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Section One - Wireless Networking

1. What is wireless networking?

The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to
communicate using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. Strictly
speaking, any technology that does this could be called wireless networking. The current
buzzword however generally refers to wireless LANs. This technology, fuelled by the
emergence of cross-vendor industry standards such as IEEE 802.11, has produced a
number of affordable wireless solutions that are growing in popularity with business and
schools as well as sophisticated applications where network wiring is impossible, such as in
warehousing or point-of-sale handheld equipment.

2. What is a wireless network made up of?

There are two kinds of wireless networks:

a. An ad-hoc, or peer-to-peer wireless network consists of a number of computers

each equipped with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can
communicate directly with all of the other wireless enabled computers. They can
share files and printers this way, but may not be able to access wired LAN
resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN using
special software. (This is called "bridging")

Figure 1: Ad-Hoc or Peer-to Peer Networking.

Each computer with a wireless interface can communicate directly with all of the
others.

b. A wireless network can also use an access point, or base station. In this type of
network the access point acts like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless
computers. It can connect (or "bridge") the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing
wireless computer access to LAN resources, such as file servers or existing Internet
Connectivity.

There are two types of access points:

 i. Dedicated hardware access points (HAP) such as Lucent's WaveLAN,
Apple's Airport Base Station or WebGear's AviatorPRO. (See Figure 2).
Hardware access points offer comprehensive support of most wireless
features, but check your requirements carefully.
ii. Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped with a wireless
network interface card as used in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless
network. (See Figure 3) The Vicomsoft InterGate suites are software
routers that can be used as a basic Software Access Point, and include
features not commonly found in hardware solutions, such as Direct PPPoE
support and extensive configuration flexibility, but may not offer the full
range of wireless features defined in the 802.11 standard.

With appropriate networking software support, users on the wireless LAN can share files
and printers located on the wired LAN and vice versa. Vicomsoft's solutions support file
sharing using TCP/IP.

Figure 2: Hardware Access Point.

Wireless connected computers using a Hardware Access Point.

Figure 3: Software Access Point.

Wireless connected computers using a Software Access Point.

3. What is IEEE 802.11?

 Wireless networking hardware requires the use of underlying technology that deals with
radio frequencies as well as data transmission. The most widely used standard is 802.11
produced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). This is a standard
defining all aspects of Radio Frequency Wireless networking.

4. Can I mix wireless equipment from different vendors?

Because most wireless networking hardware vendors support the 802.11 standard they can
inter operate. However, we recommend verification as the standard is a fairly recent one,
and does specify two different methods for wireless communications; Frequency Hopping
(FH) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS or DS), which are not interoperable.

When purchasing wireless networking hardware from separate vendors be sure to obtain
guarantees from the vendors that the hardware will interoperate and follows the standards.

Within a short time we expect all new wireless cards, like ethernet cards, to become
inexpensive, ubiquitous and totally interoperable.

Also of note is that the latest version of the standard defines 11mbps and 5.5mbps
networking, with support for the older standard 1mbps and 2mbps speeds. This provides
some compatibility with different or older equipment. Note that this new standard covers
DS-type Networks, not FH types.

Software access points such as InterGate which uses the wireless interface of the host
computer should have no compatibility issues with third party wireless hardware, as long as
standards are followed. Typically wireless hardware is identified to the software as a
network interface, and therefore can be used in the same way as any other network card.

5. If my computer is connected to a wireless LAN, can it communicate with

computers on a wired LAN as well?

To do this you will need some sort of bridge between the wireless and wired network. This
can be accomplished either with a hardware access point or a software access point.
Hardware access points are available with various types of network interfaces, such as
Ethernet or Token Ring, but typically require extra hardware to be purchased if your
networking requirements change.

If networking requirements go beyond just interconnecting a wired network network to a

small wireless network, a software access point may be the best solution.

A software access point does not limit the type or number of network interfaces you use. It
may also allow considerable flexibility in providing access to different network types, such
as different types of Ethernet, Wireless and Token Ring networks. Such connections are only
limited by the number of slots or interfaces in the computer used for this task.

Further to this the software access point may include significant additional features such as
shared Internet access, web caching or content filtering, providing significant benefits to
users and administrators.

6. What is the range of a wireless network?

Each access point has a finite range within which a wireless connection can be maintained
between the client computer and the access point. The actual distance varies depending
upon the environment; manufacturers typically state both indoor and outdoor ranges to
give a reasonable indication of reliable performance. Also it should be noted that when
operating at the limits of range the performance may drop, as the quality of connection
deteriorates and the system compensates.
 Typical indoor ranges are 150-300 feet, but can be shorter if the building construction
interferes with radio transmissions. Longer ranges are possible, but performance will
degrade with distance.

Outdoor ranges are quoted up to 1000 feet, but again this depends upon the environment.

There are ways to extend the basic operating range of Wireless communications, by using
more than a single access point or using a wireless relay /extension point. See Question 8
for further information.

7. How many wireless networked computers can use a single access point?

This depends upon the manufacturer. Some hardware access points have a recommended
limit of 10, with other more expensive access points supporting up to 100 wireless
connections. Using more computers than recommended will cause performance and
reliability to suffer.

Software access points may also impose user limitations, but this depends upon the specific
software, and the host computer's ability to process the required information.

8. Can I have more than one access point?

Yes, multiple access points can be connected to a wired LAN, or sometimes even to a
second wireless LAN if the access point supports this.

In most cases, separate access points are interconnected via a wired LAN, providing
wireless connectivity in specific areas such as offices or classrooms, but connected to a
main wired LAN for access to network resources, such as file servers. (See Figure 4)

Figure 4: Multiple Access Points.

Wireless connected computers using Multiple Access Points.
 If a single area is too large to be covered by a single access point, then multiple access
points or extension points can be used. -- Note that an "extension point" is not defined in
the wireless standard, but have been developed by some manufacturers. When using
multiple access points, each access point wireless area should overlap its neighbors. This
provides a seamless area for users to move around in using a feature called "roaming. "
(See the next question for an explanation of Roaming)

Some manufacturers produce extension points, which act as wireless relays, extending the
range of a single access point. Multiple extension points can be strung together to provide
wireless access to far away locations from the central access point. (See Figure 5)

Figure 5: Extension Point.

Wireless connected computers using an Access Point with an Extension Point.

9. What is Roaming?

A wireless computer can "roam" from one access point to another, with the software and
hardware maintaining a steady network connection by monitoring the signal strength from
in-range access points and locking on to the one with the best quality. Usually this is
completely transparent to the user; they are not aware that a different access point is being
used from area to area. Some access point configurations require security authentication
when swapping access points, usually in the form of a password dialog box.

Access points are required to have overlapping wireless areas to achieve this as can be
seen in the following diagram:

Figure 6: Roaming.
A user can move from Area 1 to Area 2 transparently. The Wireless networking hardware
automatically swaps to the Access Point with the best signal.
 Not all access points are capable of being configured to support roaming. Also of note is
that any access points for a single vendor should be used when implementing roaming, as
there is no official standard for this feature.

10. Can I use a wireless network to interconnect two LANs?

Yes. Wireless networking offers a cost-effective solution to users with difficult physical
installations such as campuses, hospitals or businesses with more than one location in
immediate proximity but separated by public thoroughfare. This type of installation requires
two access points. Each access point acts as a bridge or router connecting its own LAN to
the wireless connection. The wireless connection allows the two access points to
communicate with each other, and therefore interconnect the two LAN's.

Figure 7: LAN to LAN Wireless Communications

A Hardware Access Point providing wireless connectivity to local computers and a software
access point. The software access point provides Wired Ethernet network 2 computers
access to Wired Network 1.
 Note that not all hardware access points have the ability to directly interconnect to another
hardware access point, and that the subject of interconnecting LAN's over wireless
connections is a large and complex one, and is beyond the scope of this introduction. See
the reference links at the end of this section if you require further information.

11. Is it true that wireless networking is only good for laptop computers?

Although wireless networking offers obvious benefits to users of laptops who move from
location to location throughout the day, there are benefits for users of fixed position
computers as well:

Many schools and businesses have unsuitable building layouts or walls that cannot be wired
for various reasons making it difficult or impossible to build a wired network. Wireless
networking in these environments is a very cost effective alternative also providing future
flexibility.

In cases where a small number of computers are separated from a main network a wireless
link may be more cost effective than network cabling although the latter is perfectly
feasible.

Temporary wireless LANs can easily be created for exhibitions, school or business projects,
all without any trailing cabling.

12. What about security?

Wireless communications obviously provide potential security issues, as an intruder does

not need physical access to the traditional wired network in order to gain access to data
communications. However, 802.11 wireless communications cannot be received --much less
decoded-- by simple scanners, short wave receivers etc. This has led to the common
misconception that wireless communications cannot be eavesdropped at all. However,
eavesdropping is possible using specialist equipment.
 To protect against any potential security issues, 802.11 wireless communications have a
function called WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), a form of encryption which provides privacy
comparable to that of a traditional wired network. If the wireless network has information
that should be secure then WEP should be used, ensuring the data is protected at
traditional wired network levels.

Also it should be noted that traditional Virtual Private Networking (VPN) techniques will
work over wireless networks in the same way as traditional wired networks.

Section Two - Wireless Networking and the Internet

13. How can I use a wireless network to share an Internet connection?

Once you realise that wireless cards are analogous to ethernet cards and that empty space
is analogous to ethernet cabling, the answer to this question becomes clear. To share an
Internet connection across a LAN you need two things:

• an Internet sharing hardware device or software program

• a LAN

If your LAN is wireless, the same criteria apply. You need a hardware or software access
point and a wireless LAN. Any computer equipped with a wireless network card running
suitable Internet sharing software can be used as a software access point. (See Figure 8) A
number of vendors offer hardware access points.

A hardware access point may provide Internet Sharing capabilities to Wired LAN computers,
but does not usually provide much flexibility beyond very simple configurations. (See Figure
9)

Figure 8: Software Access Point.

Wireless connected computers using a Software Access Point for shared Internet access.

Figure 9: Hardware Access Point.

Wireless connected computers using a Hardware Access Point for shared Internet access.
14. If I have more than one hardware access point, how can I share a single Internet
connection?

If an existing wired LAN already has an Internet connection, then the hardware access
points simply connect to your LAN and allow wireless computers to access the existing
Internet connection in the same way as wired LAN computers.

Figure 10: Multiple Access Points.

Wireless connected computers using Multiple Access Points.

If there is no existing Internet connection, then this depends on the access point:

Figure 11: Software Access Point sharing one Internet connection.

Wireless connected computers using Multiple Access Points. All wired and wireless
computers access the Internet through a single software access point.
 If an access point provides some form of Internet sharing itself, then having multiple such
access points connected to a wired LAN may require some special configuration, or possibly
may require an additional Internet sharing device or software program.

15. If I use a wireless network to connect to the Internet does my ISP need a
wireless network too?

If you use a wireless network to connect to the Internet, the wireless part only concerns
your LAN. The communications link from your LAN to your Internet service provider (ISP)
would be identical whether or not you had a wireless network. For example, if you
connected an ethernet network to the Internet via a 56K modem, when you upgraded your
network to use wireless, you would still use the same 56K modem to connect to the
Internet.

16. Can networking software identify a wireless computer in the same way it can
identify an ethernet computer on the network?

Wireless cards look just like ethernet cards to your network drivers. In fact, wireless
networking cards have unique MAC hardware addresses that are formatted like ethernet
hardware addresses allocated from the same standards organization.