WO709-COMPUTATIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS LAB

PROGRAMMING USING MATLAB

Dr. DEBABRATA KARMAKAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES & OCEAN ENGINEERING

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 1
 MATLAB INTERFACES

Workspace

Command Window

Command History

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 2
 MATLAB INTERFACES CONTD….

❑ Command Window
❑ type commands

❑ Current Directory
❑ View folders and m-
files

❑ Workspace
❑ View program
variables
❑ Double click on a
variable to see it in
the Array Editor

❑ Command History
– view past commands
– save a whole session
using diary
Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 3
 USE OF M-FILE

Click to create
a new M-File

• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 4
 USE OF M-FILE CONTD….
Save file as Prog.m

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 5
 WHAT IS MATLAB?
❑ Abbreviation of MATrix LABoratory
❑ Is a high-performance language for technical computing
❑ It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation.

USAGE OF MATLAB

❖ Math and computation

❖ Algorithm development
❖ Data acquisition
❖ Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
❖ Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
❖ Scientific and engineering graphics
❖ Application development including graphical user interface building

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 6
 MATLAB SYSTEM

MATLAB

Simulink
Applications Develop Tools

Stateflow
Toolboxes

Module Libraries
DATA Data-Accessing Tools

Generating-Codes Tools C

Third parties modules

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 7
 BUILDUP OF MATLAB
❑ Development Environment
MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and
browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

❑ The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

A vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions to more
sophisticated functions

❑ The MATLAB Language

A high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures,
input/output, and object-oriented programming features

❑ Graphics
➢ Display vectors and matrices as graphs
➢ two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization
➢ image processing
➢ animation and presentation graphics

❑ The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

Interchange the C/Fortran codes with Matlab codes

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 8
 MATLAB SPECIAL VARIABLES

ans Default variable name for results

pi Value of 
eps Smallest incremental number
inf Infinity
NaN Not a number e.g. 0/0
i and j i = j = square root of -1
realmin The smallest usable positive real number
realmax The largest usable positive real number

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 9
 MATLAB MATH & ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
Power ^ or .^ a^b or a.^b
Multiplication * or .* a*b or a.*b
Division / or ./ a/b or a./b
or \ or .\ b\a or b.\a

NOTE: 56/8 = 8\56

- (unary) + (unary)
Addition + a+b
Subtraction - a-b
Assignment = a=b (assign b to a)

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 10
 OTHER MATLAB SYMBOLS

>> prompt
... continue statement on next line
, separate statements and data
% start comment which ends at end of line
; (1) suppress output
(2) used as a row separator in a matrix
: specify range

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 11
 MATLAB RELATIONAL OPERATORS

❑ MATLAB supports six relational operators.

Less Than <

Less Than or Equal <=
Greater Than >
Greater Than or Equal >=
Equal To ==
Not Equal To ~=

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 12
 MATLAB LOGICAL OPERATORS

❑ MATLAB supports three logical operators.

not ~ % highest precedence

and & % equal precedence with or
or | % equal precedence with and

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 13
 What does Matlab code look like?

Another simple example:

EVERYTHING IN MATLAB
t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(t); IS A MATRIX !
plot(t,y)

creates 1 x 200 Matrix

Argument and result: 1 x 200 Matrix

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 14
 MATRICES

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 MATRICES CONTD….

❑ Rows and columns are always numbered starting at 1

❑ MATLAB matrices are of various types to hold different

kinds of data (usually floats or integers)

❑ A single number is really a 1 x 1 matrix in MATLAB!

❑ MATLAB variables are not given a type, and do not need

to be declared

❑ Any matrix can be assigned to any variable

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 16
 MATRICES CONTD….

Building matrices with [ ]:

A = [2 7 4] 2 7 4

2
A = [2; 7; 4]
7
4

2 7 4
A = [2 7 4; 3 8 9]
3 8 9

2 7 4 2 7 4
B = [ AA ] 3 8 9 3 8 9
Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 17
 MATRICES CONTD….

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 18
 VARIABLES

❑ No need for types. i.e., int a;

double b;
float c;

❑ All variables are created with double precision unless specified and they are
matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;

❑ After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices with double precision

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 19
 ARRAY, MATRIX

• a vector x = [1 2 5 1]

x =
1 2 5 1

• a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]

x =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

• transpose y = x’ y =
1 5 3
2 1 2
3 4 -1

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 20
 LONG ARRAY, MATRIX

• t =1:10

t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• k =2:-0.5:-1

k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

• B = [1:4; 5:8]

B =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 21
 GENERATING VECTOR FROM FUNCTIONS

• zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)

x =
0 0 0

• ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones x = ones(1,3)

x =
1 1 1

• rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly

distributed random x = rand(1,3)
numbers on (0,1) x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 22
 MATRIX INDEX
❑ The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
❑ The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:

A(-2), A(0)

Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.

A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 23
 CONCATENTION OF MATRICES
In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the
operation of joining character strings end-to-end.

• x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y] 1 2 4 5

B = [x ; y] 12
45

C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 24
 MATRIX OPERATION
Given A and B:

Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 25
 USE OF “.” – “ELEMENT” OPERATION
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1]
A=
1 2 3
5 1 4
USE OF “.” – “ELEMENT” OPERATION
3 2 -1

x = A(1,:) y = A(3 ,:) b = x .* y c=x./y d = x .^2

x= y= b= c= d=
1 2 3 3 2 -1 3 4 -3 0.33 1.0 -3 1 4 9

K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 26
 CONTROL STRUCTURES

Some Dummy Examples

• If Statement Syntax
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
if (Condition_1) Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands end
elseif (Condition_2)
Matlab Commands if (a<3)
elseif (Condition_3) Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (b~=5)
Matlab Commands
Some Matlab Commands;
else end
Matlab Commands
end if (a<3)
Some Matlab Commands;
else
Some Matlab Commands;
end

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 27
 CONTROL STRUCTURES CONTD….

Some Dummy Examples

for i=1:100
• For loop syntax Some Matlab Commands;
end

for j=1:3:200
for i=Index_Array Some Matlab Commands;
end
Matlab
for m=13:-0.2:-21
Commands Some Matlab Commands;
end
end
for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]
Some Matlab Commands;
end

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 28
 CONTROL STRUCTURES CONTD….

• While Loop
Syntax
Dummy Example

while ((a>3) & (b==5))

while (condition) Some Matlab Commands;
end
Matlab
Commands
end

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 29
 C++ VS MATLAB

int j; for i = 1:2:N

. for J = 1:N
for (j=1;j<23;j=j+2)
A(I,J) =(I+J-1);
{
end
A[4][j]=3*j;
} end

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 30
 C++ VS MATLAB CONTD….

int j;
while N> 0,
E = E + F;
while (j<28)
F = A*F/N;
{
N = N + 1;
…….;
end
}

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 31
 C++ VS MATLAB CONTD….

If (I = = j) if i == j
{ A[i][j]=2; A(i,j) = 2;
} elseif abs(i-j) ~= 1
else if (abs(i-j)!=1) A(i,j) = -1;
{ else
…….; A(i,j) = 0;
} end

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 32
 PLOT
PLOT Linear plot. Example

• PLOT(X,Y) plots vector Y x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];

versus vector X y1 = (x.^2) -1;
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
• PLOT(Y) plots the columns
of Y versus their index

• PLOT(X,Y,S) with plot

symbols and colors

• See also SEMILOGX,

SEMILOGY, TITLE,
XLABEL, YLABEL, AXIS,
AXES, HOLD, COLORDEF,
LEGEND, SUBPLOT...

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 33
 PLOT PROPERTIES
Example
XLABEL X-axis label.
...
• XLABEL('text') adds text xlabel('x values');
beside the X-axis on the ylabel('y values');
current axis.

YLABEL Y-axis label.

• YLABEL('text') adds text
beside the Y-axis on the
current axis.

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 34
 HOLD
Example
...
HOLD Hold current graph. hold on;
y2 = x + 2;
• HOLD ON holds the current plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
plot and all axis properties
so that subsequent graphing
commands add to the
existing graph.
• HOLD OFF returns to the
default mode
• HOLD, by itself, toggles the
hold state.

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 35
 SUBPLOT
SUBPLOT Create axes in tiled
positions.
• SUBPLOT(m,n,p), or
SUBPLOT(mnp), breaks the Figure
window into an m-by-n matrix of
small axes
Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 on the top
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 on the bottom
subplot(2,1,2);
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 36
 FIGURE
FIGURE Create figure window.
• FIGURE, by itself, creates a
new figure window, and returns
its handle.

Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 in the 1st Figure
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 in the 2nd Figure
figure
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 37
 SURFACE PLOT
x = 0:0.1:2;
y = 0:0.1:2;
[xx, yy] = meshgrid(x,y);
zz=sin(xx.^2+yy.^2);
surf(xx,yy,zz)
xlabel('X axes')
ylabel('Y axes')

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 38
 3D SURFACE PLOT
contour-colorbar-plot3-waterfall-contour3-mesh-surf

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 39
 ROOTS OF TRANCENDENTAL EQUATION
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

% Newton Raphson Method

clear all
close all
clc
% Change here for different functions
f=@(x) cos(x)-3*x+1
% Derivative of the function
df=@(x) -sin(x)-3
% Initial Guess
x=0.3;
for i=1:1:100 x=0.3;
x1=x-(f(x)/df(x)); error(5)=0;
x=x1; for i=1:1:5
end x1=x-(f(x)/df(x));
sol=x; x=x1;
fprintf('Approximate Root %.15f',sol) error(i)=x1-sol;
end
plot(error)
xlabel('Number of iterations')
ylabel('Error')
title('Error Vs. Number of iterations')

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 40
 Thank you
Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal Dr. Debabrata Karmakar 41