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Partial Fractions

The document provides examples of partial fraction expansions and inverse Laplace transforms. It begins by expanding rational functions using partial fractions. It then provides the inverse Laplace transforms of various functions obtained from partial fraction expansions. These include exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of time derived from the inverse Laplace transforms of the original rational functions of the complex variable s.

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Shri shakthi Kailaas W
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25 views7 pages

Partial Fractions

The document provides examples of partial fraction expansions and inverse Laplace transforms. It begins by expanding rational functions using partial fractions. It then provides the inverse Laplace transforms of various functions obtained from partial fraction expansions. These include exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of time derived from the inverse Laplace transforms of the original rational functions of the complex variable s.

Uploaded by

Shri shakthi Kailaas W
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3s 3s  1 1 

3.3 a) =  2 − 2
( s + 1)( s + 4) 3  s + 1 s + 4 
2 2

 1 1 
= 2 2 − 2
s +1 s + 2 2 

 1 1 
L−1  2 2 − 2 = Cost − Cos 2t
s +1 s + 2 2 

1 1 A B+C
= = + 2
b) 2
[
s ( s − 2 s + 5) s ( s − 1) + 2
2 2
]
s s − 2s + 5

A+B=0
-2A+C=0
5A=1
A=1/5 ;B=-1/5;C=2/5

1 1 2−s 
We get X ( s) = + 2
5  s s − 2 s + 5 

Inverting,we get

1 1 t 
1 + e Sin 2 t − e t
Cos 2 t
5  
=
2
1 1 
= 1 + e t  Sin 2t − Cos 2t 
5 2 

3s 2 − s 2 − 3s + 2 A B C D
c) = + 2+ +
s ( s − 1)
2 2
s s s − 1 ( s − 1)2
As( s − 1) 2 + B( s − 1) 2 + Cs 2 ( s − 1) + Ds 2 = 3s 3 − s 2 − 3s + 2

A( s 3 − 2 s + s ) + B ( s 2 − 2 s + 1) + C ( s 3 − s 2 ) + Ds 2 = 3s 3 − s 2 − 3s + 2

A+C=3
-2A+B-C+D=-1
A-2B=-3
B=2;
A=2(2)-3=1
C=3-1=2
D=2(1)-2+2-1=1

1 2 2 1
We get X ( s ) = + 2+ +
s s s + 1 ( s − 1) 2
By inverse L.T

L−1 [X (t )] = 1 + 2t + 2e t + te t
L−1 [X (t )] = 1 + 2t + e t ( 2 + t )

3.4 Expand the following function by partial fraction expansion. Do not evaluate
co-efficient or invert expressions

2
X ( s) =
( s + 1)( s + 1) 2 ( s + 3)
2

A Bs + C Ds + E F
X ( s) = + 2 + 2 +
s + 1 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
s+3

= A( s 2 + 1) 2 ( s + 3) + ( Bs + C )( s + 1)( s + 3)( s 2 + 1) + ( Ds + E )( s + 1)( s + 3) + F ( s + 1)( s 2 + 1) 2

= A( s 4 + 2 s 2 + 1)( s + 3) + ( Bs + C )( s 2 + 4 s + 3)( s 2 + 1) + ( Ds + E )( s 2 + 4 s + 3) + F ( s + 1)( s 2 + 4 s + 1)


= s 5 ( A + B + F ) + s 4 (3 A + C + 4 B + F ) + s 3 ( 2 A + B + 4C + 3B ) + s 2 (6 A + C + 4 B + 3C ) + s( A + 4C + 3B
+ 4 E + F ) + 3 A + 3 AC + 3E + F = 2
A+B+F=0
-3A+C+4B+F=0
2A+B+4C+3B=0
6A+C+4B+3C=0
A+4C+3B+3D+4E+F=0
3A+3C+3E+F=2

by solving above 6 equations, we can get the values of A,B,C,D,E and


1
X ( s) = 3 .
s ( s + 1)( s + 1) ( s + 3) 3

A B C D E F G H
X ( s) = + 2 + 3+ + + + +
s s s s +1 s + 2 s + 3 ( s + 3) 2
( s + 3) 3

by comparing powers of s we can evaluate A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H.


1
c) X ( s ) =
s ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 4)

A B C D
X ( s) = + + +
s +1 s + 2 s+3 s+4
by comparing powers of s we can evaluate A,B,C,D

1
3.5 a) X ( s ) =
s ( s + 1)(0.5s + 1)

1 A B C
Let = + +
s ( s + 1)(0.5s + 1) s s + 1 (0.5s + 1)

 s 2 3s   s2 
= A + + 1 + B  + s  + C ( s 2 + s ) = 1
2 2  2 
A=1

A B B 1
+ + C = 0= +C = −
2 2 2 2

3A 3
+ B + C = 0= B + C = −
2 2
B/2=1/2 *-3/2=-1;

B=-2;
C= -3/2+2=1/2

1 2 1 1 
X ( s) = − +  
s s + 1 2  0.5s + 1 

= L − 1 ( X ( s )) = x ( t ) = 1 − 2 e − t + e − 2 t

dx
b) + 2 x = 2; x (0) = 0
dt

Applying laplace trafsorms

sX ( s ) − x (0) + 2 X ( s ) = 2 / s

2
L−1 ( X ( s )) =
s ( s + 2)

 2 
L−1 ( X ( s )) = 2 L−1  
 s ( s + 2) 

1 / 2 1 / 2 
= L−1 ( X ( s )) = 2 L−1  −
 s s + 2 

−2 t
= 1 − e
s +1
3.6 a) Y ( s ) =
s + 2s + 5
2
s +1
= Y ( s) =
s + 2s + 5
2

s +1
=
( s + 1) 2 + 4

 s +1 
= L−1 (Y ( s )) = L−1  
 ( s + 1) + 4 
2

using the table,we get

Y (t ) = e − t Cos2t

s 2 + 2s
b) Y ( s ) =
s4

1 2
Y ( s) = 2
+ 3
s s

Y(t)= L−1 (Y ( s )) = t + t 2

2s
c) Y ( s ) =
( s − 1) 3

2s − 2 + 2
=
( s − 1) 3

2 2
= +
( s − 1) 2
( s − 1) 3

 2   2 
Y (t ) = L−1  2 
+ L−1  
3 
 ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 

t2 t
= 2(te + e = e t (t 2 + 2t )
t

2
1 As + B Cs + D
3.7a) Y ( s) = = +
( s 2 + 1) ( s 2 + 1) ( s 2 + 1)

thus ( As + B ) + (Cs + D )( s 2 + 1) = 1

= Cs 3 + Ds 2 + ( A + C ) s + ( B + D ) = 1

C=0,D=0
Also A=0;B=1
1 1 A B C D
Y ( s) = 2 = = + + +
( s + 1) 2
(s + i) (s − i)
2 2
(s + i) (s + i) 2
(s − i) (s − i)2

A( s + i )( s − i ) 2 + B( s − i ) 2 + C ( s − i )( s + i ) 2 + D( s + i ) 2 = 1

( A + C ) s 3 + ( − Ai + B + Ci + D ) s 2 + ( A − 2 Bi + C + 2 Di ) + ( − Ai − B + Ci − D ) = 1

Thus,A+C=0
-Ai+B+Ci+2Di=0 ; B=D
A-2Bi+C+2Di=0
-Ai-B+Ci-D=1 Also D=-Ci;B=-Ci,
A=-C,C=-i/4

A=i/4 ; B=-1/4; D=-1/4

i/4 − 1/ 4 −i/4 − 1/ 4
Y ( s) = + + +
(s + i) (s + i) 2
(s − i) (s − i)2

i/4 − 1/ 4 −i/4 −1/ 4


Y (t ) = + + +
(s + i) (s + i) 2
( s − i) ( s − i) 2

i/4 −1/ 4 −i/4 −1/ 4


Y (t ) = + + +
(s + i) (s + i) 2
(s − i) (s − i)2
Y (t ) = i / 4e −it − 1 / 4e −it −1 / 4e it − 1 / 4te it

Y (t ) = 1 / 4(ie − it − te −it − ie it − te it )
Y (t ) = 1 / 4(i (Cost − iSin t ) − t (Cost − i Sin t ) − i(Cos t + iSin t ) − t (Cos t + i Sin t ) )

Y (t ) = 1 / 4( 2 Sin t − 2t Cos t )

Y ( t ) = 1 / 2 ( Sin t − t Cos t)

1
3.8 f ( s) =
s ( s + 1)
2

A B C
= f ( s) = + +
s 2
s s +1

= A( s + 1) + Bs( s + 1) + Cs 2 = 1

Let s=0 ; A=1


s=1; 2A+B+C=1
s=-1: C=1
B=-1
1 1 1
f ( s) = 2 + +
s s s +1

f (t ) = (t − 1) + e − t

PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMS

4.1 If a forcing function f(t) has the laplace transforms

1 e − s − e −2 s e −3s
f ( s) = + −
s s2 s
1 − e −3s e − s − e −2 s
= +
s s2

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