicles
• Personalized marketing
• In weather forecasting
• Congestion management and traffic control
• Big data reduces costs of treatment since there is less chances of having to
perform unnecessary diagnosis.
• Getting insights from customer reviews
 The 5 V’s
▪ Volume refers to the most prominent characteristic of big data is its enormous size.
▪ Velocity represents the rate at which the data under consideration is being
generated and stored
▪ Variety asserts that a data set has varied data, such as structured, semi-structured
and unstructured data
▪ Veracity refers to the trustworthiness of the data because processing such incorrect
data can give wrong results or mislead the interpretations
▪ Value refers to the hidden patterns and useful knowledge which can be discovered
from the data
 Imagine what if our bulbs,
fans and refrigerator also
became a part of our network.
How will they communicate
with each other,
and what will they communicate?
Internet connects all people means
“Internet of People”
IoT connects all things means
“Internet of Things”
 IoT
• The Internet of things is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or
human-to-computer interaction
• Internet of Things technology can include any sensor, electronic devices or
software which are connected to the internet and can be utilized remotely
and can exchange data
 Applications
• Smart home security systems.
• Elderly care
• Autonomous farming equipment.
• Disaster warning
• Wearable health monitors.
• Smart factory equipment
• Web of Things (WoT) describes a set of standards by the W3C for solving the
interoperability issues of different Internet of Things (IoT) platforms and
application domains
• The web is already being used as a system to communicate with each other. Web of
Things (WoT) is use of the web in such a way that all things can communicate with
each other in the most efficient manner by integrating them together.
• It Reuses existing web standards to connect devices with the web. That is no new
standards and technologies are developed for WoT
Proximity Sensor
Pedometer Sensor
Finger Print Sensor.
Ambient Temperature Sensor.
Air Humidity Sensor.
Barometer Sensor.
NFC Sensor
 Sensors
• Sensors are very commonly used for monitoring and observing elements in
real world applications. The evolution of smart electronic sensors is
contributing in a large way to the evolution of IoT. It lead to creation of new
sensor-based, intelligent systems.
• Sensors are useful and very important for the devices in order to fetch the
data. The data can be real-time, which includes the current temperature,
pressure or humidity.
• It converts measured quantities into digital data, process and transmit
List of Sensors most commonly used in the
IoT devices
• Temperature Sensor • IR Sensor
• Pressure Sensor • Optical Sensor
• Proximity Sensor • Gas Sensor
• Accelerometer • Smoke Sensor
• Gyroscope Sensor • Light Sensor
 SMART CITY
A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic
Internet of things (IoT) sensors to collect data. Insights gained from
that data are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in
return, that data is used improve the operations across the city. This includes
data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed
and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power
plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste, crime detection, information
systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.
 Characteristics of Smart City
• Improved energy distribution
• Effective trash collection and waste management
• Less traffic congestion
• Greater accessibility
• Improved health Services
• Efficient Connectivity
 Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is an emerging trend in the field of information technology,
where computer-based services are delivered over the Internet or the cloud, for
the case of their accessibility from any where using any smart device.
The services comprise software, hardware (servers), databases, storage, etc.
These resources are provided by companies called cloud service providers
and usually charge on pay per use basis, like the way we pay for electricity usage.
• PUBLIC CLOUD – For general public.
• PRIVATE CLOUD – For an organization only
• COMMUNITY CLOUD - For group of organizations.
• HYBRID CLOUD – Mixture of public and private cloud
Amazon Web Services(AWS) Cloud, Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)
Google App Engine, Blue Cloud by IBM, Helion Managed Private Cloud
Azure services Platform by Windows
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS provides on-demand access to application software, usually requiring a
licensing or subscription by the user. While using Google doc, Microsoft Office
365, Drop Box, etc., to edit a document online, we use SaaS from cloud. A user
is not concerned about installation or configuration of the software application
as long as the required software is accessible. Like PaaS, a user is provided
access to the required configuration settings of the application software, that
they are using at present.
Eg.: Gsuite, SalesForce, Dropbox
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Through this service, a user can install and execute an application
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure and their setup.
That is, PaaS provides a platform or environment to develop, test, and deliver
software applications. Suppose we have developed a web application using
MySQL and Python. To run this application online, we can avail a pre-
configured Apache server from cloud having MySQL and Python preinstalled.
Thus, we are not required to install MySQL and Python on the cloud, nor do
we need to configure the web server (Apache, nginx).
Eg.: Google App Engine, Heroku, Amazon Service Platform
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
The IaaS providers can offer different kinds of computing infrastructure, such
as servers, virtual machines (VM), storage and backup facility, network
components, operating systems or any other hardware or software. Using IaaS
from the cloud, a user can use the hardware infrastructure located at a remote
location to configure, deploy and execute any software application on that
cloud infrastructure.

Eg.: GoGrid, AWS, DigitalOcean, Rackspace

 GRID COMPUTING
A grid is a computer network of geographically dispersed and heterogeneous
computational resources

Grid computing is a processor architecture

that combines computer resources from
various domains to reach a main objective.
In grid computing, the computers on
the network can work on a task together,
thus functioning as a supercomputer
 Types of Grid Computing

• (i) Data grid, used to manage large and distributed data having the required
multi-user access. It deals with the controlled sharing and management
of distributed data of large amount
• (ii) CPU or Processor grid, where processing is moved from one PC to
another as needed or a large task is divided into subtasks, and allotted to
various nodes for parallel processing.
parallel processing is a mode of operation in which a process is split into
parts, which are executed simultaneously on different processors.
 Advantages
• Can solve larger, more complex problems in a shorter time.
• Easier to collaborate with other organizations.
• Make better use of existing hardware.
• Affordable compared to high processing computer environment
• Using a computer grid for large amounts of data is more efficient than doing
on a single supercomputer
Grid computing is different from IaaS cloud service. In case of IaaS cloud
service, there is a service provider who rents the required infrastructure to the
users. Whereas in grid computing, multiple computing nodes join together to
solve a common computational problem
 BLOCK CHAIN
A system that allows a group of connected computers to maintain a
single updated and secure ledger
The blockchain technology works on the concept of decentralised and shared
database where each computer has a copy of the database. A block can be
thought as a secured chunk of data or valid transaction. Each block has some
data called its header, which is visible to every other node, while only the owner
has access to the private data of the block. Such blocks form a chain called
blockchain
 Applications
• Digital Currency
• Supply Chain Management
• Record Management
• Identity Management
• Voting mechanism
• Music royalties tracking
THANK YOU