NATURE

OF
MATTER
VICTOR ORIBE
 Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
Objectives:
1. Explain how the fundamental laws of
chemistry led to the formulation of modern
atomic theory.
2. Perform the fundamental laws of chemistry
in laboratory experiments.
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry

1. Law of Conservation of mass

2. Law of Definite Composition or Law of Definite
Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions
Law of
Conservation of
mass
Law of Conservation of mass
• This Law of Conservation of Mass became the foundation of
Stoichiometric calculations particularly in determining the
amount of reactants and products involved in each chemical
reaction. For short, mass cannot be destroyed during chemical
reaction, but is always conserved.
Law of Conservation of mass
And by the late 1700, chemist accepted the definition of an element as
“substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by
ordinary chemical means.
Law of Definite Composition or Law of Definite
Proportions
Decades after the formulation of Law of Conservation of Mass,
Joseph-Louis Proust, established the Law of Definite
Proportion or Law of Definite Composition. sometimes called
Proust's law or the Law of Constant Composition.

A chemical compound always contains the same elements in

the same percent by mass. If two elements combine to form a
given compounds, they always combined in a fixed proportion.
Law of Definite Composition or Law of Definite
Proportions

Example:

Water (H2O)
▪ Being a chemical compound, water is written as H2O.
▪ Therefore, water (H2O) is made up of atoms of
Hydrogen and Oxygen. If two (2) atoms of Hydrogen
combine with one (1) atom of Oxygen, water is created.
Law of Definite Composition or Law of Definite
Proportions
Therefore, 𝐻2 𝑂 has a molecular weight of:
▪ Looking at your periodic
table of elements: 2 atoms of Hydrogen = (2) (1g/mol)
• Hydrogen atom has an = 2 g/mol
atomic mass of 1 g/mol.
1 atom of Oxygen = (1) (16 g/mol)
• Oxygen atom has an = 16 g/mol
atomic mass of 16 g/mol.

Molecular weight of H2O = 2 g/mole + 16 g/mol

= 18 g/mol
 Law of Definite Composition or Law of Definite
Proportions 2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 = 18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑥 100% = 11%

% by weight of the components of H2O

% 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻=(2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)/(18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑥 100% = 11%
16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑒𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 = 𝑥 100% = 89%
18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

▪ This means that H2O is made up of 11% hydrogen and 89% oxygen.
• According to the law of definite composition, 11% hydrogen and
89% oxygen must be combined for the water to be created.
• Water or H2O cannot be created if you will combine 30% hydrogen
and 70% oxygen, because the proportions are not correct.
Law of Multiple Proportions
o It states that, the masses of one element which combine with a fixed
mass of the second element are in a ratio of whole numbers such as
2:1, 1:1, 2:3, etc.
o Example:
▪ Oxides of nitrogen
Nitrogen has an atomic mass of 14 amu
• nitrogen monoxide (NO) or 14 g/mol and Oxygen has an atomic
• nitrogen dioxide (NO2) mass of 16 amu or 16 g/mol.
• nitrogen trioxide (NO3)
• nitrogen tetroxide (NO4)
Law of Multiple Proportions
Mass of Nitrogen is fixed with 14 amu or 14 g/mol, while the mass of Oxygen varies:
For NO, mass of N=14 amu, O (1 x 16 amu) = 16 amu
For NO2, mass of N=14 amu, O (2 x 16 amu) = 32 amu
For NO3, mass of N=14 amu, O (3 x 16 amu) = 48 amu
For NO4, mass of N=14 amu, O (4 x 16 amu) = 64 amu

Therefore, following the Law of Multiple Proportions, the mass ratio of

nitrogen to oxygen is (N:O)
For NO, 14:16 1:1.
For NO2, 14:32 1:2.
For NO3, 14:48 1:3.
For NO4, 14:64 1:4.
Law of Multiple Proportions
When carbon and oxygen are combined two compounds of
Sample 2: oxides will be formed. One of the oxides that may formed
contains 42.9% carbon and the other one is 27.3% carbon.
Prove this using the law of Multiple Proportions.
 Nature and States of Matter

Objectives:
1. Realized that substances are made up of tiny particles.
2. Identify and describe the arrangement, spacing, and motion
of the particles in each of the three phases of matter.
3. Identify the phase change that occurs in matter.
 Nature and States of Matter
The Particle Nature of Matter
Ancient Greek Philosophers believed that matter was
made up of single element

Anaximenes (flourished c. Thales of Miletus (flourish Heraclitus (C. 540-480

545 BCE)– he believed 6th century BCE) – believed BCE) – believed that the
that the primal element that the primal element was primal element was fire.
was air water
 • The Particle Nature of Matter
▪ From these ideas Empedocles proposed that all
matter was made up of four fundamental elements
– earth, air, fire, and water.
▪ Empedocles (c. 490 – 430 BCE) - believed that
differences in characteristics and behavior of
materials are the product of varying proportions of
these four fundamental elements.
▪ The problem with the idea of Empedocles is that,
when a material is broken down, the four
fundamental elements cannot be recovered.
▪ The only important contribution of Empedocles
idea is that it opens the idea of the important
concept, now known as the Law of Constant
Proportion.
Around 400 BCE, Leucippus (flourished 5th century BCE) and his student
Democritus (flourished c. 460 – 370 BCE)

They wondered what would happen on a piece of gold

if it were cut indefinitely, later they concluded that
there must be a smallest unit gold that cannot be
further broken down without it ceasing to be gold.
They concluded that there must be a smaller unit of
gold that cannot be further broken down without
ceasing it to be gold. They called this unit as Atomos,
meaning “indivisible or uncuttable.”
5 Main Principles of Leucippus and Democritus.
1. All matters are made up of too tiny particles that
cannot be seen by the naked eye called atom. Atom
cannot be broken down further into smaller pieces.
Varieties of matter results from the combinations of
breaking apart of this atom.
2. Atoms are in constant motion around the void
(empty space).
3. Atoms are completely solid (billiard ball model).
4. Atoms are uniform, it has no internal structure.
5. Atoms have different sizes and shapes.
• Epirucus of Samos (341 – 270 BCE)
• He popularized the philosophy of
atom or atomism. Philosophy that
matter is made up of atom.
• He also added that atom have
different weights and all atoms have
the same speed regardless of its
size.
• The philosophy of atomists was highly
opposed by mor historically famous
philosopher – Aristotle.
• He agreed with Empedocles that matter was
made up of four (fire, air, earth and water)
fundamental elements in varying
proportions.
• He believed that one element could be
transformed into another element.
• He added the fifth fundamental elements, the
Aether. A matter found outside the earth and
the moon.
• He popularized the Continuous theory. A
theory that matter can be divided indefinitely
without changing the fundamental
characteristics of the materials. Completely
opposite to atomists.
Conclusion:
1. The early theories of matter were purely based on logic.
2. Early philosophers have no methods or instrument to prove or disproved their
theories.
3. As time goes by, new experimental methods, new scientific methods
flourished, and new modern instruments discovered, scientists now come to
agree, based on much experimental evidence, that matter is indeed made up of
ATOM.
4. The beliefs that atoms were indestructible, or indivisible was now disproved
when scientists discovered the existence of subatomic particles.
At present, scientists were now able to characterize the subatomic particles of
matter, that brought the growth of new fields of science and technology that
continues to progress in the next coming years.
 States / Phases of Matter
The STATES in which matter can exist as a BOSE EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE (BEC), SOLID, LIQUID, GAS, or PLASMA
Bose-Einstein
condensate (BEC)
• This form of matter was
predicted in 1924 by Albert
Einstein based on the
quantum formulations of the
Indian physicist Satyendra
Nath Bose.
Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
• It happens when a group of atoms cooled to within near absolute zero (0 K,
− 273.15 °C, or − 459.67 °F; K = kelvin).
o when an atom reaches that temperature, the atoms are now hardly moving
relative to one another, because at that point atoms have almost no energy
to move.
o currently atoms begin to clump together, and each atom enter the same
energy states. All atoms become identical, and the whole group of atoms
starts behaving as it like a single atom.
o the atoms fall into the same quantum states and can't be distinguished
from one another.
• Example of BEC
o liquid helium.
o From ordinary liquid helium to superfluid, then, the viscosity of
superfluid disappears, and the helium starts to behave like a quantum
fluid.
When temperature changes, matter can undergo a PHASE
CHANGE, shifting from one form to another
.
Answer Quiz 1
 Properties of Matter
Objectives:
1. Distinguish between physical and chemical
properties of matter and give examples.
2. Differentiate intensive from extensive properties of
matter and give examples.
 Properties of Matter
A. Physical Properties of Matter
▪ Properties that can be observed without changing the
composition of a substance.
▪ Phase change (solid, liquid, gas) is a physical property of
matter.
ICE MELTS
Ice is composed of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.
▪ Melted ice is also composed of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1
atom of oxygen.
▪ The only thing that change is its phase – from solid (ice)
turned it into liquid (melted ice or liquid water).
 Properties of Matter
Phase change (solid, liquid, gas) is a
physical property of matter.

Water evaporates.

▪ As the water boils, it changes its

phase from liquid to gas.
▪ Despite of the change in its phase, the chemical composition
of water (both liquid and gas) is the same (still 2 atoms of
hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen).
 Properties of Matter
Density is a physical property of matter.
▪ In measuring the density of any substance (D=m/V ). one
need to measure the mass and volume.
▪ Any measuring devise (triple beam balance or analytical
balance) will be used to measure the mass of any substance.
▪ Water displacement method for irregular shaped object or the
use of necessary formulas for regular shaped object in
finding the volume of the substance. For liquids, graduated
cylinder is the common one.
 Properties of Matter
Density is a physical property of matter.
▪ In finding the mass and volume of the substance,
the substance remains as is, its chemical
composition never changed.
▪ After computing or finding the density, nothing
happens to the substance, there is no changes
happened in its chemical compositions.
▪ After finding which substances float or sink in
water, the substances remain unchanged
particularly its chemical composition.
 Properties of Matter
Melting and boiling point,
solubility, volatility,
viscosity, and conductivity
are all physical properties
of matter.
 Properties of Matter
B. Chemical Properties of Matter
These are characteristics of matter that can be observed
while the substance undergoes a change in its chemical
composition.
▪ It can be described in terms of how a substance react
with another substance.
▪ Flammability is one of the examples of
chemical properties of matter.
▪ Flammability is the ability of the substance to
burn when in contact with the flame, and
producing new substances (water, ash, carbon
dioxide, carbon, etc.)
 Properties of Matter
Other examples of Chemical
Properties of matter are:
▪ toxicity,
▪ acidity,
▪ reactivity,
▪ heat of combustion.
Properties of Matter

• Properties of matter can

be categorized into two:

o extensive property

o intensive property
 Classification of Matter

Objectives:
1. Differentiate pure substances from mixtures,
elements from compounds, homogeneous
mixtures from heterogeneous mixtures.
2. Identify and apply the different separation
techniques for mixtures and compounds.
Classification of Matter
 Classification of Matter

Pure Substance
▪ Pure Substance is a kind of matter
that has a constant composition.
▪ All pure substance has the same
make up and properties.
▪ Pure Substance can either be an
Element or Compound
 Classification of Matter
Element

• it is the simplest form of matter that is composed of

only one kind of atom.
• is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler substance by ordinary chemical change.
• was given a specific one-letter or two-letter
symbols.
• Gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) are among
the common examples of element.
 Classification of Matter
Compounds
▪ a composed of two or more elements that
are combined chemically in definite
proportions.
▪ it can be simplified chemically, meaning it
can be decomposed into their constituent
elements through chemical means.
 Classification of Matter
Compounds
Example:
▪ Table Salt (NaCl) is a compound that is consists of two
elements Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Na).

NaCl can be simplified into, Na + Cl → NaCl

 Classification of Matter
The properties of a compound are very different from
those of the component elements.
▪ Chlorine as element is a toxic, corrosive, greenish
yellow gas that is irritating to the eyes and to the
respiratory system.
▪ Sodium as element is a soft, silvery-white, highly
reactive metal, and react vigorously in water.
▪ Sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt is an essential
compound needed by our body for the absorption
and transportation of nutrients, maintain blood
pressure and transmit nerve signals among others.
 Classification of Matter
Mixture
▪ it is a combination of two or
more substances that are only
physically combined, therefore,
the components of mixture can
be separated through simple
physical means.
▪ can be classified as either
Homogeneous or
Heterogeneous.
 Classification of Matter
o Homogeneous Mixture
▪ Mixture the exists in only one
phase.
• thus, the components of
mixture cannot be identified
or recognized.
• thus, the appearance,
properties, and composition
are uniform throughout a
sample.
 Classification of Matter
Homogeneous Mixture
▪ Solution is a homogeneous
mixture, that are prepared
through physical mixing of
varying proportions of
different substance.
• Common examples
are:
oSalt solution
oSugar solution
oAir
 Classification of Matter
Heterogeneous Mixture
▪ The components of mixture are not
evenly distributed throughout the sample.
▪ thus, the components can easily be
identified.
▪ thus, phases or layers can be
observed.
▪ Common examples are:
▪ Water-oil mixture
▪ Halo-halo
▪ Oil-water-sand mixture
Concept Map to use in Classifying Matter
PERFORM ACTIVITY 1 –
MATTER AND ITS
PROPERTIES
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures
• Anything that is combined through physical means, their
components can be separated through physical methods.

• Common methods of separating mixtures are:

The use of Magnet Sedimentation Decantation
Filtration Evaporatio Centrifugation
Chromatography Sublimation Distillation
Fractional Distillation Separating Funnel
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

1. The use of Magnet

▪ Used to remove any
magnetic solid from
the nonmagnetic
components of
mixtures.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

2. Sedimentation
▪ This process is used
when heavier impurities
present in a liquid settle
down at the bottom of
the container containing
mixture.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

3. Decantation
▪ This can be after the process
of sedimentation.
▪ It is the process of separating
liquid from solid and other
immiscible (non-mixing)
liquids.
▪ Can be done by removing
liquid layer at the top from the
layer of solid or liquid below..
Methods of Separating
the Components of
Mixtures
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures
5. Evaporation
▪ It is used in separating a
mixture containing
solution of solvent and
insoluble solid.
▪ In this process, the
solution is heated until
the solvent evaporates
leaving behind the solid
residue.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures
6. Separating Funnel (Extraction)
▪ It is used to separate two or more
immiscible liquids.
▪ Because of the differences in density of
the particles in mixtures, the immiscible
liquids forms layers that can easily
separate using separating funnel.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

7.Distillation
▪ It is a method used to purify the
liquid, wherein the components
of liquid mixture are vaporized
and then condensed and
isolated.
▪ The most volatile liquid
vaporized first at the lowest
temperature, then the vapor
passes through a cooled tube
called condenser and back into
its liquid state. The condensed
liquid is known as distillate.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures
8.Fractional Distillation
▪ The process of separating the
different parts (fractions) of the
components of chemical mixture
according to their differences in
boiling points.
▪ It is used to purify chemicals and
to separate mixtures to obtain
their components.
▪ Crude oil can be separated into
fractions by Fractional
Distillation.
 Process of
Fractional
Distillation with
Crude oil
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

9. Chromatography
▪ The process wherein the mixture
is being dissolved in a fluid
solvent (gas or liquid) called
mobile phase. The different
components of mixture travels
through the stationary phase (a
plate or sheet) at different
speeds, making them to separate
from one another.
▪ Liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and
affinity chromatography are among the common chromatography methods.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

10.Sublimation

▪ It used to separate components of solid-solid mixture, wherein one of the solid

components sublimes (convert from solid to gaseous state without passing to
liquid state) upon heating leaving behind the other components that do not
sublimes.
Methods of Separating the Components of Mixtures

11.Centrifugation

▪ Process of separating the

components of mixture
using centrifugal force.

▪ Through centrifugal force the particles

or components of mixtures separate
according to their sizes, shapes,
viscosity, and density.
Answer Quiz 2