Module 3.

Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standards

Introduction:
The content of this module is the Development of Correctional Development of Prison
Concepts of Standard. As you read this material, you will be Prison grew as a substitute for transportation, exile,
able to know the Development of Prison and also the Age of
public degradation, particularly corporal punishments, and the
Enlightenment and Reform. Likewise, you will know more about
death penalty. In the United States where prisons were first
the historical development of prison and how will the prison
change and develop until the present time. Major principles established, imprisonment was introduced as a substitute for
will also be part of this module so that your ideas on significant corporal punishment, and death penalty when, by the
events during the golden age of penology and it will help you provision of the Pennsylvania reform Law of 1790, corporal
to think about the history of prison. After the content discussion, punishment was abolished and the list of offenses punishable
you are given exercises to work on. Towards the end of this by death was reduced to only one- that of the first degree
module, you are tasked to give your own reflections. All these murder as the United States and Europe curtailed the use of
activities will deepen and strengthen your understanding the Death Penalty, prisons and penitentiaries arose to take
about the lesson presented. Do the task honestly coupled with care of the unexecuted and un-pardoned criminals long
high interest so that you can benefit the most of it. sentences required prisons and penitentiaries, that were not
places of detention for those awaiting trial or short sentences
but places for lengthy stay.

• Discuss the historical Penitentiary- referred to a place where crime and sin may be
development of atoned for and penitence produced
Penology

EARLY PRISON

1. Mamertime Prison- an early place of confinement in

Rome in 64 BC using primitive dungeons built under the
main sewer.
• Can Create a timeline of 2. Sanctuary- asylum that placed the wrongdoer in
significant events during seclusion or arrest in cities followed by Christian Church.
the Golden Age
• Identify and discuss the EARLY WORKHOUSES
important persons of
Reformatory Movement
Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

1. Bridewell- a workhouse created for the employment Auburn Prison System- established in 1819, and the main
and housing of London’s “riffraff” in 1557 and he was feature of this prison system is the confinement of the prisoners
based on the work ethic that followed the breakup of in single cells at night and congregate work in shops during the
feudalism and increased immigration of rural day. A prison model consisting of small individual cells, large
populations to urban areas. work area for group labor and enforce silence. Established in
New York which employed the Separate System (New York
EARLY CELLULAR PRISON system or congregate system).
Captain Elam Lynds – the warden of
1. Maison de Force- a Belgian workhouse for beggars and Auburn prison introduced the Auburn
miscreants, designed to make a profit by an enforced silent system but later abolished and
pattern of hard work with both discipline and silence. was replaced by Separate System
An important rule, “If a man will not work, neither let and became the standard system
him eat”. employed in all of New York.

2. Hospice of San Michele-a correction facility designed for Pennsylvania Prison- established in
incorrigible boys and youth, and included silence, large work 1829, and this prison system requires solitary confinement of the
areas, and separate sleeping cells. Both expiation and reform prisoners in their own cells day and night
were intended goals. where they lived, slept, received
3. Walnut Street Jail- originally religious instructions and read the bible
constructed as detention jail and given a work. This system
in Philadelphia created by advocated the complete separation of
the Quakers, it was converted inmates from each other and
into a state prison and maintained the practice of solitary
became the first American confinement of prisoners at all times.
Penitentiary. The Walnut Street Even the guards were not
Jail is regarded as the first jail allowed to talk to them, they did not
in America. It was built in know even their names. The
1776 and was located in Pennsylvania system or separate system
Philadelphia. A penitentiary is was finally abolished in 1913.
supposed to be a place
where inmates reformed themselves through reflection and William Penn- the founder of Pennsylvania
remorse. However, conditions worsened year after year until it and a system of justice that required
was finally closed in 1835. compensation of victims and repentance to
restore the offender to God’s grace. Penn is
AUBURN AND PENNYSYLVANIA also the leader of the Quakers who brought
PRISON SYSTEMS the concept of more humanitarian
treatment of offenders to America, but also
Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

in Italy and England through its influence on such advocates behavior; offered trade training to prepare the convicts
as Beccaria and Howard. for his return to society.
2. Domets of France- established an agricultural colony
for delinquent boys in 1839, providing house fathers as
AGES OF ENLIGHTENMENT AND REFORMS in charge of these boys. He concentrated on re-
Ø Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755)- in his essay Persian education upon their discharge, the boys were placed
Letters, Montesquieu used his mighty pen to bring to
under the supervision of a patron.
public attention the abuses of criminal law.
3. Sir Walter Crofton- he was the Director of
Ø Voltaire (1694-1778)- involved in a number of trials that
challenges the old ideas of legalized torture, criminal the Irish Prisons in 1854 who introduced
responsibility and justice. the Irish System which was later on
Ø Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)- argued that the crime called the Progressive Stage System.
rate would go down if the amount of punishment were
carefully calibrated to deter potentially offenders and
maximize pleasures.
Ø Hedonistic Calculus- Jeremy Bentham’s argument that
the main objective of an intelligent person is to 4. Zebulon R. Brockway- he was the
maximize pleasure while minimizing pain; it was Superintendent of the Elmira
believed that the individual’s behavior could be Reformatory in New York in 1876 who
influence in a scientific manner introduced a new institutional program
Ø John Howard (1726-1790)- an English high sheriff who for boys, 16-30 years of age.
was so appalled by jail conditions that he undertook a
crusade to improve places of detention. He utilized his
5. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise- he was the
position to press for the legislation to alleviate some
Director of English Prisons who opened
abuses and improve sanitary conditions.
the Borstal Institution after visiting Elmira
REFORMATORY MOVEMENT (1819-1870) Reformatory in 1897, such Borstal
Institutions are today considered as the
Important Persons of Reformatory Movement best reform institutions for young
offenders. This system was based entirely
1. Manuel Montesinos- he was the
on the individualized treatment.
Director of Prisons at Valencia,
6. Alexander Maconochie- as
Spain in 1835, who divided prisoners
Superintendent of the Penal Colony at
into companies and appointed
Norfolk Island in Australia in 1840, he
prisoners as petty officer in charge;
introduced a progressive humane
allowed the reduction of inmates
system to substitute for corporal
sentence by 1/3 one-third for good
Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

punishment, known as the “Mark System” wherein a The first separate institutions for women were
prisoner was required to earned a number of marks established in Indiana and Massachusetts.
based on proper department, labor and study in order
The reformatory system movement subdivided gradually
to entitled him to a Ticket of Leave of conditional
following the opening of Elmira because of the founders’ lack
release which is similar to parole.
of faith in the effectiveness of the program the defect of the
system was laid on the lack of attempt to study criminal
behavior from which to base treatment. BY 1910, it was not
GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY (1870-1880)
until 1930 that the reformatory idea was revived as the direct
Significant Events During the Golden Age result of the revamp of the educational program of Elmira
Reformatory.
1870- the National Prison Association, now American
Correctional Association, was originated and its first annual Industrial Prison Movement
Congress was held in Cincinnati, Ohio. In this congress the
This consisted in the operation of industries inside penal
Association adopted a “Declaration of Principles”, so modern
institution in order to support the maintenance of prisons,
and comprehensive in scope that when it was revised in the
especially during the economic depression that hit the United
prison Congress of 1933, few amendments were made. Since
States wherein almost every prison was converted into factory
its founding, the Association has held annual congress of
of manufacturing articles. Such prison-made articles were sold
corrections and has taken active leadership in reform
in open market for profit.
movements in the field of crime prevention and treatment of
offender. PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1935-1960)

1872- the first International Prison Congress was held in 1. Alcatraz- also known as the “Rock”, a super
London. It was attended by representatives of the maximum security facility island prison for inmates in
governments of the United States and European countries, as a San Francisco bay Area and part of the U.S Bureau
result of this Congress, the International Penal and Penitentiary of Prisons until its closure.
Commission, an inter-governmental organization, was
established in 1875 with Headquarters at The Hague. When the “Rock” was built in 1934, it was seen as the
answer to the outrages of such desperate criminals as Al
1876- the Elmira Reformatory which was considered as Capone, Robert Stroud “Birdman of Alcatraz”, Bonie and
forerunner of the modern penology, was opened in Elmira, Clyde. Eventually, the U.S Bureau of Prison abandoned this
New York in 1876, the features of Elmira were a training school prison as too expensive to maintain.
type of institutional program, social case work in the institution
2. Lock Psychosis- term denoting overconcentration
and extensive use of parole.
of prison administrators with security and
community protection, to be accomplished
Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

through extensive use of locks, head counts and

internal control of crimes.
3. Convict Bogey- irrational fear of prison inmates who
can only be managed through head counts,
locking and recounting.

CLASSIFICATION MOVEMENT

The movement for modern correctional reforms stated

with the reorganization of the Federal Prison System in 1930,
placing the penal institutions of the United States under the
centralized jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of prisons,
recruiting professionally trained and accentuating institutional
rehabilitation programs.

After the Second World War the US Southern States

undertook progressive penal reforms, In 1944, the California Essay: Usage of Additional paper when necessary is permissible
Prisons System was recognized which included the 1. Discuss in your way the historical development of
establishment of the prison. Penal Institution were classified Correctional concepts and standard.
according to program specialization and degree of Custody
of inmates.

UNITED NATION STANDARD MINIMUM RULES FOR THE TREATMENT

OF PRISONERS

Adopted by the first U.N Congress on the prevention of crime

and the treatment of offenders held at the Geneva in 1955,
and approved by the Economic and Social Council organ of
the United Nations by its resolutions dated July 31, 1957 and
May 13, 1977.
Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

2. Differentiate the Auburn Prison System from 3. Who among the important persons in the history of
Pennsylvania Prison System. correction you perceive contributed most in the
development of correction concepts and standards
that we use today? Justify your answer:
Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction

1. Discuss the historical development of Penology.

Module 3. Development of Correctional
Concepts of Standard
Institutional Correction