Chapter 5

1. We are only concerned with horizontal forces in this problem (gravity plays no
direct role). We take east as the +x direction and north as +y. This calculation is
efficiently implemented on a vector-capable calculator, using magnitude-angle
notation (with SI units understood):

 F ( 9.0 ∠ 0° ) + ( 8.0 ∠ 118° )
a= = = ( 2.9 ∠ 53° ) .
m 3.0

Therefore, the acceleration has a magnitude of 2.9 m/s2.

2. We apply Newton’s second law (Eq. 5.1.1 or, equivalently, Eq. 5.1.2). The net force
  
applied on the chopping block is Fnet = F1 + F2 , where the vector addition is done
  
using unit-vector notation. The acceleration of the block is given by a = F1 + F2 / m. ( )
(a) In the first case,
 
F1 + F2 = ( 3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0 N ) ˆj + ( −3.0 N ) ˆi + ( −4.0 N ) ˆj = 0,
   

so a = 0 .

(b) In the second case, the acceleration a equals

 
F1 + F2
=
((3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0 N ) ˆj) + (( −3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0 N ) ˆj) = (4.0 m/s )ˆj,
2

m 2.0 kg

(c) In this final situation, a is

 
F1 + F2
=
((3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0 N ) ˆj) + ((3.0 N ) ˆi + ( −4.0 N ) ˆj) = (3.0 m/s )i.ˆ
2

m 2.0 kg

3. We apply Newton’s second law (specifically, Eq. 5.1.2).

(a) We find the x component of the force is

Fx = max = ma cos 20.0° = (1.00 kg ) ( 2.00 m/s 2 ) cos 20.0° = 1.88 N.

213
214 CHAPTER 5

(b) The y component of the force is

Fy = may = ma sin 20.0° = (1.0 kg ) ( 2.00 m/s 2 ) sin 20.0° = 0.684 N.

(c) In unit-vector notation, the force vector is


F = Fx ˆi + Fy ˆj = (1.88 N)iˆ + (0.684 N)ˆj.

 
4. Since v = constant, we have a = 0, which implies
   
Fnet = F1 + F2 = ma = 0.

Thus, the other force must be

 
F2 = − F1 = ( −2 N)iˆ + (6 N)j.
ˆ

   
5. The net force applied on the chopping block is Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 , where the vector
addition is done using unit-vector notation. The acceleration of the block is given by
   
( )
a = F1 + F2 + F3 / m.

(a) The forces exerted by the three astronauts can be expressed in unit-vector
notation as follows:

( )
F1 = (32 N) cos 30°ˆi + sin30°ˆj = (27.7 N)iˆ + (16 N)ˆj

( )
F2 = (55 N) cos 0°ˆi + sin 0°ˆj = (55 N)iˆ

( )
F3 = (41 N) cos ( −60° ) ˆi + sin ( −60° ) ˆj = (20.5 N)iˆ − (35.5 N)ˆj.

The resultant acceleration of the asteroid of mass m = 120 kg is therefore


a=
( ) ( ) (
27.7 ˆi + 16 ˆj N + 55 ˆi N + 20.5iˆ − 35.5ˆj N ) ˆ
= (0.86 m/s 2 )iˆ − (0.16 m/s 2 )j.
120 kg

(b) The magnitude of the acceleration vector is


a = ax2 + ay2 = (0.86 m/s 2 )2 + ( −0.16 m/s 2 ) = 0.88 m/s 2 .
2
CHAPTER 5 215


(c) The vector a makes an angle θ with the x axis, where

 ay  −1  −0.16 m/s 
2
θ = tan −1   = tan  2 
= − 11°.
 ax   0.86 m/s 

6. Since the tire remains stationary, by Newton’s second law, the net force must be zero:
    
Fnet = FA + FB + FC = ma = 0.

From the free-body diagram shown here, we have

0 =  Fnet,x = FC cos φ − FA cos θ

0 =  Fnet, y = FA sin θ + FC sin φ − FB .

To solve for FB , we first compute φ . With FA = 220 N,

FC = 170 N, and θ = 47°, we get

FA cos θ (220 N) cos 47.0°

cos φ = = = 0.883  φ = 28.0°.
FC 170 N

Substituting the value into the second force equation, we find

FB = FA sin θ + FC sin φ = (220 N)sin 47.0° + (170 N)sin 28.0 = 241 N.

7. THINK A box is under acceleration by two applied forces. We use Newton’s

second law to solve for the unknown second force.
 
EXPRESS We denote the two forces as F1 and F2 . According to Newton’s second
     
law, F1 + F2 = ma , so the second force is F2 = ma − F1. Note that since the

acceleration is in the third quadrant, we expect F2 to be in the third quadrant as well.


ANALYZE (a) In unit-vector notation, F1 = ( 20.0 N ) ˆi and


a = − (12.0 sin30.0° m/s 2 ) ˆi − (12.0 cos 30.0° m/s 2 ) ˆj = − ( 6.00 m/s 2 ) ˆi − (10.4 m/s 2 ) ˆj.

Therefore, we find the second force to be

216 CHAPTER 5

  
F2 = ma − F1
= ( 2.00 kg ) ( −6.00 m/s 2 ) ˆi + ( 2.00 kg ) ( −10.4 m/s 2 ) ˆj − ( 20.0 N ) ˆi
= ( −32.0 N ) ˆi − ( 20.8 N ) ˆj.


(b) The magnitude of F2 is


F2 = F22x + F22y = ( −32.0 N)2 + ( −20.8 N)2 = 38.2 N.


(c) The angle that F2 makes with the positive x axis is found from

F  −20.8 N
tan φ =  2 y = = 0.656.
 F2 x  −32.0 N

Consequently, the angle is either 33.0° or 33.0° + 180° = 213°. Since both the x and y
components are negative, the correct result is φ = 213° from the +x direction. An
alternative answer is 213° − 360° = −147°.

LEARN The result is shown in the figure. The


calculation shows that F2 lies in the third quadrant

(same as a). The net force is

  
Fnet = F1 + F2 = ( 20.0 N ) ˆi + ( −32.0 N ) ˆi − ( 20.8 N ) ˆj 
 
= ( −12.0 N ) ˆi − ( 20.8 N ) ˆj,


which points in the same direction as a.


8. We note that ma = (–16 N) i + (12 N) j . With the other forces as specified in the
problem, Newton’s second law gives the third force as
   
F 3 = ma – F 1 − F 2 = (–34 N) i − (12 N) j.

9. To solve the problem, we note that acceleration is the second time derivative of
the position function; it is a vector and can be determined from its components. The
net force is related to the acceleration via Newton’s second law. Thus, differentiating
x(t ) = −15.0 + 2.00t + 4.00t3 twice with respect to t, we get

dx d 2x
= 2.00 − 12.0t 2 , = −24.0t.
dt dt 2
CHAPTER 5 217

Similarly, differentiating y(t ) = 25.0 + 7.00t − 9.00t 2 twice with respect to t yields

dy d2y
= 7.00 − 18.0t, = −18.0.
dt dt 2

(a) The acceleration is

 d 2x d2y
a = ax ˆi + ay ˆj = 2 ˆi + 2 ˆj = ( −24.0t )iˆ + ( −18.0)ˆj.
dt dt


At t = 0.700 s, we have a = ( −16.8)iˆ + ( −18.0)ˆj with a magnitude of


a = a = ( −16.8)2 + ( −18.0)2 = 24.6 m/s 2 .

Thus, the magnitude of the force is F = ma = (0.34 kg)(24.6 m/s 2 ) = 8.37 N.

  
(b) The angle F or a = F / m makes with the x axis is

 ay  −1  −18.0 m/s 
2
θ = tan −1   = tan  2 
= 47.0° or − 133°.
 ax   −16.8 m/s 

We choose the latter ( −133° ) since F is in the third quadrant.

(c) The direction of travel is the direction of a tangent to the path, which is the
direction of the velocity vector:

 dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) = vx ˆi + vy ˆj = i+ j = (2.00 − 12.0t 2 )iˆ + (7.00 − 18.0t )ˆj.
dt dt
 
At t = 0.700 s, we have v = ( −3.88 m/s)iˆ + ( −5.60 m/s)ˆj. Therefore, the angle v
makes with the + x direction is

 vy  −1  −5.60 m/s 
θv = tan −1   = tan   = 55.3° or − 125°.
 vx   −3.88 m/s 

We choose the latter ( −125° ) since v is in the third quadrant.

10. To solve the problem, we note that acceleration is the second time derivative of
the position function, and the net force is related to the acceleration via Newton’s
second law. Thus, differentiating
218 CHAPTER 5

x(t ) = −13.00 + 2.00t + 4.00t 2 − 3.00t3

twice with respect to t, we get

dx d 2x
= 2.00 + 8.00t − 9.00t 2 , = 8.00 − 18.0t.
dt dt 2

The net force acting on the particle at t = 3.40 s is

 d 2x
F = m 2 î = (0.150) [8.00 − 18.0(3.40)] ˆi = ( −7.98 N)i.
ˆ
dt

11. The velocity is the derivative (with respect to time) of given function x, and the
acceleration is the derivative of the velocity. Thus, a = 2c – 3(2.0)(2.0)t, which we use
in Newton’s second law: F = (2.0 kg)a = 4.0c – 24t (with SI units understood). At t =
3.0 s, we are told that F = –36 N. Thus, –36 = 4.0c – 24(3.0) can be used to solve for
c. The result is c = +9.0 m/s2.

12. From the slope of the graph, we find ax = 3.0 m/s2. Applying Newton’s second
law to the x axis (and taking θ to be the angle between F1 and F2), we have

F1 + F2 cosθ = m ax  θ = 56°.

13. (a) From the fact that T3 = 9.8 N, we conclude that the mass of disk D is 1.0 kg.
Both this and that of disk C cause the tension T2 = 49 N, which allows us to
conclude that disk C has a mass of 4.0 kg. The weights of these two disks plus that
of disk B determine the tension T1 = 58.8 N, which leads to the conclusion that mB =
1.0 kg. The weights of all the disks must add to the 98 N force described in the
problem; therefore, disk A has mass 4.0 kg.

(b) mB = 1.0 kg, as found in part (a)

(c) mC = 4.0 kg, as found in part (a)

(d) mD = 1.0 kg, as found in part (a)

14. Three vertical forces are acting on the block: Earth pulls down on the block with
gravitational force 3.0 N; a spring pulls up on the block with elastic force 1.0 N; and,
the surface pushes up on the block with normal force FN. There is no acceleration, so

F y = 0 = FN + (1.0 N ) + ( −3.0 N )

yields FN = 2.0 N.
CHAPTER 5 219

(a) By Newton’s third law, the force exerted by the block on the surface has that
same magnitude but the opposite direction: 2.0 N.

(b) The direction is down.

15. THINK We have a piece of salami hung on a spring scale in various ways. The
problem is to explore the concept of weight.

EXPRESS We first note that the reading on the spring scale is proportional to the
weight of the salami. In all three cases (a)–(c) depicted in Fig. 5.16, the scale is not
accelerating, which means that the two cords exert forces of equal magnitude on it.
The scale reads the magnitude of either of these forces. In each case the tension force
of the cord attached to the salami must be the same in magnitude as the weight of
the salami because the salami is not accelerating. Thus, the scale reading is mg,
where m is the mass of the salami.

ANALYZE In all three cases (a)–(c), the reading on the scale is

W = mg = (11.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 108 N.

LEARN The weight of an object is measured when the object is not accelerating
vertically relative to the ground. If it is, then the weight measured is called the
apparent weight.

16. (a) There are six legs, and the vertical component of the tension force in each leg
is T sin θ where θ = 40° . For vertical equilibrium (zero acceleration in the y
direction), Newton’s second law leads to

mg
6T sin θ = mg  T = ,
6 sin θ

which (expressed as a multiple of the bug’s weight mg) gives roughly T / mg ≈ 0.260.

(b) The angle θ is measured from horizontal, so as the insect “straightens out the
legs” θ will increase (getting closer to 90° ), which causes sinθ to increase (getting
closer to 1) and consequently (since sinθ is in the denominator) causes T to decrease.

17. THINK A block attached to a cord is resting on an inclined plane. We apply

Newton’s second law to solve for the tension in the cord and the normal force on the
block.
220 CHAPTER 5

EXPRESS The free-body diagram of the

problem is shown in the figure. Since the
acceleration of the block is zero, the
components of Newton’s second law equation
yield

T – mg sin θ = 0
FN – mg cos θ = 0,

where T is the tension in the cord and FN is the

normal force on the block.

ANALYZE (a) Solving the first equation for the tension in the string, we find

T = mg sin θ = ( 8.5 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) sin30° = 42 N.

(b) We solve the second equation above for the normal force FN:

FN = mg cos θ = ( 8.5 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) cos 30° = 72 N.

(c) When the cord is cut, it no longer exerts a force on the block and the block
accelerates. The x component of the second law becomes –mg sinθ = ma, so the
acceleration becomes

a = − g sin θ = −(9.8 m/s 2 )sin30° = −4.9 m/s 2.

The negative sign indicates the acceleration is down the plane. The magnitude of the
acceleration is 4.9 m/s2.

LEARN The normal force FN on the block must be equal to mg cos θ so that the
block is in contact with the surface of the incline at all time. When the cord is cut,
the block has an acceleration a = − g sin θ , which in the limit θ → 90° becomes − g,
as in the case of a free fall.

18. The free-body diagram of the cars is shown here. The force exerted by John
Massis is

F = 2.5 mg = 2.5(80 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1960 N.

CHAPTER 5 221

Since the motion is along the horizontal x axis, using Newton’s

second law, we have Fx = F cos θ = Max , where M is the total
mass of the railroad cars. Thus, the acceleration of the cars is

F cos θ (1960 N) cos 30°

ax = = = 0.024 m/s 2 .
M (7.0 ×10 N)/(9.8 m/s )
5 2

Using Eq. 2.4.6, the speed of the car at the end of the pull is

vx = 2ax Δx = 2(0.024 m/s 2 )(1.0 m) = 0.22 m/s.

19. THINK In this problem we’re interested in the force applied to a rocket sled to
accelerate it from rest to a given speed in a given time interval.

EXPRESS In terms of magnitudes, Newton’s second law is F = ma, where F = Fnet ,

a =| a |, and m is the (always positive) mass. The magnitude of the acceleration can
be found using the constant-acceleration equations (Table 2.4.1). Solving v = v0 + at
for the case where the sled starts from rest, we have a = v/t (which we interpret in
terms of magnitudes, making specification of coordinate directions unnecessary).
Thus, the required force is F = ma = mv /t.

ANALYZE Expressing the velocity in SI units as

v = (1600 km/h) (1000 m/km)/(3600 s/h) = 444 m/s,

we find the force to be

v 444 m/s
F = m = ( 500 kg ) = 1.2 × 105 N.
t 1.8 s

LEARN From the expression F = mv /t, we see that the shorter the time to attain a
given speed, the greater the force required.

20. The stopping force F and the path of the passenger are horizontal. Our x axis is
in the direction of the passenger’s motion, so that the passenger’s acceleration
(‘‘deceleration”) has a negative value and the stopping force is in the –x direction:

F = −Fˆi . Using Eq. 2.4.6 with

v0 = (53 km/h)(1000 m/km)/(3600 s/h) = 14.7 m/s

and v = 0, the acceleration is found to be

v02 (14.7 m/s)2

v = v + 2aΔx  a = −
2 2
=− = −167 m/s 2 .
2Δx 2 ( 0.65 m )
0
222 CHAPTER 5

Assuming there are no significant horizontal forces other than the stopping force,
Eq. 5.1.1 leads to
 
F = ma  − F = ( 41 kg ) ( −167 m s 2 ) .

which results in F = 6.8 × 103 N.

21. (a) The slope of each graph gives the corresponding component of acceleration.
Thus, we find ax = 3.00 m/s2 and ay = –5.00 m/s2. The magnitude of the acceleration
vector is therefore

a = (3.00 m/s 2 )2 + ( −5.00 m/s 2 )2 = 5.83 m/s 2 ,

and the force is obtained from this by multiplying with the mass (m = 2.00 kg). The
result is F = ma =11.7 N.

(b) The direction of the force is the same as that of the acceleration:

θ = tan–1 [(–5.00 m/s2)/(3.00 m/s2)] = –59.0°.

22. (a) The coin undergoes free fall. Therefore, with respect to ground, its
acceleration is
 
acoin = g = ( −9.8 m/s 2 )ˆj.

(b) Since the customer is being pulled down with an acceleration of

 
′
acustomer = 1.24 g = ( −12.15 m/s 2 )ˆj, the acceleration of the coin with respect to the
customer is
  
′
arel = acoin − acustomer = ( −9.8 m/s 2 )ˆj − ( −12.15 m/s 2 )ˆj = ( +2.35 m/s 2 )ˆj.

(c) The time it takes for the coin to reach the ceiling is

2h 2(2.20 m)
t= = = 1.37 s.
arel 2.35 m/s 2

(d) Since gravity is the only force acting on the coin, the actual force on the coin is
  
Fcoin = macoin = mg = (0.567 × 10 −3 kg)( −9.8 m/s 2 )ˆj = ( −5.56 × 10 −3 N)j.
ˆ

(e) In the customer’s frame, the coin travels upward at a constant acceleration.
Therefore, the apparent force on the coin is
 
Fapp = marel = (0.567 × 10 −3 kg)( +2.35 m/s 2 )ˆj = ( +1.33 ×10 −3 N)j.
ˆ
CHAPTER 5 223

23. We note that the rope is 22.0° from vertical, and therefore 68.0° from horizontal.

(a) With T = 760 N, its components are


T = T cos 68.0°ˆi + T sin 68.0°ˆj = (285 N)iˆ + (705 N)ˆj.

(b) With him no longer in contact with the cliff, the only force on Tarzan is due to
gravity (his weight). Thus,
  
Fnet = T +W = (285 N)iˆ + (705 N)jˆ − (820 N)ˆj = (285 N)iˆ − (115 N)ˆj.

(c) In a manner that is efficiently implemented on a vector-capable calculator, we

convert from rectangular (x, y) components to magnitude-angle notation:

Fnet = ( 285, −115 ) → ( 307 ∠ − 22.0° )

so that the net force has a magnitude of 307 N.

(d) The angle (see part (c)) is −22.0°, or 22.0° below horizontal (away from the cliff).
 
(e) Since a = Fnet m , where m = W/g = 83.7 kg, we obtain a = 3.67 m s 2 .

 
(f) Eq. 5.1.1 requires that a  Fnet , the angle is also −22.0°, or 22.0° below horizontal
(away from the cliff).

24. We take rightward as the +x direction. Thus, F1 = (20 N )iˆ . In each case, we use
  
Newton’s second law F1 + F2 = ma , where m = 2.0 kg.

 
(a) If a = ( +10 m/s 2 )iˆ , then the equation above gives F2 = 0.

 
(b) If a = ( +20 m/s 2 )iˆ, then that equation gives F2 = (20 N)i.
ˆ

 
ˆ
(c) If a = 0, then the equation gives F2 = ( −20 N)i.

 
(d) If a = ( −10 m/s 2 )ˆi, the equation gives F2 = ( −40 N)i.
ˆ

 
ˆ the equation gives F = ( −60 N)i.
(e) If a = ( −20 m/s 2 )i, ˆ
2
224 CHAPTER 5

25. (a) The acceleration is

F 20 N
a= = = 0.022 m s 2 .
m 900 kg

(b) The distance traveled in 1 day (= 86 400 s) is

s = at 2 = ( 0.0222 m s 2 ) ( 86 400 s ) = 8.3 ×107 m.

1 1 2

2 2

(c) The speed is

v = at = ( 0.0222 m s 2 ) ( 86 400 s ) = 1.9 × 103 m s.

26. Some assumptions (not so much for realism but rather in the interest of using the
given information efficiently) are needed in this calculation: We assume the fishing
line and the path of the salmon are horizontal. Thus, the weight of the fish
contributes only (via Eq. 5.2.5) to information about its mass (m = W/g = 8.7 kg).
Our x axis is in the direction of the salmon’s velocity (away from the fisherman), so
its acceleration (‘‘deceleration”) is negative and the force of tension is in the –x

direction: T = −T î. We use Eq. 2.4.6 and SI units (noting that v = 0):

v02 (2.8 m/s)2

v 2 = v02 + 2aΔx  a = − =− = −36 m/s 2 .
2 Δx 2 ( 0.11 m )

Assuming there are no significant horizontal forces other than the tension, Eq. 5.1.1
leads to
 
T = ma  − T = ( 8.7 kg ) ( −36 m s 2 ) ,

which results in T = 3.1 × 102 N.

27. THINK An electron moving horizontally is under the influence of a vertical

electric force. Its path will be deflected toward the direction of the applied force.

EXPRESS The setup is shown in the figure. The acceleration of the electron is
vertical, and for all practical purposes, the only force acting on it is the electric force
because the force of gravity is negligible. We take the +x direction to be the direction
of the initial velocity v0 and the +y direction to be in the direction of the electric
force, and we place the origin at the initial position of the electron.
CHAPTER 5 225

Since the force and acceleration are constant, we use the equations from Table 2.4.1:
x = v0t and

1 1 F 
y = at 2 =   t 2 .
2 2 m

ANALYZE The time taken by the electron to travel a distance x (= 30 mm)

horizontally is t = x/v0, and its deflection in the direction of the force is

2 2
1 F  x  1  4.5 × 10 −16 N  30 × 10 −3 m  −3
y=   =  −31   = 1.5 × 10 m.
2 m  v0  2  9.11 × 10 kg  1.2 × 10 m/s 
7

LEARN Since the applied force is constant, the acceleration in the y direction is also
constant and the path is parabolic because y depends on x 2.

28. The stopping force F and the path of the car are horizontal. Thus, the weight of
the car contributes only (via Eq. 5.2.5) to information about its mass (m = W/g =
1327 kg). Our +x axis is in the direction of the car’s velocity, so that its acceleration
(‘‘deceleration”) has a negative value and the stopping force is in the –x direction:

F = − F î.

(a) We use Eq. 2.4.6 and SI units (noting that v = 0 and v0 = 40(1000/3600) = 11.1
m/s):

v02 (11.1 m/s)2

v 2 = v02 + 2a Δx  a = − =− ,
2 Δx 2 (15 m )

which yields a = – 4.12 m/s2. Assuming there are no significant horizontal forces
other than the stopping force, Eq. 5.1.1 leads to
 
F = ma  − F = (1327 kg ) ( −4.12 m s 2 ) ,

which results in F = 5.5 × 103 N.

(b) Equation 2.4.1 readily yields t = –v0/a = 2.7 s.

(c) Keeping F the same means keeping a the same, in which case (since v = 0)
Eq. 2.4.6 expresses a direct proportionality between Δx and v02 . Therefore, doubling v0
means quadrupling Δx. That is, the new over the old stopping distances is a factor of 4.0.
226 CHAPTER 5

(d) Equation 2.4.1 illustrates a direct proportionality between t and v0 so that

doubling one means doubling the other. That is, the new time of stopping is a factor
of 2.0 greater than the one found in part (b).

29. We choose up as the +y direction, so a = ( −3.00 m/s 2 )ˆj (which, without the unit
vector, we denote as a since this is a one-dimensional problem in which Table 2.4.1
applies). From Eq. 5.2.5, we obtain the firefighter’s mass: m = W/g = 72.7 kg.

(a) We denote the force exerted by the pole on the firefighter Ffp = Ffp ˆj and apply
 
Eq. 5.1.1. Since Fnet = ma , we have

Ffp − Fg = ma  Ffp − 712 N = (72.7 kg)( −3.00 m/s 2 ),

which yields Ffp = 494 N.


(b) The fact that the result is positive means Ffp points up.
 
(c) Newton’s third law indicates Ffp = − Fpf , which leads to the conclusion that

| Fpf | = 494 N.

(d) The direction of Fpf is down.

30. The stopping force F and the path of the toothpick are horizontal. Our x axis is in
the direction of the toothpick’s motion, so the toothpick’s acceleration (‘‘deceleration”)

has a negative value and the stopping force is in the –x direction: F = − F î. Using
Eq. 2.4.6 with v0 = 220 m/s and v = 0, the acceleration is

v02 (220 m/s)2

v 2 = v02 + 2aΔx  a = − =− = −1.61× 106 m/s 2 .
2 Δx 2 ( 0.015 m )

Thus, the magnitude of the force exerted by the branch on the toothpick is

F = m | a | = (1.3 × 10 −4 kg)(1.61× 106 m/s 2 ) = 2.1× 10 2 N.

31. THINK In this problem we analyze the motion of a block sliding up an inclined
plane and back down.

EXPRESS The free-body diagram is shown below. FN is the normal force of the

plane on the block and mg is the force of gravity on the block. We take the x
direction to be up the incline, and the +y direction to be in the direction of the
normal force on the block from the inclined plane.
CHAPTER 5 227

Newton’s second law applied along the x axis is then mg sin θ = −ma; thus, the
acceleration is a = −g sin θ. We place the origin at the bottom of the plane. The
constant-acceleration equations (Table 2.4.1) for motion along the x axis that we
will use are v 2 = v02 + 2ax and v = v0 + at. The block momentarily stops at its highest
point, where v = 0; according to the second equation, this occurs at time t = −v0 a .

ANALYZE (a) The position where the block stops is

1 
2
1  −v  1  −v  1 v02 (3.50 m/s)2
x = v0t + at 2 = v0  0  + a  0  = − =−   =1.18 m.
2  a  2  a  2 a 2  −(9.8 m/s )sin 32.0° 
2

(b) The time the block takes to get there is

v0 v0 3.50 m/s
t= =− =− = 0.674 s.
a − g sin θ −(9.8 m/s 2 )sin 32.0°

(c) That the return speed is identical to the initial speed is to be expected since there
are no friction forces in this problem. In order to prove that the speeds are identical,
1
one approach is to set x = 0 and solve x = v0t + at 2 for the total time t (up and back
2
down). The result is

2v0 2v0 2 ( 3.50 m/s )

t=− =− =− = 1.35 s.
a − g sin θ −(9.8 m/s 2 )sin 32.0°

The velocity of the block when it returns is therefore

v = v0 + at = v0 − gt sin θ = 3.50 m/s − (9.8 m/s 2 ) (1.35 s ) sin32° = −3.50 m/s.

The negative sign indicates the direction is down the plane.

LEARN As expected, the speed of the block when it gets back to the bottom of the
incline is the same as its initial speed. As we shall see in Chapter 8, this is a
consequence of energy conservation. If friction is present, then the return speed will
be smaller than the initial speed.
228 CHAPTER 5


32. (a) Using notation suitable to a vector-capable calculator, the Fnet = 0 condition
becomes
   
F1 + F2 + F3 = (6.00 ∠ 150º) + (7.00 ∠ −60.0º) + F3 = 0.

Thus, F3 = (1.70 N) î + (3.06 N )ˆj.

(b) A constant velocity condition requires zero acceleration, so the answer is the same.

(c) Now, the acceleration is


a = (13.0 m/s 2 )iˆ − (14.0 m/s 2 )ˆj.
 
Using Fnet = ma (with m = 0.025 kg), we now obtain

F3 = (2.02 N)iˆ + (2.71 N)ˆj.

33. The free-body diagram is shown below. Let T be the tension of the cable and

mg be the force of gravity. If the upward direction is positive, then Newton’s second
law is T – mg = ma, where a is the acceleration.

Thus, the tension is T = m(g + a). We use constant-acceleration equations (Table 2.4.1)
to find the acceleration (where v = 0 is the final velocity, v0 = – 12 m/s is the initial
velocity, and y = − 42 m is the coordinate at the stopping point). Consequently,
v 2 = v02 + 2ay leads to

( − 12 m/s ) = 1.71 m/s 2 .

2
v02
a =− =−
2y 2 ( − 42 m )

We now return to calculate the tension:

T = m( g + a)
= (1600 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 + 1.71 m/s 2 )
= 1.8 × 10 4 N.

34. We resolve this horizontal force into appropriate components.

(a) Newton’s second law applied to the x axis

produces

F cos θ − mg sin θ = ma.

For a = 0, this yields F = 566 N.

CHAPTER 5 229

(b) Applying Newton’s second law to the y axis (where there is no acceleration), we
have

FN − F sin θ − mg cos θ = 0,

which yields the normal force FN = 1.13 × 103 N.

35. The acceleration vector as a function of time is


 dv d
a= =
dt dt
( )
8.00tˆi + 3.00t 2 ˆj m/s = (8.00iˆ + 6.00tˆj) m/s 2 .

(a) The magnitude of the force acting on the particle is


F = ma = m | a | = (3.00) (8.00)2 + (6.00t )2 = (3.00) 64.0 + 36.0t 2 N.

Thus, F = 35.0 N corresponds to t = 1.415 s, and the acceleration vector at this

instant is


a = [8.00 ˆi + 6.00(1.415) ˆj]m/s 2 = (8.00 m/s 2 )iˆ + (8.49 m/s 2 )ˆj.

The angle a makes with the x axis is

 ay  −1  8.49 m/s 
2
θ a = tan −1   = tan  2 
= 46.7°.
 ax   8.00 m/s 

(b) The velocity vector at t = 1.415 s is


v = 8.00(1.415) ˆi + 3.00(1.415)2 ˆj m/s = (11.3 m/s) ˆi + (6.01 m/s)ˆj.
 

Therefore, the angle v makes with the x axis is

 vy  −1  6.01 m/s 
θv = tan−1   = tan   = 28.0°.
 vx   11.3 m/s 

36. (a) Constant velocity implies zero acceleration, so the “uphill” force must equal
(in magnitude) the “downhill” force: T = mg sin θ. Thus, with m = 50 kg and
θ = 8.0°, the tension in the rope equals 68 N.
230 CHAPTER 5

(b) With an uphill acceleration of 0.10 m/s2, Newton’s second law (applied to the x
axis) yields

T − mg sin θ = ma  T − ( 50 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) sin8.0° = (50 kg ) ( 0.10 m/s 2 ) ,

which leads to T = 73 N.

37. (a) Since friction is negligible the force of the girl is the only horizontal force on
the sled. The vertical forces (the force of gravity and the normal force of the ice) sum
to zero. The acceleration of the sled is

F 5.2 N
as = = = 0.62 m s 2 .
ms 8.4 kg

(b) According to Newton’s third law, the force of the sled on the girl is also 5.2 N.
Her acceleration is

F 5.2 N
ag = = = 0.13 m s 2 .
mg 40 kg

(c) The accelerations of the sled and girl are in opposite directions. Assuming the girl
starts at the origin and moves in the +x direction, her coordinate is given by
1
xg = ag t 2 . The sled starts at x0 = 15 m and moves in the –x direction. Its coordinate
2
1
is given by xs = x0 − ast 2 . They meet when xg = xs , or
2

1 2 1
ag t = x0 − ast 2 .
2 2

This occurs at time

2 x0
t= .
ag + as

By then, the girl has gone the distance

1 2 x0 ag (15 m ) ( 0.13 m/s2 )

xg = a g t = = = 2.6 m.
2 ag + as 0.13 m/s 2 + 0.62 m/s 2
CHAPTER 5 231

38. We label the 40 kg skier “m,” which is represented as a block in the figure shown.

The force of the wind is denoted Fw and might be either “uphill” or “downhill” (it is
shown uphill in our sketch). The incline angle θ is 10°. The −x direction is downhill.

(a) Constant velocity implies zero acceleration; thus, application of Newton’s second
law along the x axis leads to mg sin θ − Fw = 0. This yields Fw = 68 N (uphill).

(b) Given our coordinate choice, we have a = | a | = 1.0 m/s2. Newton’s second law

mg sin θ − Fw = ma

now leads to Fw = 28 N (uphill).

(c) Continuing with the forces as shown in our figure, the equation

mg sin θ − Fw = ma

will lead to Fw = –12 N when | a | = 2.0 m/s2. This simply tells us

that the wind is opposite to the direction shown in our sketch;

in other words, Fw = 12 N downhill.

39. The solutions to parts (a) and (b) have been combined here.
The free-body diagram is shown here, with the tension of the
  
string T , the force of gravity mg , and the force of the air F .
Our coordinate system is shown. Since the sphere is motionless,
the net force on it is zero, and the x and the y components of
the equations are:

T sin θ – F = 0
T cos θ – mg = 0,

where θ = 37°. We answer the questions in the reverse order. Solving T cos θ – mg =
0 for the tension, we obtain

T = mg/cos θ = (3.0 × 10–4 kg) (9.8 m/s2) / cos 37° = 3.7 × 10–3 N.
232 CHAPTER 5

Solving T sin θ – F = 0 for the force of the air:

F = T sin θ = (3.7 × 10–3 N) sin 37° = 2.2 × 10–3 N.

40. The acceleration of an object (neither pushed nor pulled by any force other than
gravity) on a smooth inclined plane of angle θ is a = –g sinθ. The slope of the graph
shown with the problem statement indicates a = –2.50 m/s2. Therefore, we find
θ = 14.8° . Examining the forces perpendicular to the incline (which must sum to zero
since there is no component of acceleration in this direction), we find FN = mgcosθ,
where m = 5.00 kg. Thus, the normal (perpendicular) force exerted at the box/ramp
interface is 47.4 N.

41. The mass of the bundle is m = (449 N)/(9.80 m/s2) = 45.8 kg, and we choose +y
upward.

(a) Newton’s second law, applied to the bundle, leads to

387 N − 449 N
T − mg = ma  a = ,
45.8 kg

which yields a = –1.4 m/s2 (or | a | = 1.4 m/s2) for the acceleration. The minus sign in
the result indicates the acceleration vector points down. Any downward acceleration
of magnitude greater than this is also acceptable (since that would lead to even
smaller values of tension).

(b) We use Eq. 2.4.6 (with Δx replaced by Δy = –6.1 m). We assume ν0 = 0:

v = 2a Δy = 2 ( −1.35 m/s 2 ) ( −6.1 m ) = 4.1 m/s.

For downward accelerations greater than 1.4 m/s2, the speeds at impact will be larger
than 4.1 m/s.

42. The direction of motion (the direction of the barge’s acceleration) is + î , and + j

is chosen so that the pull Fh from the horse is in the first quadrant. The components
of the unknown force of the water are denoted simply Fx and Fy.

(a) Newton’s second law applied to the barge, in the x and y directions, leads to

( 7900 N ) cos 18° + Fx = ma

( 7900 N ) sin 18° + Fy = 0,
CHAPTER 5 233

respectively. Plugging in a = 0.12 m/s2 and m = 9500 kg, we obtain Fx = − 6.4 × 103 N
and Fy = − 2.4 × 103 N. The magnitude of the force of the water is therefore

Fwater = Fx2 + Fy2 = 6.8 × 103 N.

(b) The angle measured from + î is either

 Fy 
tan −1   = +21° or 201°.
 Fx 

The signs of the components indicate the latter is correct, so Fwater is at 201°
measured counterclockwise from the line of motion (x axis).

43. THINK A chain of five links is accelerated vertically upward by an external

force. We are interested in the forces exerted by one link on its adjacent one.

EXPRESS The links are numbered from bottom to top. As shown in the leftmost
free-body diagram, the forces on the first link are the downward gravitational force
and the upward force from link 2 (read the subscript as “force on 1 due to 2”). Take
the positive direction to be upward. Then Newton’s second law for the first link is
F12 − m1 g = m1a. The equations for the other links can be written in a similar manner.

ANALYZE (a) Given that a = 2.50 m/s 2 , from F12 − m1 g = m1a, the force exerted by
link 2 on link 1 is

F12 = m1 ( a + g ) = (0.100 kg)(2.5 m/s 2 + 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 1.23 N.

(b) From the second free-body diagram, we see that the forces on the second link are
 
the force of gravity m2 g , downward, the force F21 of link 1, downward, and the
 
force F23 of link 3, upward. According to Newton’s third law, F21 has the same

magnitude as F12 . Newton’s second law for the second link gives us

F23 − F21 − m2 g = m2 a
234 CHAPTER 5

F23 = m2(a + g) + F21 = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 1.23 N = 2.46 N.

(c) For link 3 we find

F34 – F32 – m3g = m3a

F34 = m3(a + g) + F32 = (0.100 N) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 2.46 N = 3.69 N,

where F32 = F23 (since these are magnitudes of the force vectors).

(d) For link 4 we find

F45 – F43 – m4g = m4a

F45 = m4(a + g) + F43 = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 3.69 N = 4.92 N,

where F43 = F34.

(e) For the top link, we find

F – F54 – m5g = m5a

F = m5(a + g) + F54 = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 4.92 N = 6.15 N,

where F54 = F45 by Newton’s third law.

(f) Each link has the same mass ( m1 = m2 = m3 = m4 = m5 = m ) and the same
acceleration, so the same net force acts on each of them:

Fnet = ma = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2) = 0.250 N.

LEARN In solving this problem, we have used both Newton’s second and third
laws. Each pair of links constitutes a third-law force pair.

44. (a) The term “deceleration” means the acceleration vector is in the direction
opposite to the velocity vector (which the problem tells us is downward). Thus (with
+y upward) the acceleration is a = +2.4 m/s2. Newton’s second law leads to

T
T − mg = ma  m = ,
g +a

which yields m = 7.3 kg for the mass.

CHAPTER 5 235

(b) Repeating the above computation (now to solve for the tension) with a = +2.4
m/s2 will, of course, lead us right back to T = 89 N. Since the direction of the velocity
did not enter our computation, this is to be expected.

45. (a) The mass of the elevator is m = (27800/9.80) = 2837 kg and (with +y upward)
the acceleration is a = +1.22 m/s2. Newton’s second law leads to

T − mg = ma  T = m ( g + a ) ,

which yields T = 3.13 × 104 N for the tension.

(b) The term “deceleration” means the acceleration vector is in the direction
opposite the velocity vector (which the problem tells us is upward). Thus (with +y
upward) the acceleration is now a = –1.22 m/s2, so the tension is

T = m (g + a) = 2.43 × 104 N.

46. With ace meaning “the acceleration of the coin relative to the elevator” and aeg
meaning “the acceleration of the elevator relative to the ground,” we have

ace + aeg = acg  –8.00 m/s2 + aeg = –9.80 m/s2,

which leads to aeg = –1.80 m/s2. We have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
Then Newton’s second law (in the “ground” reference frame) yields T – m g = m aeg,
or

T = m g + m aeg = m(g + aeg) = (2000 kg)(8.00 m/s2) = 16.0 kN.

47. Using Eq. 4.4.8, the launch speed of the projectile is

gR (9.8 m/s 2 )(69 m)

v0 = = = 26.52 m/s.
sin 2θ sin 2(53°)

The horizontal and vertical components of the speed are

vx = v0 cos θ = (26.52 m/s) cos 53° = 15.96 m/s

vy = v0 sin θ = (26.52 m/s)sin53° = 21.18 m/s.

Since the acceleration is constant, we can use Eq. 2.4.6 to analyze the motion. The
component of the acceleration in the horizontal direction is

vx2 (15.96 m/s)2

ax = = = 40.7 m/s 2 ,
2 x 2(5.2 m) cos 53°
236 CHAPTER 5

and the force component is

Fx = max = (85 kg)(40.7 m/s 2 ) = 3460 N.

Similarly, in the vertical direction, we have

vy2 (21.18 m/s)2

ay = = = 54.0 m/s 2 ,
2y 2(5.2 m)sin53°

and the force component is

Fy = may + mg = (85 kg)(54.0 m/s 2 + 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 5424 N.

Thus, the magnitude of the force is

F = Fx2 + Fy2 = (3460 N)2 + (5424 N)2 = 6434 N ≈ 6.4 ×103 N,

to two significant figures.

48. Applying Newton’s second law to cab B (of mass m), we have

T
a= − g = 4.89 m/s2.
m

Next, we apply it to the box (of mass mb) to find the normal force:

FN = mb(g + a) = 176 N.

49. The free-body diagram (not to scale) for the block is


shown here. FN is the normal force exerted by the floor and

mg is the force of gravity.

(a) The x component of Newton’s second law is F cosθ = ma,

where m is the mass of the block and a is the x component of
its acceleration. We obtain

F cos θ (12.0 N) cos 25.0°

a= = = 2.18 m/s 2 .
m 5.00 kg
CHAPTER 5 237

This is its acceleration provided it remains in contact with the floor. Assuming it
does, we find the value of FN (and if FN is positive, then the assumption is true but if
FN is negative then the block leaves the floor). The y component of Newton’s second
law becomes

FN + F sinθ – mg = 0,

so

FN = mg – F sinθ = (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) – (12.0 N) sin 25.0° = 43.9 N.

Hence the block remains on the floor, and its acceleration is a = 2.18 m/s2.

(b) If F is the minimum force for which the block leaves the floor, then FN = 0 and
the y component of the acceleration vanishes. The y component of the second law
becomes

mg ( 5.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s )

2

F sinθ – mg = 0  F= = = 116 N.
sin θ sin 25.0°

(c) The acceleration is still in the x direction and is still given by the equation
developed in part (a):

F cos θ (116 N) cos 25.0°

a= = = 21.0 m/s 2 .
m 5.00 kg

50. (a) The net force on the system (of total mass M = 80.0 kg) is the force of gravity
acting on the total overhanging mass (mBC = 50.0 kg). The magnitude of the
acceleration is therefore a = (mBCg)/M = 6.125 m/s2. Next we apply Newton’s second
law to block C itself (choosing down as the +y direction) and obtain

mC g – TBC = mC a.

This leads to TBC = 36.8 N.

1 2
(b) We use Eq. 2.4.5 (choosing rightward as the +x direction): Δx = 0 + at = 0.191 m.
2

51. The free-body diagrams for m1 and m2 are shown in the figures here. The only

forces on the blocks are the upward tension T and the downward gravitational
 
forces F1 = m1 g and F2 = m2 g . Applying Newton’s second law, we obtain:
238 CHAPTER 5

T − m1 g = m1a
m2 g − T = m2 a,

which can be solved to yield

 m − m1 
a= 2  g.
 2
m + m1 

Substituting the result back, we have

 2 m1m2 
T =  g.
 m1 + m2 

(a) With m1 = 1.3 kg and m2 = 2.8 kg , the acceleration is

 2.80 kg − 1.30 kg 
a=  (9.80 m/s ) = 3.59 m/s ≈ 3.6 m/s .
2 2 2

 2.80 kg + 1.30 kg 

(b) Similarly, the tension in the cord is

2(1.30 kg)(2.80 kg)

T= (9.80 m/s 2 ) = 17.4 N ≈ 17 N.
1.30 kg + 2.80 kg

52. Viewing the man-rope-sandbag as a system means that we should be careful to

choose a consistent positive direction of motion (though there are other ways to
proceed by, say, starting with individual application of Newton’s law to each mass).
We take down as positive for the man’s motion and up as positive for the sandbag’s
motion and, without ambiguity, denote their acceleration as a. The net force on the
system is the different between the weight of the man and that of the sandbag. The
system mass is msys = 85 kg + 65 kg = 150 kg. Thus, Eq. 5.1.1 leads to

(85 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) − (65 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = msys a,

which yields a = 1.3 m/s2. Since the system starts from rest, Eq. 2.4.6 determines the
speed (after traveling Δ y = 10 m) as follows:

v = 2a Δy = 2(1.3 m/s 2 )(10 m) = 5.1 m/s.

53. We apply Newton’s second law first to the three blocks as a single system and
then to the individual blocks. The +x direction is to the right in Fig. 5.31.
CHAPTER 5 239

(a) With msys = m1 + m2 + m3 = 67.0 kg, we apply Eq. 5.1.2 to the x motion of the
 
system, in which case, there is only one force T3 = +T3 î . Therefore,

T3 = msys a  65.0 N = (67.0 kg)a,

which yields a = 0.970 m/s2 for the system (and for each of the blocks individually).

(b) Applying Eq. 5.1.2 to block 1, we find

T1 = m1a = (12.0 kg ) ( 0.970 m/s 2 ) = 11.6 N.

(c) In order to find T2, we can either analyze the forces on block 3 or we can treat
blocks 1 and 2 as a system and examine its forces. We choose the latter:

T2 = ( m1 + m2 ) a = (12.0 kg + 24.0 kg ) ( 0.970 m/s 2 ) = 34.9 N.

54. First, we consider all the penguins (1 through 4, counting left to right) as one
system, to which we apply Newton’s second law:

T4 = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 ) a  222 N = (12 kg + m2 + 15 kg + 20 kg ) a.

Second, we consider penguins 3 and 4 as one system, for which we have

T4 − T2 = ( m3 + m4 ) a
111 N = (15 kg + 20 kg ) a  a = 3.2 m/s 2.

Substituting the value into the equation for T4, we obtain m2 = 23 kg.

55. THINK In this problem a horizontal force is applied to block 1, which then
pushes against block 2. Both blocks move together as a rigid connected system.

EXPRESS The free-body diagrams for the two blocks in (a) are shown below. F is
 
the applied force and F21 is the force exerted by block 1 on block 2. We note that F
 
is applied directly to block 1 and that block 2 exerts a force F12 = − F21 on block 1
(taking Newton’s third law into account).
240 CHAPTER 5

Newton’s second law for block 1 is F − F12 = m1a, where a is the acceleration. The
second law for block 2 is F21 = m2 a. Since the blocks move together, they have the
same acceleration and the same symbol is used in the equations.

ANALYZE (a) From the second equation, we obtain the expression a = F21 /m2 ,
which we substitute into the first equation to get F − F12 = m1F21 /m2 . Since F12 = F21
(same magnitude for third-law force pair), we obtain

m2 1.2 kg
F12 = F21 = F= ( 3.2 N ) = 1.1 N.
m1 + m2 2.3 kg + 1.2 kg

(b) If F is applied to block 2 instead of block 1 and in the opposite direction, the
free-body diagrams would be the following:

The corresponding force of contact between the blocks would be

m1 2.3 kg
F12′ = F21′ = F = (3.2 N ) = 2.1 N.
m1 + m2 2.3 kg + 1.2 kg

(c) We note that the acceleration of the blocks is the same in the two cases. In part
(a), the force F21 is the only horizontal force on the block of mass m2 and in part (b)
F12′ is the only horizontal force on the block with m1 > m2. Since F21 = m2 a in part (a)
and F12′ = m1a in part (b), then for the accelerations to be the same, F12′ > F21 , that is,
force between the blocks must be larger in part (b).

LEARN This problem demonstrates that when two blocks are being accelerated
together under an external force, the contact force between the two blocks is greater
if the smaller mass is pushing against the bigger one, as in part (b). In the special
case where the two masses are equal, m1 = m2 = m, F12′ = F12 = F /2.

56. Both situations involve the same applied force and the same total mass, so the
accelerations must be the same.
CHAPTER 5 241

(a) The (direct) force causing B to have this acceleration in the first figure is twice as
big as the (direct) force causing A to have that acceleration. Therefore, B has the
twice the mass of A. Since their total is given as 12.0 kg, then B has a mass of mB =
8.00 kg and A has mass mA = 4.00 kg. Considering the first figure, (20.0 N)/(8.00 kg)
= 2.50 m/s2. Of course, the same result comes from considering the second figure
((10.0 N)/(4.00 kg) = 2.50 m/s2).

(b) Fa = (12.0 kg)(2.50 m/s2) = 30.0 N

57. The free-body diagram for each block is shown below. T is the tension in the
cord and θ = 30° is the angle of the incline. For block 1, we take the +x direction to

be up the incline and the +y direction to be in the direction of the normal force FN
that the plane exerts on the block. For block 2, we take the +y direction to be down.
In this way, the accelerations of the two blocks can be represented by the same
symbol a, without ambiguity. Applying Newton’s second law to the x and y axes for
block 1 and to the y axis of block 2, we obtain

T − m1 g sin θ = m1a
FN − m1 g cos θ = 0
m2 g − T = m2 a,

respectively. The first and third of these equations provide a simultaneous set for
obtaining values of a and T. The second equation is not needed in this problem,
since the normal force is neither asked for nor is it needed as part of some further
computation (such as can occur in formulas for friction).

(a) We add the first and third equations:

m2g – m1g sin θ = m1a + m2a.

Consequently, we find

( m2 − m1 sin θ ) g [2.30 kg − (3.70 kg)sin 30.0°] ( 9.80 m/s 2 )

a= = = 0.735 m/s 2 .
m1 + m2 3.70 kg + 2.30 kg

(b) The result for a is positive, indicating that the acceleration of block 1 is indeed up
the incline and that the acceleration of block 2 is vertically down.
242 CHAPTER 5

(c) The tension in the cord is

T = m1a + m1 g sin θ = ( 3.70 kg ) ( 0.735 m/s 2 ) + ( 3.70 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) sin30.0° = 20.8 N.

58. The motion of the man-and-chair is positive if upward.

(a) When the man is grasping the rope, pulling with a force equal to the tension T in
the rope, the total upward force on the man-and-chair due its two contact points
with the rope is 2T. Thus, Newton’s second law leads to

2T − mg = ma

so that when a = 0, the tension is T = 466 N.

(b) When a = +1.30 m/s2 the equation in part (a) predicts that the tension will be
T = 527 N.

(c) When the man is not holding the rope (instead, the coworker on the ground is
pulling on the rope with a force equal to the tension T in it), there is only one
contact point between the rope and the man-and-chair, and Newton’s second law
now leads to

T − mg = ma

so that when a = 0, the tension is T = 931 N.

(d) When a = +1.30 m/s2, the equation in (c) yields T = 1.05 × 103 N.

(e) The rope pulls downward on the left and right sides of the pulley, producing a
total downward force of magnitude 2T on the ceiling. Thus, in part (a) this gives 2T
= 931 N.

(f) In part (b) the downward force on the ceiling has magnitude 2T = 1.05 × 103 N.

(g) In part (c) the downward force on the ceiling has magnitude 2T = 1.86 × 103 N.

(h) In part (d) the downward force on the ceiling has magnitude 2T = 2.11 × 103 N.

59. THINK This problem involves the application of Newton’s third law. As the
monkey climbs up the rope, it pulls downward on the rope and the rope pulls
upward on the monkey.
CHAPTER 5 243

EXPRESS We take +y direction to be up for both the monkey and the package. The
force with which the monkey pulls downward on the rope has magnitude F.
According to Newton’s third law, the rope pulls upward on the monkey with a force
of the same magnitude, so Newton’s second law for forces acting on the monkey
leads to

F – mmg = mmam,

where mm is the monkey’s mass and am is its acceleration.

Since the rope is massless, F = T is the tension in the rope.
The rope pulls upward on the package with a force of
magnitude F, so Newton’s second law for the package is

F + FN – mpg = mpap,

where mp is the mass of the package, ap is its acceleration, and FN is the normal force
on it from the ground. The free-body diagrams for the monkey and the package are
shown in the figure (not to scale).
Now, if F is the minimum force required to lift the package, then FN = 0 and ap = 0.
According to the second-law equation for the package, this means F = mpg.

ANALYZE (a) Substituting mpg for F in the equation for the monkey, we solve for
am:

F − mm g ( m p − mm ) g (15 kg − 10 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s ) = 4.9 m/s .

2

am = = = 2

mm mm 10 kg

(b) As discussed, Newton’s second law leads to F − mp g = mp a′p for the package and
F − mm g = mm am′ for the monkey. If the acceleration of the package is downward,
then the acceleration of the monkey is upward, so am′ = −a′p . Solving the first
equation for F,

F = mp ( g + a′p ) = mp ( g − am′ ) ,

and substituting this result into the second equation yield

mp ( g − am′ ) − mm g = mm am′ .

We solve for am′ :

(m − mm ) g (15 kg − 10 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s2 )

am′ =
p
= = 2.0 m/s 2.
mp + mm 15 kg + 10 kg
244 CHAPTER 5

(c) The result is positive, indicating that the acceleration of the monkey is upward.

(d) Solving the second-law equation for the package, the tension in the rope is

F = mp ( g − am′ ) = (15 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 − 2.0 m/s 2 ) = 1.2 ×10 2 N.

LEARN The situations described in (b)–(d) are similar to that of an Atwood

machine. With mp > mm , the package accelerates downward, while the monkey
accelerates upward.

60. The horizontal component of the acceleration is determined by the net horizontal
force.

(a) If the rate of change of the angle is

dθ  π rad 
= (2.00 × 10 −2 )° / s = (2.00 ×10 −2 )° / s ⋅  −4
 = 3.49 ×10 rad/s ,
dt  180 ° 

then, using Fx = F cos θ , we find the rate of change of acceleration to be

dax d  F cos θ  F sin θ dθ (20.0 N)sin 25.0°

= 
dt dt  m
=−
 m dt
=−
5.00 kg
( 3.49 × 10 −4 rad/s )

= −5.90 × 10 −4 m/s3 .

(b) If the rate of change of the angle is

dθ  π rad 
= −(2.00 ×10 −2 )° / s = −(2.00 × 10 −2 )° / s ⋅  −4
 = −3.49 ×10 rad/s ,
dt  180° 

then the rate of change of acceleration would be

dax d  F cos θ  F sin θ dθ (20.0 N)sin 25.0°

= 
dt dt  m
=−
 m dt
=−
5.00 kg
( −3.49 × 10 −4 rad/s )

= +5.90 × 10 −4 m/s3 .

61. THINK As more mass is thrown out of the hot-air balloon, its upward
acceleration increases.
CHAPTER 5 245


EXPRESS The forces on the balloon are the force of gravity mg (down) and the

force of the air Fa (up). We take the +y direction to be up and use a to mean the
magnitude of the acceleration. When the mass is M (before the ballast is thrown out),
the acceleration is downward and Newton’s second law is

Mg − Fa = Ma.

After the ballast is thrown out, the mass is M – m (where m is the mass of the ballast)
and the acceleration is now upward. Newton’s second law leads to

Fa – (M – m)g = (M – m)a.

Combining the two equations allows us to solve for m.

ANALYZE The first equation gives Fa = M(g – a), and this plugs into the new
equation to give

M ( g − a ) − (M − m) g = (M − m) a
2Ma
m= .
g+a

LEARN More generally, if a ballast mass m′ is tossed, the resulting acceleration is

a′, which is related to m′ by

a′ + a
m′ = M ,
g+a

showing that the more mass thrown out, the greater the upward acceleration. For
a′ = a, we get m′ = 2Ma / ( g + a ), which agrees with what was found.

62. To solve the problem, we note that the acceleration along the slanted path
depends on only the force components along the path, not the components
perpendicular to the path.

(a) From the free-body diagram shown, we see that the net force on the shot along
the x axis is
246 CHAPTER 5

Fnet,x = F − mg sin θ = 380.0 N − (7.260 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )sin30° = 344.4 N,

which in turn gives

ax = Fnet,x / m = (344.4 N) / (7.260 kg) = 47.44 m/s 2 .

Using Eq. 2.4.6 for constant-acceleration motion, the speed of the shot at the end of
the acceleration phase is

v = v02 + 2ax Δx = (2.500 m/s)2 + 2(47.44 m/s 2 )(1.650 m) = 12.76 m/s.

(b) If θ = 42°, then

F − mg sin θ 380.0 N − (7.260 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )sin 42.00°

Fnet,x
ax = = = = 45.78 m/s 2 ,
m m 7.260 kg

and the final (launch) speed is

v = v02 + 2ax Δx = (2.500 m/s)2 + 2(45.78 m/s 2 )(1.650 m) = 12.54 m/s.

(c) The decrease in launch speed when changing the angle from 30.00° to 42.00° is

12.76 m/s − 12.54 m/s

= 0.0169 = 1.69%.
12.76 m/s

63. (a) The acceleration (which equals F/m in this problem) is the derivative of the
velocity. Thus, the velocity is the integral of F/m, so we find the “area” in the graph
(15 units) and divide by the mass (3) to obtain v – vo = 15/3 = 5. Since vo = 3.0 m/s,
then v = 8.0 m/s.

(b) Our positive answer in part (a) implies v points in the +x direction.

64. The +x direction for m2 = 1.0 kg is “downhill” and the +x direction for m1 = 3.0
kg is rightward; thus, they accelerate with the same sign.

(a) We apply Newton’s second law to the x axis of each box:

CHAPTER 5 247

m2 g sin θ − T = m2 a
F + T = m1a.

Adding the two equations allows us to solve for the acceleration:

m2 g sin θ + F
a= .
m1 + m2

With F = 2.3 N and θ = 30°, we have a = 1.8 m/s2. We plug back in and find T = 3.1 N.

(b) We consider the “critical” case where the F has reached the max value, causing
the tension to vanish. The first of the equations in part (a) shows that a = g sin30° in
this case; thus, a = 4.9 m/s2. This implies (along with T = 0 in the second equation in
part (a)) that

F = (3.0 kg)(4.9 m/s2) = 14.7 N ≈ 15 N

in the critical case.

65. The free-body diagrams for m1 and m2 are shown in the figures. The only forces

on the blocks are the upward tension T and the downward gravitational forces
 
F1 = m1 g and F2 = m2 g . Applying Newton’s second law, we obtain:

T − m1 g = m1a
m2 g − T = m2 a.

which can be solved to give

 m − m1 
a= 2  g.
 m2 + m1 

(a) At t = 0 , m10 = 1.30 kg . With dm1 /dt = −0.200 kg/s, we find the rate of change of
acceleration to be

da da dm1 2 m2 g dm1 2(2.80 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )

2 (
= =− =− −0.200 kg/s ) = 0.653 m/s3 .
dt dm1 dt ( m2 + m10 ) dt
2
(2.80 kg + 1.30 kg)
248 CHAPTER 5

(b) At t = 3.00 s, m1 = m10 + ( dm1 / dt )t = 1.30 kg + ( −0.200 kg/s)(3.00 s) = 0.700 kg, and
the rate of change of acceleration is

da da dm1 2 m2 g dm1 2(2.80 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )

2 (
= =− = − −0.200 kg/s ) = 0.896 m/s3 .
dt dm1 dt ( m2 + m1 ) dt
2
(2.80 kg + 0.700 kg)

(c) The acceleration reaches its maximum value when

0 = m1 = m10 + ( dm1 / dt )t = 1.30 kg + ( −0.200 kg/s)t,

or t = 6.50 s.

66. The free-body diagram is shown here. Newton’s second

law for the mass m for the x direction leads to

T1 − T2 − mg sin θ = ma ,

which gives the difference in the tension in the pull cable:

T1 − T2 = m ( g sin θ + a ) = ( 2800 kg ) (9.8 m/s 2 )sin35° + 0.81 m/s 2  = 1.8 ×10 4 N.

67. First we analyze the entire system with “clockwise” motion considered positive
(i.e., downward is positive for block C, rightward is positive for block B, and
upward is positive for block A): mC g – mA g = Ma (where M = mass of the system =
24.0 kg). This yields an acceleration of

a = g(mC − mA)/M = 1.63 m/s2.

Next we analyze the forces just on block C: mC g – T = mC a. Thus the tension is

T = mC g(2mA + mB)/M = 81.7 N.

68. We first use Eq. 4.4.8 to solve for the launch speed of the shot:

gx 2
y − y0 = (tan θ )x − .
2(v′ cos θ )2

With θ = 34.10°, y0 = 2.11 m, and (x, y ) = (15.90 m,0) , we find the launch speed to
be v′ = 11.85 m/s. During this phase, the acceleration is

v′2 − v02 (11.85 m/s)2 − (2.50 m/s)2

a= = = 40.63 m/s 2 .
2L 2(1.65 m)
CHAPTER 5 249

Since the acceleration along the slanted path depends on only the force components
along the path, not the components perpendicular to the path, the average force on
the shot during the acceleration phase is

F = m( a + g sin θ ) = (7.260 kg)  40.63 m/s 2 + (9.80 m/s 2 )sin34.10°  = 334.8 N.

69. We begin by examining a slightly different problem: similar to this figure but
without the string. The motivation is that if (without the string) block A is found to
accelerate faster (or exactly as fast) as block B, then (returning to the original
problem) the tension in the string is trivially zero. In the absence of the string,

aA = FA /mA = 3.0 m/s2

aB = FB /mB = 4.0 m/s2,

so the trivial case does not occur. We now (with the string) consider the net force on
the system: Ma = FA + FB = 36 N. Since M = 10 kg (the total mass of the system), we
obtain a = 3.6 m/s2. The two forces on block A are FA and T (in the same direction),
so we have

mA a = FA + T  T = 2.4 N.

70. (a) For the 0.50 m drop in “free fall,” Eq. 2.4.6 yields a speed of 3.13 m/s. Using
this as the “initial speed” for the final motion (over 0.02 m) during which his motion
slows at rate “a,” we find the magnitude of his average acceleration from when his
feet first touch the patio until the moment his body stops moving is a = 245 m/s2.

(b) We apply Newton’s second law: Fstop – mg = ma  Fstop = 20.4 kN.

71. (a) The thrust T equals the weight: mg = 4.9×105 N.

(b) Now we write

Fnet = ma
T − mg = ma
T = m( a + g ) = (5.0 × 10 4 kg)(20 m/s 2 + 9.8 m/s 2 )
= 1.5 × 10 6 N.

72. Let’s start with the block because it has only one attached cord. The forces on

the block are the gravitational force Fg (with magnitude Mg) and force T3 from the
attached cord. We can relate these forces to the acceleration of the block via
 
Newton’s second law (Fnet = ma ). Because the forces are both vertical, we choose the
vertical component version of the law to write
250 CHAPTER 5

T3 − Fg = may .

Substituting Mg for Fg and 0 for the block’s acceleration ay, we find

T3 −Mg = M(0) = 0.

This means that the two forces on the block are in equilibrium. Substituting
M = 15.0 kg and g = 9.8 m/s2 and solving for T3 yield

T3 = 147 N.

We can relate the three forces acting on the knot to the acceleration of the knot via
Newton’s second law by writing
   
T1 + T2 + T3 = maK = 0,

where the knot acceleration is zero. These three forces are in equilibrium. Although

we know both magnitude and angle for T3, we know only the angles and not the
 
magnitudes for T1 and T2. With unknowns in two vectors, we cannot solve the
equation for those forces on a vector-capable calculator. Instead we write the
equation in terms of components along the usual x and y axes. For the x axis, we
have

T1x +T2x +T3x = 0.

This becomes

−T1 cos28°+T2 cos47°+ 0 = 0.

Similarly, for the y axis we write

T1y +T2y +T3y = 0,

and then

T1 sin 28° + T2 sin 47° − T3 = 0

T1 sin 28° + T2 sin 47° − 147 N = 0.

We cannot solve either component equation separately because each contains two
unknowns, but we can solve them simultaneously. We find

T1 =104 N and T2 =134 N.

CHAPTER 5 251

73. (a) There are two third-law force pairs:

 
first pair: FHS = −FSH (hand and stick),
 
second pair: FSB = −FBS (stick and block).

The force FHS on the hand from the stick is the force you would feel if the hand were
yours.

(b) This is the force that accelerates the block and stick. To find it, we must first find
the constant acceleration a that this constant force produces:

x − x0 = v0t + 12 at2 ,

with v0 = 0 and x −x0 = d. We find

2d 2(0.77 m)
a= 2
= 2
= 0.533 m/s2 .
t (1.7)

Next, we apply Newton’s second law to the system consisting of the stick and the
block:

FSH = (M + m)a = (33 kg + 3.2 kg)(0.533 m/s2 ) = 19.3 N ≈ 19 N.

(c) We apply Newton’s second law to the block:

FBS = Ma = (33 kg)(0.533 m/s2 ) = 17.6 N ≈ 18 N.


(d) We can find the force in two ways. First, we see that the third-law force pair FSB

and FBS have the same magnitude and write

F = FSH − FSB =19.3 N−17.6 N =1.7 N.

Second, we apply Newton’s second law to the stick alone:

F = ma = (3.2 kg)(0.533 m/s2 ) =1.7 N.

252 CHAPTER 5

74. (a) The main cable supports the weight mg of the beam: Tmain = mg. We get the
mass from the beam’s density ρ and volume V = Lw2. Thus,

Tmain = mg = ρVg = ρ Lw 2 g
= (7900 kg/m3 )(12 m)(0.540 m)2 (9.8 m/s2 )
= 2.709 ×105 N ≈ 2.71×105 N.

(b) We take the gravitational force to act through the center of the beam. It is
matched by the vertical components of the two short cables. Each short cable pulls
upward with a force component Tshort cos θ, where θ is the angle of each short cable
relative to the vertical. Because the beam’s acceleration is zero, the net vertical force
is zero and we write Newton’s second law for the vertical forces as

2Tshort cosθ − mg = 0.

To find the angle θ, we write

d
sinθ =
h
d
θ = sin−1 .
h

We can now solve for the short cable tension. With d = 1.60 m, we find

mg mg
Tshort = =
2 cos θ   d 
2 cos  sin −1   
  h 
2.709 × 10 N 5
= = 1.39 × 105 N.
  1.60 m  
2 cos  sin −1  
  7.00 m  

Similarly, we find that for

(c) d = 4.24 m, Tshort =1.70×105 N,

(d) d = 5.91 m, Tshort = 2.53×105 N.

(e) Tension in the short cables increases with an increase in d. Thus, the danger of
snapping increases.
CHAPTER 5 253

75. (a) The net force is Fnet = 2.0 N. The acceleration is

Fnet 2.0 N
a= = = 0.080 m/s2 .
m 25 kg

We find the displacement to be

d = 12 at2 = 12 (0.080 m/s2 )(3.0 s)2 = 0.36 m.

(b) The speed is

v = at = (0.080 m/s2 )(3.0 s) = 0.24 m/s.

76. (a) The main cable supports the weight mg of the container:

T1 = mg = (2.80 ×104 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) = 2.74 ×105 N.

(b) The vertical components of the forces from the next two cables support that
weight:

mg 2.74 × 105 N
T2 = = = 1.79 × 105 N.
2 cos θ 2 2 cos 40.0°

(c) The vertical components of the forces from the lower four cables support that
weight:

mg 2.74 × 105 N
T4 = = = 1.37 × 105 N.
4 cos θ 4 4 cos 60.0°

77. Because the rate of slowing is constant (the acceleration is constant), we can find
a by writing

v = v0 + at
v − v0 (62 km/h) − (120 km/h)
a= =
t 17 s
 km  1 h   1000 m 
=  −3.41    = −0.947 m/s .
2

 h ⋅ s  3600 s  1 km 

The magnitude of the force on the crate then follows from Newton’s second law:

F =ma
= (360 kg)(0.947 m/s2 )
= 3.4 ×102 N.
254 CHAPTER 5

78. The horizontal acceleration is ax = 0 and the horizontal velocity is v0x, so the
distance d traveled during flight time t is given by

Δx = v0 xt + 12 axt 2
d = v0 xt.

Relative to the floor, the ball falls vertically through displacement −h with initial
vertical velocity v0y = 0 and an apparent vertical acceleration −aapp. That apparent
acceleration is related to g and the elevator’s acceleration magnitude a by

aapp = g − a

when the elevator is accelerating downward and

aapp = g + a

when the elevator is accelerating upward.

To find the time of falling we write

Δy = v0 yt + 12 ayt2
−h = − 12 aappt2
0.5
 2h 
t =
 a 
.
 app 

Putting the horizontal and vertical results together and solving for aapp, we find

0.5
 2h 
d = v0 x  
a
 app 
2
v 
aapp = 2 h  0 x  .
 d 

We can determine d for an inertial frame (the elevator is not accelerating) by setting
aapp = g = 9.8 m/s2, substituting the given values for v0x and h, and solving for d. We
find d = 8.08 cm. So, for any value greater than this, the aapp is less than g and the
elevator is accelerating downward. For any value less, aapp is greater than g and the
elevator is accelerating upward.
(a)–(b) Substituting aapp = g − a for downward acceleration and also the given values
for h and v0x and solving a, we find that for d = 14.0 cm, a = 6.53 m/s2, and for d =
20.0 cm, a = 8.20 m/s2.
CHAPTER 5 255

(c) Substituting aapp = g + a for upward acceleration and solving a, we find that for d
= 7.50 cm, a = 1.58 m/s2.

79. Because we assume the acceleration is constant, we can use

v 2 = v02 + 2ad ,

where v = 0 (the driver’s final speed is zero), v0 is the initial speed (either 15.64 m/s
for 35.0 mi/h or 31.29 m/s for 70.0 mi/h), and d = 0.500 m. This gives us that a =
2.47 × 102 m/s 2 for 35 mi/h and a = 9.86 ×10 2 m/s 2 for 70 mi/h. Newton’s second law
tells us that the force magnitude is given by F = ma. So, multiplying each
acceleration value by the mass of 70 kg gives us (a) F = 17.1 kN for 35 mi/h and (b)
F = 68.5 kN for 70 mi/h. In short, doubling the speed results in multiplying the force
by 4 for a far more dangerous situation.

80. The acceleration of the block down the ramp is −g sin θ in the negative direction
of an x axis. We can apply one of the constant-acceleration equations to find the
time:

x − x0 = v0t + 12 at 2
−d = (0)t + 12 ( − g sin θ )t 2
0.5 0.5
 −2d   2(0.800 m) 
t=  =  = 0.5714 s.
 g sin θ   (9.8 m/s )(sin30.0°) 
2

We apply the same constant-acceleration equation to find the angle θ required for
the time to be 0.5714 s + 0.100 s = 0.6714 s:

−d = (0)t + 12 ( − g sin θ )t 2
2d 2(0.80 m)
θ = sin −1 2
= sin −1
gt (9.8 m/s 2 )(0.6714 s)2
= 21.2°.

Of course, the angle is smaller than the given 30.0° so that the block takes longer to
travel through the given distance.

81. Let the first force be along the positive direction of an x axis and the second
force be at a counterclockwise angle of 80°. The x and y components of the net force
are then

Fnet,x = 20 N + (35 N) cos 80° = 26.07 N

Fnet,y = 0 + (35 N)sin80° = 34.47 N.
256 CHAPTER 5

The magnitude of the net force is

( (26.07) + (34.47)2 )
0.5
2
= 43.22 N.

The body accelerates in the direction of the net force. From Newton’s second law,
we write

Fnet = ma
Fnet 43.22 N
m= = = 2.2 kg.
a 20 m/s 2

82. (a) To have the same accelerations, the engines must pull the same total mass.
We find that mass by adding all the masses and dividing by 2. The mass of each train
is 1.80 ×106 kg. Distribute the boxcars by putting the two most massive boxcars in
separate trains. Then distribute the next two most massive boxcars, etc. The boxcars
for one engine in any sequence are GEDB. The boxcars for the other engine in any
sequence are HFCA.

(b) Now the sequence matters. You want the lightest boxcar at the rear and
progressively heavier boxcars toward the front. If that order is reversed, the tension
in each interconnection must be increased. The boxcar sequence (last to first) for one
engine is GEDB. The boxcar sequence for the other engine is HFCA.

(c) The interconnection between B and D accelerates the total mass of G, E, and D.
Thus, the tension in that interconnection is

TDB = (11.00 × 105 kg)(2.00 m/s 2 ) = 2.20 × 106 N.

(d) The interconnection between G and E accelerates the mass of G. Thus, the
tension in that interconnection is

TGE = (2.00 ×105 kg)(2.00 m/s 2 ) = 4.00 × 105 N.

83. (a) The weight W is

W = mg = (15.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )

= 147 N.

(b) To convert the answer to pounds, we can write

 1 lb 
W = 147 N   = 33.0 lb.
 4.45 N 
CHAPTER 5 257

(c) Because the penguin is stationary, the upward normal force must balance the
downward gravitational force (weight). Thus, we have

FN = W = 147 N.

84. The additional weight W is that of the liquid contents, which have mass m and
(water) density ρ = 997 kg/m3. We find

 2.957 ×10 −5 m 3 
W = mg = ρVg = (997 kg/m 3 )(12 US fluid ounces)  2
 (9.8 m/s )
 1 US fluid ounce 
= 3.467 N = 0.779 lb.