CHAPTER find derivatives of x" for any rational n, together with constant multiples, sum and difference 2. find derivatves of composite functions, 3. find derivatives of products and quotients of functions, 4. apply differentiation to gradients Up to now, we have looked at different gradients of straight lines, and their applications. In this chapter, we will extend the concept of gradient to curves of functions, introduced in Chapter 9. The Gradient Function Gradient of a Curve at a Point In the diagram, if A(x, y,) and B(x, y3) are two points ' on the curve y = 2°, the straight line AB has gradient yax ow Bory.) mK ° tangent faa As B approaches A (ie. x, approaches x,, written as 2%) the line AB becomes closer to a line / which / s called the tangent at A. Therefore the gradient of fA, y,) the line AB, + approaches a value m which is q known as the gradient of the curve at A and is also the gradient of the tangent at A. Use a spreadsheet or any other software to study the gradient of the curve y = x* at AG, 9) by taking x, = 3 and the neighbouring point x,as 3.1, 3.01, 3.001. Compute the values of 22— a and see that a approaches the limiting value m (= 6), ie, B= 4m. Mathematically, we could obtain the limiting value as follows: If we let the changes in the x- and y-coordinates from A to B be &x and dy respectively, then 6x = x, —x, and dy = yASX, 9%, 88 =) - x, 90. Then & — mas 8x — 0, which is written as lim(2) Consider the points A(3, 9) and BG + &, 9 + dy) on the curve y = 2°, as shown on the right. For the point B, we have oF 3 + dey = 9+ 6dr + (dx) Thus, Sy = 6dr + (xy? = &x(6 + &) Hence, jim(® lim (6 + &) =6 Using a graphing software draw the graph of y = x7, Plot the fixed point A(3, 9) and neighbouring point B. Draw the line passing through A and B, and measure the gradient (slope) of AB. Move the point B towards A in both directions and observe that the gradient approaches the limiting value 6, as obtained when using limits. Choose other fixed points and repeat the above procedure to observe the limiting values, Gradient Function — Gradient of a Curve at Any Point We are now in a position to obtain a general result for the gradient at any point on the x, For at curve point P(x, y) and a neighbouring point Q(x + Sx, y + dy) on the curve, () and y+ Sy = (e+ &xy ie. y+ by =x + 2xdx + (Ex) (2) Subtracting (1) from (2): oy % & 2nd + (Bx 2x + de avend tim() =Ditteren! ‘The gradient function of a curve, m = lim(%), is denoted by 2 4 For example, for the curve y =.°, 2 = 2x The result can be obtained by applying the formula: If y =x", where 7 is a constant, then dy mt ® ene’ ae de or <(') = nx a ay a dy 1a 1 = (Dx acid In general, if y = ax’, where a and n are constants, then What happens In general, Sax" + bx") = ame™ + bax”, where a, b, m and n are constants, The proc of obtaining 2 of a given function is called The gradient oy funetion ‘is also known as the or or 306 6x7-8r+1 3v 4x41 Gr-De-1 =0 xetorrs and (1, 0), J Example Mal Given that the curve y = ax’ + © has gradient 4 at the point A(1, 5), calculate the value of @ and of b. * WaHeNweTTTOSolution | years? a Since A(, 5) lies on the curve, S=a+b (2) Differentiating (1) wars. x, & = 2ax- = Since the gradient at (1, 5) is 4, 4=2a-b G) Solving equations (2) and (3), we have 2a-(S-a)=4 a From (2), b=S-a cat Example 7 Differentiate 2! with respect to x and find the coordinates of the points at Pal, is zero. which the gradient of the curve *\ Solution 4 1 L Since ethoxy t exec! d n = fore) =14+Q%) we obtain y=2 and y=~2 respectively. Differentiation 310LG EXERCISE 14.1 1. Differentiate the following with respect to x (where a and b are constants). (a) 3x°+4x-1 (b) x6- 70 + 6x (©) 2° +5 -4r+9 (@) 4x42 © w- 3 © S543 (g) 3atbe (ty sv 44-2 @ 3x42Vx -3 @ 80 +3x~ Vx 2. Differentiate the following with respect to x. @ ©) © #3 @ 23 @ Mize! oy ad 3. Find 2 for each of the following expressions of y: (@) (+ H2x-1) (by) x(¥x -2) © (1+Vx)(1- vx) @ 4:%(3— 4) ( Get ee amar 4. Calculate the gradient of the tangent to each curve at the given point. (a) y=4r-6r+1, (2,5) () y= 2 * vkQ-x,x=9 (@) y 5. Calculate the gradient(s) of the curve at the point(s) where y is given. (a) 2x, (b) y= 2x + 3x, y=2 ©) 5 @) y a 6. Calculate the gradient(s) of the curve at the point(s) where it crosses the given line. (a) y= 2x = 5x +1, y-axis () y= 24, axis (© y=20-8, «axis . @ y=? 7. (a) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = the gradient is 3. 3x7 + 6x + 2 at which (b) The curve y= ax? + 2 has gradients 2 and -1 at x = 1 and x = 4 respectively. Find the value of @ and of b. s 3118. (a) Given that the gradient of the curve y = “ + by? at the point P(3, -15) is -13, Find the value of a and of b. Show that the tangent to the curve at x = 1 has the same gradient as the tangent at P. (b) The tangent to the curve y= © + bx at (1, 3) is parallel to the line y = 2x + 1 Calculate the value of a and of b. =9x+ +. Find (a) the gradient of the curve at x= 2, (b) the coordinates of the points where the tangent is horizontal. 9, The equation of a curve is y 10. Given the curve y = ° 3x°— 9x + LI, find 2. Hence obtain (a) the x-coordinates of the points where the gradient is 15, (b) the coordinates of the points where the gradient is zero, 114.2] Chain Rule To differentiate the function y “4 2x" +1, before vwé first expand it to y differentiating term by term to obtain 4x° + 4x. But to differentiate a function like as (2 + 1°, expanding the expression (x* + 1)" is rather tedious. If we introduce a new variable « such that w + 1, then we have and Note that y is a function of u, and u is a function of x. Let du be a small change in « corresponding to dx, a small change in x, and let dy be a change in y corresponding to du (or é). Then we have 5. & y oe ox ou Ox by (dy | bu Jim, & = tim (SE « $1) bu 4 ey din ge = ha * 2S oe = tim © x tim & (x +0, & > 0) li mb an du 50 Bx a0 - which gives the chain rule:t Hence for y =u’, 2 = Su! and for w=? + 1, du ww y de a ue = Su‘ x 2x = 10x(x? + 1 Let us apply the chain rule to differentiate more complicated functions, as shown in the following examples. yy Example Bal Differentiate the following watt. x. (a) y= Gx? + 2x) (b) y © y= Bees ry Solution (a) Let u = 3x + 2x and so y =u Then “4 =6x+2and & & ae By the chain rule, =. & yw a de® a = Tu'(6x + 2) = 7(3x" + 2x)° x (6x + 2) = 14x + Gx + 2x)* (b) Let w= 3x—2 and so y Then “ = 3 and & & au By the chain rule, wonenwarasjia |Ditterentiation (©) Letw=3x°+5and soy= Vu du & _ (3) en 28 = 6x and 2 = 2 \u?) Then = 6x and ach ua By the chain rule, a dy dey du feta xe a du a Dw ae In general, for a function of the form y gy a ay! ae or We may use this formula to obtain directly the derivatives of the functions in Example 9 as follows: (a) y= Gr + 2x) ® 2704x7420” Aor+ 2x) (w= 3x? + 2x, = 7] & = 13x" + 2x)°(6x + 2) = 14(3x + 1)(3x? + 2x)" () y=—L,=Gr-2)° (3x - 2y ay _oy™! 4 ay ee & = (3)Gx- 2 2 Gx- 2) w= 3r-2,n=-3] 3(3x — 243) ©In Example 9(c) we derive that (a) = 1.8, 50 we have (Var +5 4 ar+s) Expressions such as Y3x? + 5, Vx +2 and 3x — x? are of the form f(a), and the result of differentiating f(x) may be expressed as a standard formula: ee (fa) = stot By Rentise 14.2 1. Differentiate the following wart. x. (@) (+2) (b) (2x ~1)* (@) (14x) () (2-3x) g want. x. 2. Differentiate the follow’ ® ay © aa «O oe 3. Differentiate the following w.r.. x. (a) -3 ) © Ve-2 @ V5-3x © vee 2x+2 4. Differentiate the following w.rt. x. @ @-Vx¥ ©) © oF @ Ave +2? © © (We+2x) 5. Find 2 and the gradient of the curve at the given value of x or y. (b) [52x @) y=(4x-5)',y=27 3x- 1), worvenwaTeya]6. Calculate the coordinates of the point on the curve y = (1 — x)‘ at which the gradient is ~4, 7. Calculate the coordinates of the point on the curve y = vx? — 2x + 5 at which y ax 7 8. The curve y = (a — x)’ has gradient -4 at x = 2. Find the possible values of a. 9. Find 2 and calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve (a) y=(?-2r-4) atx=-l, (b) y= or atx *10. Given that f(x) i + Vx , where x ='0, show that f(x) = arta Let us now leam to differentiate functions that are the product of two other functions. Consider the following functions: y=Q?+ De +3)" (e+ vat For the function y = (2° + 1)(x + 3), let (+1) u and v=(x43)* then yew a Let 5u and 6v be the changes in w and v corresponding to &, a small change in x. Let dy be the corresponding change in y. Then y + by = (ut Suv + dv) = uv + uby + vou + budv Q) Subtracting (1) from (2): dy = udv + véu + Sudv By wry wn Bubs de Bet be ae by & ou bu g limits: = & +y tim 2 + tim & Taking limits: im se =m Jim 5 + fig sy + dim 5ce tim © &) = tim & x tim & Since Mh 3 57 = Him 5% dima 5 = 4 x tim 5 =0 as 6» > 0 when & > 0, dy _a¥ , du we have May dt 4 yl ax Way 7 ae ‘The above result is known as the product rule for differentiation, S J bani 1 | Differentiate (x° + 1)(x + 3)' w.rt. x. FY Solution: Let y= ("+ +3)" waxed va (x43)! Then y = uv Now $4 = 2x and 2 = 4(r + 3). dy dy du a So =u + v%4 [product rule] x + 1) x A(x +3) + (x +3) Qe = 2+ 3) [20 + 1) + xe +3] (x + 3)"(Bx? + 3x + 2) Cael wonenwereyi@Differentiation a Example eB i nd the coordinates : a Calculate the gradient of the curve y= ax +3 atx=1 of the point where the gradient is zero. FY Solution av, yd cine ing Sw) =u + yt Using (wy) =u + vo 0 =1 alia So the gradient at x = 1 is 24 When gradient is zero, x=-2and y=-2 ‘The required point is (-2, -2). a XERCISE§ 14. 1. Differentiate the following w.r-t. x (a) @- Det 2 () (© (1 -2x3x + 2)" (a) © xd ~4x)" © (g) @? = 2x + 2)2e4 17 a) | 2. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x. (@) vx (1-9 (by xVT+ 2x | @ @+dV¥eet 9 @ ¥Vi-2 a bes3. By simplifying the following as products of two factors, differentiate w.r. x. (a) x(e+ I + 2) 2x7 4. Show that if y=xV3 + x’, then a eee 5. A curve is defined by y = # and the gradient at (5, 10). 6. Calculate the gradients of the curve y = (x + 1)'(x— 1) at the points where it crosses the x-axis. 7. Given that y » , is zero. c ind 2 and the value of x for which the gradient 8. Accurve is given by y= Vx (x—4)*, Find “2 and the x-coordinates of the points where 2 =0, 9. Acurve defined by y= (x-a)Vx—b for.x > b, where a and b are constants, cuts the x-axis at point A with x = 6 + 1. Show that the gradient of the curve at A is 1 10. Find the gradients of the curve y= x4 ~ x° at the points where it crosses the straight line y Quotient Rule see Let us introduce a rule to differentiate functions that are the quotients of two functions. For example, how do we differentiate y = 2+! Yel and y = If y= where wand v are functions of x, then y =u By the product rule, 2 4 ne) Since 2 (4) : Hence, the quotient rule is:yy Bample Ail Given that [ ¥ J Solution | Let w= 2x4 1andvax' 41. 2x41 fing 2 ax Then “* = 2 and S¢ = d Q2x+ DQx +P i Example Ml (a) Differentiate J4x + 1 wart. x : oy tet siven thet p< show that 22 = 241 (b) Given that y= 7pAmr, show that 3 = Gay yaa ¥ J Solution | (a) } ) &=BP rRERCISE 14.4 1. Differentiate the following wrt. x. @ © 5 o > oa © 55 ® oS 2. Differentiate the following w.rt. x, simplifying your answers. x+l vi 4x (d) 3. Find f(x) if (a) fi) = a3, 2 gy 4. Ity find ® atx=1 1-40 de 5. Calculate the gradient of the curve x-axis. x+2 6. Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = at Var for which [ 7. Calculate the x-coordinates of the points on the curve y= a *8. A curve is defined by y = te { where a 0. Show that 2 is always positive. ry Solution ysxv-1 w a 2x For x > 0, 2 > 0 and this shows that 2 is always positive. 2 > 0 for. x >0, so y increases as x increases, as shown in the above graph, The function is know Note for the function y =x - as an increasing function,Y a J Branvle ce t ‘The diagram shows the curve y for x >0, d & Ys always nee. (a) Find 2. (b) Show that 2 is always negative. ry Solution 1 @) x4 =@+1" | ® 2 sooo =” I(x + 1y ~ GaP (b) Since (x + 1° >0, 2 <0 and this shows that 2 is always negative. For the function y= —1_, 2 <0 for.x > 0, y decreases as x increases, as shown in +1 >0, is known as a decreasing function the graph above. The function y= —— Ifa variable x varies with time 1, i.e. x is a function of r, then = is the rate of change of x with respect to any instant f. or We will solve some practical problems involving the rates of change. re ‘The radius r (cm) of a circle changes with time 1 (seconds) and they are related by the equation r= 1? + 2. ar (a) Find & and calculate the rate of change of r at ¢= 2 (b) Sketch the graph of r= 1° + 2 and explain the changes in r with respect to t. FY Solution lama a a =r+2 } St sar . i Atr=2,—=4 oO zx F Thus, r is increasing at a rate of 4 cm per second, e (b) The r-t graph shows that r increases as f increas 2 and the rate of change of r at r= 2 is given by the le gradient of the curve at ¢ = 2. &ye The volume, V litres of water in a tank after ¢ seconds is given by ves-— a (a) What is the initial volume of water? (b) Find the rate at which the volume of water is increasing when t= 3, ry Solution vas-2 w itial volume of water is 3 litres. (a) When =0,V=5~- 3 and So the oe (b) Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 1 we a Gel So the volume of water is increasing at a rate of 5 litre per second at this instant, 1. A function is defined by y where x > 2. 5 ay oy (@) Find an expression for 4 2x? (b) Show that y is an increasing function. 2. A function is defined by y= —* yx>l Fal (a) Find an expression for s (b) Show that y <> 1, is a decreasing function. +1 3. The length, / mm, of an elastic string at time ¢ seconds is given by © _ 4t+ 10. Find the value of ¢ when (a) the length is increasing at a rate of 5 mm (b) the length is decreasing at a rate of 4 mms", 4. The radius, r cm, of a spherical balloon at time ¢ seconds is given by Ter ‘What is the initial radius? Find the rate of change of r (w.rt. ) when ¢ = 3. ES =3+| 5. The amount of water, V cm’, in a leaking tank at time # seconds is given by V= (15-9) for 0 = 1 15. Find the rate at which the water leaves the tank at the instant when t = 4. ' 6. A rectangle has sides measuring x cm and 2x ~ 4 cm, The length x em at time t seconds is given by x = 2 + 3¢, (¢ = 0). Show that the area, A cm’, of the rectangle, in terms of ¢ is A = 12 + 18/, Hence find the rate of change of the area at the instant when ¢ q fom? th ye 7. The volume, Vem’, of a cone of height h is “. If h increases at a constant rate of 0.2 cms" and the initial height is 2 om, express (a) hh in terms of 1, : (b) Vin terms of t and find the rate of change of V at time ¢, FED Connected Rates of Change In general, if two variables x and y are connected (related) by the equation y = f(x), then the rates of change 2 and # are related by: 7 it (chain rule) In Example 1, we have seen that y varies as x increases. If x increases at a constant rate of 2 units per second (—>), ie. = 2, then the rate of change of y is given by B=2 x2 Chain Rule) a ds * ae 2xx2 x =4x i When x = 2, & = 8 and y increases at a rate of 8 units per second (1), as shown in the | diagram. Similarly, in Example 2, if x increases at a constant rate of 2 units/s (9), ie. $ then oo y ae a as rate of 0.5 units/s (1) as shown in the diagram. cot | aouTaS Te Hee] When x= 1 2 =—+ and y decreases at iExample A curve has the equation y = (x ~ 6) x= 1 “ind 2 (a) Find &* (b) Find the rates of change of y when x increasing at a constant rate of 2 units [ J Solution gy @ a 2and x per second. given that x is Thus, y is decreasing at a rate of 2 units per second. 3x-8 ey When ae Wr 22175. 4 The rate of change of y is given by | oy _ dr dy de ae 75 X 2=3.5 units per second ‘Thus, y is increasing at a rate of 3.5 units per second. ix 1 shows the rates of change when x = 2 and x = The graph of y = (x - 6) Rater of ChangeApplications Let us now solve practical problems involving two variables which vary with time. a Example ie ‘The radius of a circle increases at a rate of 3 cms the area when (a) the radius is 5 cm, (b) the area s'. Find the rate of increase of s 4m cm’ (Leave your answers in terms of 7). [ y Solution Let A be the area and r the radius. Then, A= By the chain rule, 4 = 4 x & de dr at = ony a onr (as a aA a (a) When Hence the area increases at a rate of 30m em (b) When A = 4n, nr? = 40 Pa4 r=2 (r=0) % 212" ar Hence the area increases at a rate of 12m em’s', YJ Example Bae Show that the rate of change of the volume, V cm? and the radius, r em, of a sphere are related by SY = 4nr*S, Find, to 2 significant figures, the rate of change of radius r if (a) the volume V is increasing at a rate of 30 cm’s" when r = 3, (b) the volume V is decreasing at a rate of 20 em's' when r = 4, eBueGD 0 Fey \ tT2 4ap = vet = aa = 4nr Vw dr wv ar Using the chain rule, © = 8% x = WY = gg a dr aw ar @ if * = 30 when r= 3, 30 = 4n@ay a ws 6. #23 2027 (to 2 significant figures) a or Thus, r changes at a rate of 0.27 ems" W _ on wi (b) If rT 20 when 20 = ama ¢ S z =-0.099 (to 2 significant figures) Thus, r changes at a rate of -0.099 ems". 5 ] Bamps ‘The points O(0, 0) and P(x, y) lie on the curve y = 5x—.", as shown in the diagram, If Q is the point (x, 0), find the area A of the triangle OPQ in terms of x. If x increases at a rate of 2 units per second, find (@) the rate of increase of A when (b)_ the rate of decrease of A when x= 4. ry Solution Since the triangle OPQ is right-angled at Q, the area is A=1x0Qx0P — DaD; = hy Sx(5x 2°) =F G6r-x) Then, SY = 1(0x— 3x). (4Since x increases at a rate of 2 units per second, aA _ dA de ad dt 3 (10x ~ 392) 10x ~ 3x7 3x(10 - 3x) (a) 3(10 - 9) ases at a rate of 3 square units s" aA (b) a 4(10 — 12) ases at a rate of 8 square units x, 1. For each of the following equations connecting x and y, if the rate of change of x is 2 units s", find the rate of change of y at the given instant. (a) Be - 1x =2 (b) yaorel © yeah @ y=Gx-Syix= 4 © yer+y=10 ® y= sys? 2, For each of the following equations connecting x and y, if the rate of change of y is 4 units s", find the rate of change of x at the given instant ) y= (d) x(x—4);x>0,y=5 3. A curve has the equation y = 2 : (a) 7 (b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point A where the cuts the y-axis. irve A point (x, y) moves along the curve with the x-coordinate increasing at a constant rate of 0.03 units per second. (©) Find the corresponding rate of change of the y-coordinate at the point A. ‘abueyg yo bey 7 Nohs37 Byes of Change 10, (a) The area of a 11, The diagram shows the curve y 4, A curve has the equation y = (x= 8) vx +4. (a) Find the value of k for which 2 ot z (b) Find the rate of change of y at the instant when x rate of 2 units per second. fis jereasing at a 2,9 5. Two variables x and y are related by the equation y =2° + 2. (a) Obtain an expression for a (b) Find the rate of change of x at the instant when x = increasing at a rate of 3 units per second, given that y is 4 6 Two variables x and y are related by the equation y = + sy Pal (a) Obtain an expression for a (b) Find the rate of change of x at the instant when x = rate of 3 units per second. yy is decreasing at a 7 (a) Show that 2 is always positive. 2 A curve has the equation y = » where x#-1 (b) Given that x and y vary with time 1, find the values of x for which 2 5 3a 8. (a) The area of a circle increases at a rate of 2m cm’s”. Calculate the rate of increase of the radius when the radius is 6 cm. () A circular ripple spreads across a lake. If the atea of the ripple increases at a rate of 107 m’s", find the rate at which the radius is increasing when the radius is 2m. 9. (a) The radius of a sphere increases at a rate of 2 cms"', Find the rate of increase of its volume when the radius is 3 cm. (b) Air is let out of a spherical balloon at a rate of 300 cm’s", Find the rate at which the radius is decreasing when (the radius is 2 cm, Gi) the volume is 36% cm’. quare increases at a rate of 10 cm’s™. Find the rate of change in the length of its side when the area is 4 cm’ (b) The surface area of a cube is increasing at 0.2 cm’s”. Find the rate of increase of the volume when the length of a side is 1 cm. and the y point R(0, 1). P(p, 0) is a variable point on the x-axis, and Q is a point on the curve such that PQ is parallel to the y-axis, (a) Express the area, A, of the trapezium OPOR in terms of p. () Given that p is increasing at a rate of 0.5 unit per second, find the rate of increase of Aat the instant when p = 3 units. {2 RO, 1)12. Inthe triangle ABC, AB ,AC =x+ Land ZA=15 }°. Show that the area of the triangle is Sax + 1), If x is increasing at the rate of 2 cms", find the rate at which the area is increasing when x = 4 em. (a) 2 = rate of change of y with respect tox (Graph of an increasing function y = f(x) y = f(a) is an increasing function, 2 2 50 forall x a © y increases (1) as x increases (+) (x) is a decreasing function, = 2 <0 forall x © y decreases (J) as x increases (—) (b) Ifa variable x varies with time ¢, * = rate of change of x & >0 © xis increasing at a rate of FH & <0 €>.x is decreasing at a rate of Is| if 7 a] (©) If two connected (related) variables x and y vary with time ¢, then We wy de ar de ae aBieyy 10 lk alBS MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLE J Example A container holds V cm’ of a liquid, where V + 3x, and the height of the liquid in the container is x cm, More liquid is added such that the volume of the liquid increases at a constant rate of 3 cm’s”. (a) Find an expression for the rate of change of x. (b) Find the rates of change of height x when x = 3 and x = 5. ¥ y Solution . (a) since 4% =3 and 2¥ 2x43 av 2 av y dx dr dr * dr = 0x43) =Qr+3)0 Hence, rate of change of x is given by aa a ax 7 = +, the height increases at a rate of + ms ar (b) ax “ . the height increases at a rate of 1 7 cms", EX} NISCECLANEOUS exeRcise” 1. A viscous liquid is poured onto a flat surface. It forms a circular patch which | grows at a steady rate of 4 cm’s"'. Find, in terms of x, (a) the radius of the patch 16 seconds after pouring has begun, \ (b) the rate of increase of the radius at this instant | 2. The volume v of a certain gas varies with the pressure p and is given by v } & } (@) Find (b) At the instant when p = 20, p increases at the rate of 3 units per second. Find the rate of change of v. Rates of Change9, Bee lx Variables x and y are related by the equation y = (a) Obtain an expression for e (b)_ Given that x and y are functions of rand that 2 = 1.6, find the corresponding rate of change of x when y = 2. 9 Two variables x and y are related by the equation y = 4x + al (a) Obtain an expression for ¢ a a () Find the values of x for which me of liquid in nto a container at a rate of 12 em’s". The vol 4G? + 4n), and hem is the height of liquid in Liquid is poured the container is V cm’, where V the container, Find, when V= 16, ~ (a) the value of A, (b) the rate at which A is increasing. ‘Two variable lengths x em and y em are related by the equation y {a) Obtain an expression for © in terms of x. P de 9 find = (b) Given that x and y are functions of # (seconds) and fal 2, find & when x= 2. x= c)Vx+6 (@) Find the value of c and of k for which 2 = A curve has the equation y (b)_ Find the value of x for which 2 = 3. Nisa fixed point on the circumference of a circle, centre O, radius 8 cm. A variable point P moves the circumference such that @ (or Z PON) increas a constant rate of I radians per second. Find (a) the rate of increase of s (arc length from N to P), (b) the rate of increase of A, the area of the sector NOP. A man 1.5 m tall is walking at a speed of 2 ms“ away from a lamppost which has a lamp 5 m above the ground, as shown in the figure. Find (a) the rate at which the length of his shadow is increasing, (b)_ the speed of the top of his shailow. seu yo sareeae] of Chang 10, “1. ‘The figure shows a parallelogram OPQR. Given that : Q lies on the line y = 2x + 1 and x increases at a rate Rly) Q2xy) of 1.2 units per second, find (a) the rate of change of the area of the / parallelogram OPQR when x = 1. (b)_ the rate of change of the length of the diagonal OQ at that instant. A ladder AB of length 5 m has one end A leaning against a vertical wall. The other end B rests on the horizontal ground. When A is at a height of 4 m, it slides down the wall at the rate of 2 ms“, How fast is the other end, B, sliding along the horizontal ground?CHAPTER MAXIMA AND PROBLEMS r you willfjigiirn to 1. find the stationary point(s) and turing point(s) of a curve, 2. determine whether a turning point is a maximum or minimum point, 3. solve practical problems involving maxima and minima In this chapter, we will use the first derivative to identify stationary points of curves and determine their nature. We will also learn about the second derivative and how it can be used to decide whether a stationary point is a turning point. Finally, we will ook at some practical applications involving maxima and minima problems. Another application of first and second derivatives in kinematics will be covered in Chapter 21 Nature of Stationary Points Let us investigate the nature of a point whose first derivative is zero using the following examples. | 5 ] Example The diagram shows the for x > 0. Find dy @ 2. | irve y = 3x°- 6x + 1 } (b) the coordinates of the point at which 2 & ry Solution | (@) y=30-6r+1 = » -6 5 a 7-6 . |e = 6(x-1) 3 (b) = 0 when x= 80 y = 3(1P - 6(1) + 1 =-2 = ‘The coordinates of the required point are (1, -2). 5 The point (1, -2) at which © =0 is known as a stationary point. 5 sl BfSp pane ae The diagram shows the curve yeu 60+ 9x42 i and the two stationary points A and B. Find ~ 6x2 + 9x42 dy / a) 2, fl @ 3 (b) the coordinates of A and of B. FY Solution a (a) yar -67+9x+2 ® 23y- 12049 a 3u = Ilr = 3) ay O when x= I orx=3 (b) 2 = 0 when or x xely=6 | The coordinates of the stationary points A and B are (1, 6) and (3, 2) respectively. Show that the curve y *y Solution for x > 0, has no stationary point. ‘Thus, the gradient, 2, of the curve is always positive. Since 2 #0 for any value of x, hence the curve has no na and Minima Problems Note: The graph of the curve y Max ae shows that it does not have any stationary point.| | | | In Example 2, the graph of the function has stationary points at A and B. 4.6 ; 624904 ‘The stationary point A is a maximum point, A) Notice that as x increases through x = 1, ® changes sig sitive to neg & changes sign from positive to negative | Pan (i.e. increasing y to decreasing y) Similarly, the stationary point B is a minin ay point, As x increases through changes sign from negative to positive (i. & decreasing y to increasing y). ‘The maximum point A and the minimum point B are also known as turning points. Let us use some examples to investigate changes in gradients for curves around the maximum and minimum points. Example The curve defined by y = 3x —x° for x > 0, has a stationary point H. Find the coordinates of H and determine the nature of the point. FY Solution y=3r-x 2 3-37 =3(1— 2) When % =0, x= 1, so H has coordinates (1, 2), 2 =30 +90 -9 ‘As x increases through 1, 3(1 +x) is always positive, but (1 — x) changes sign from positive ? ign from ay to negative. Hence ‘ changes +. The point is a turning point and it is a a maximum point. . \ ‘The diagram above shows the graph of the curve. It can be seen that point His a maximum point. ORG] wn Sueiqorg CaN pre PUNEi Example: | The curve y =x + 4 ~2 for x > 0, has a stationary point L. | Find the coordinates of point L and determine the nature of the point. FY Solution 4 At stationary points, 0 x=2,-2. Since x > 0, x= 2 and the coordinates of L are (2, 2). | As x increases through 2, positive, but (x ~ 2) changes sign from i negative to positive & ; . Hence * changes sign from negative to positive, ‘Thus, the point L is a minimum point. | Find the stationary point on the curve y ry ‘Solution For any stationary point, a 0 = x=0y ‘The curve has a stationary point at (0, 1). Maxima and Minima Problems Rafé 2 ‘As & = 3x" does not change sign as x increases through 0, and so the point A is not a turning point. It is neither a | maximum nor a minimum point, as shown in the diagram. The point AQ, 1) is known as a stationary point of infle In general, we have the following result Given a curve y = f(x), (a) For the stationary point at x = a, @ if x changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through 4, the point $ is a minimum point, (i it & changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through 4, the point $ is a maximum point, (ii) it & does not change sign as x increases through a, the point S is a stationary point of inflexion. (b) A stationary point is called a turning point if it is either a maximum point or a minimum point. ye The diagram shows the curve defined by y = x(x — 2). 5 dy | oy 2) (a) Show that & = 4¢— (x - $ (b) Find the coordinates of the two yexe-e stationary points on the curve. | z | 5 (c) Determine the nature of the point B. * Bs iE O 5 |2 a = 5 * N ¢ = aMaxima and Minima Problems ry Solution (a) y= x(x — 2) 2 a3(x -2)'] + @ = 2) = (x -2)'Bx + @-2)] (b) So the stationary points are A(t 2) and B(2, 0). (©) Asx increases through 2, 2 0. Hence B is a stationary point of inflexion. Given that y = x' - 6° + 3, find (a) an expression for 2, (b) the x-coordinates of the stationary points. s always negative. Show that the gradient of the curve between the stationary points 2x-1 Given that y » find w (a) an expression for @) PI aa (b) the x-coordinates of two stationary points. Show that y increases as x increases between the stationary points. Given that y = (x - 5)¥7 +x, find (a)_an expression for a (b) the x-coordinates of the stationary point.5. 9 10. 2241 where x 1. A curve has the equation y a (@) Find (b) State whether or not this curve has a stationary point. Justify your answer, The diagram shows part of the curve of y = where x #2 and x>0. a 7 ay (a) Find < (b) Find the x-coordinate of the stationary points. ® ‘A curve has an equation of the form y = ax + -&, where a and b are constants. Given that the curve has a ionary point at (3, 5), find the value of a and of b. For each of the following curves, find the x-coordinates of the stationary points and determine the nature of each point. (a) y=xx— 2) (b) y =x - 3)" The curve y =x ~ 4x + 6 has a stationary point A. Find the coordinates of A. Determine the nature of the point. 2x — 9x" + 124 has two stationary points A and B. The curve y (a) Show that 2 ae (b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points. = 6(x - W(x -2 (©) Determine the nature of the points. The curve y= x°(x — 2)° has three stationary points. (a) Show that 2 = x(x - r—2), (b) Find the coordinates of three stationary points. (©) Determine the nature of the points. wwaiaorg emit PEE “OSE ff| Second Derivatives © i Instead of using the graph of a function, the graph of 2 against x can also help us to determine the nature of a tational examples discussed in 16.1 point, To proceed further, let us revisit the 4 (a) The diagrams below show the curve y=. + + — 2, previously discussed in H Example 5, and the curve of its gradient function ® =1- 4. g } & ] | | From the graph of 2 against x, we observe that: | 2 increases as x increases through 2 ¢ rate of change of © is positive at x = 2 j 2 (2) >oax=2 0, as observed. | So, we can conclude that the stationary point L(2, 2) at which 2 =Oand a (dy) * a > 0 is a minimum point Maxima and Minima Problems | "(b) The two diagrams show the graphs of y = 3x — 3° and its gradient function &y 2 =3— 32, (Refer to Example 4) -HO,2) ——{—+: From the graph of 2 against x, we observe that: decreases as x increases through x = 1¢> rate of change of 2 is negative at x ar a (ay) = ee 4(2) 0, then S is a minimum point. Gi) If sy <0, then S is a maximum point. i we wy es 5 ) = Oand £5 =0atx=a, @ if # does not change sign as x increases through a, S stationary point of inflection; i) if 2 changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a, S is a minimum point; (ii) it & changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a, 5 is a maximum point. Find the coordinates of the turning point on the quadratic curve y = 18x - 23 - 3% for 1 5. Sketch the curve. | [ y Solution Differentiating w.rs. x, we have 8x — 23 - 3x7 y Maxima and Minima ProblemsWhen © =0,x=3 and y=4, de Hence the turning point is (3, 4). O atx = 4, hence the turning point (3, 4) is a maximum point. A sketch of the curve is shown on the right, Wen | The curve y =. — 3x” + k touches the positive x- (a) the coordinates of A, s at point A. Find (b) the value of k and the value of o at A, (©) Determine the nature of point A. FY Solution (a) Po3 +k ® 232 6x & The curve touches the x-axis at A, => Aisa stationary point. ie. Boa de 3x - 6x =0 x=Oorx=2 Since x > 0, the coordinates of A are (2, 0). (b) At A(2, 0), 0=2-32/ +k B-12+k and =6x2-6 6 (©) AtAQ, 0), 5 >0. i — Aisa minimum point. The graph onthe = | | shows that A is a minimum point. aasiqoad Cay PIE FUREY |} Ry Panote || } Find the value of x, where x > 0, for which the curve y=.7 + “© has a k stationary point and determine whether it is a maximum or minimum point. ry Solution Ata stationary point, : ie. 2x | When x=2,y=2+ 2 = Differentiating & wart. x, 42 =24 2. ae a ¥ Atx=2, a 6, which is positive and so the stationary point (2, 12) is a minimum point. 1. Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the following curves and determine the nature of each point, (a) ysx-Sr+1 (b) y=5- 6x4 (@) ysx- 12x j (ad) yox*— 8°42 (e) y=x(x- 6) Oy 2. Find the coordinates of the turning points of the following curves. Determine in 4 each case whether the point is 2 maximum or minimum point. t \ @) y=x-4r41 ( ys2r+ 8 @ y=r+1 © - x ral 3. Find the coordinates of the turning point of the curve y = 8x + 1, and determine whether this point is a maximum or minimum point. 4, Show that the curve y has neither a maximum point nor a minimum point. Maxima and Minima Problems ss @ buy5. Prove that the curve y = 3x‘ + kx has only one turning point. Find the turning point when k = 12 and determine the nature of this point. 2x - 4x +5 and y 6. The curves y ° + ax’ ++ b have a common turing point. Find (a) the coordinates of the turning point, (b) the value of a and of b. 7. The graph of y = 2x° + ax’ + b has a stationary point (—3, 19). Find the value of a and of b, Determine whether this stationary point is a maximum or minimum, 8. The curve y= ax-+ =— has a stationary point at A(2, 7). (a) Find the value of a and b. (b) Find the other stationary point. (©) Determine whether the stationary point at A is a mi minimum point. mum point or a 9. Given that y= J4e=7 - 2(x~4), find & and show that £2 = —_=4 __ 3 de a (4x — TWax —7 Hence find the maximum point of the curve. ‘Maximum and Minimum Values In the previous section, we saw how the first and second derivatives can be used to find the maximum and minimum point of a given curve. Let us now apply what we have Jeamed to help us find the largest or least value of a variable in a practical problem. x = 5, has only one stationat that 18x — 23 - 3° has a (a) In Example 8, the curve y = 18x — 23 — 32° for 1 point (3, 4) which is a maximum point. This means maximum value 4 at x = 3, imilarly, in Example 10, the curve y =x? + *© for x > 0, has only one stationary (b) Similarly, in Example 10, th oa Si 0, has onl; point (2, 12) and it is a minimum point. This means that x7 + 1© hi value 12 when x= 2, In general, for a function y = f(x), it 2 @ if? (b) if # 0 only at x= aand “¥ > 0, then f(a) is the minimum value of y; ar © if 2 = 0 only at x =a and a <0, then f(a) is the maximum value of y. = 5 z 3 5ay Example Bie Two positive numbers x and y vary in such a way that xy = 18, Another number z is defined by z= 2x + y. Find the values of x and y for whi stationary value and show that this value of z is a minimum. ry Solution weilB=ay=t Then, z=2x+y=2r+ 4 Differentiating wart. x, we have For a stationary value 0 = Since x > 0,x = 3 and thus y ext, #2 = 36 Next, 43 = % a x t ‘When x (> 0), showing that z has a minimum value at x = 3. The function z= 2x + +8, x > 0 has only one stationary value, which occurs when x= 3. SJ bem An equilateral triangle ABC of side 6 cm has a rectangle PORS as shown in the diagram. (a) Show that the area of the rectangle, A cm’, is given by A= where PQ = x om. | (b) Calculate the value of x for which A has a stationary value and show that this value of x makes A a maximum. ibed in 5 x(6 =x), Maxima and Minima Problems(6 x) em A=POxSP= 3 6x-x) em’ a stationary value. 3, which is negative, A is maximum when x = 3, J Example Bil ‘An open paper box with a square base of side x cm is made from a vanguard sheet of area 75 cm’. Show that its volume, V em’, is given by V= (5x -2') nd the value of x for which V is a maximum and find the maximum volume. ry Solution Let the height of the box be ft cm. ‘Total surface area of the box = Area of the vanguard sheet x? + 4th = 75 Volume of the box, V =x°h 2(15-x and Fweiqorg CURIA Pu PUTERFor a maximum value of V, SY Hence the volume V is maximum when x = 5 and the maximum volume is 1 om 5 em i Wi wircs 16.3 1. For each of the following expressions, calculate the value of x which gives y a stationary value. Determine whether this value of y is a minimum or maximum. | Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures, where necessary. (a) y=2xv-8r 43 (b) y= x + Qx- 1) (©) y= 3x -6 +1 @ £5 x 5-5) =6 2x ~ (x = 2) 2. Find the stationary values of the following functions. (a) y=(e-2)° +3 (b) @— 3)@ +2) (© y=xvi—2x @) y 3. (a) If 2r+y= 10 and A =xy, find the maximum value of A (b) The positive variables x and y are such that x*y = 32. A third variable z is | defined by z =x + y. Find the values of x and y that give z a stationary value, and show that this value of z is a minimum. 4, If the perimeter of a rectangle is to be 80 m, calculate the maximum area, 5. A piece of wire of length 104 em is bent to form a yom trapezium, as shown in the diagram. Express y in terms of x and show that the area, A cm’, enclosed by Sxcm/ the wire is given by A = 208x - 20:°. Find the value / of x and of y for which A is a maximum. o—--) an and length 6 m, two squares of side x m and two rectangles of sides x m and (x + y) m are removed, as shown in the figure. The metal is then folded about the dotted lines to give a closed box with height x m. (a) Show that the volume of the box, Vm’, is given by V = 2x° ~ 8x + 6x. (b) Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of x and of y for which V has a maximum value, and show that this value of V is a maximum. 6, From a rectangular piece of metal of width 2m 6m» Maxima and Minima Problems1. 9. 10. i. A solid circular cylinder has radius r cm and height h cm. It has a fixed volume of 400 cm’, Show that the total surface area, A cm*, of the cylinder is given by A= 2nr + Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of r that gives the cylinder its minimum surface area. An open rectangular box of height k cm has a horizontal rectangular base of sides xem and 2x em. If the volume of the box is 36 cm’, express / in terms of x and show that the total surface area, A cm*, of the box is given by A = 2x7 + 128. Calculate the value of x and of h which make the total surface area a minimum, The figure shows a triangle ABC where AB = AC, BC = 18 om and A is aris angle. PORS is a rectangle with PQ = 2x m*, of PORS is given by A = 18x — 2x Hence find the maximum area of the rectangle PORS. The diagram shows a metal plate consisting of a rectangle PORT and an isosceles triangle RST, where 2x em, QR = y cm and ar 2 om. Given that the perimeter of PORST is 30 cm, show that the area, Acom’, of PORST is given by A= 30x- BE Calculate (a) the maximum value of A, (b) the length SN when A is a maximum, In the diagram, a cross-section of the prism is an isosceles triangle ABC in which AB = AC = 5x cm and BC = 6x cm. The length of each of thé parallel edges AD, BE and CF is h cm. Given that the volume of the prism is 4500 em’, (a) express an expression for h in terms of x, (b) show that the total surface area, A cm’, is 000 1 given by A= 24x07 + © express 4 in terms of x, if (@) find the stationary value of A TaaTqaTG BUTT PE BUTREH