Advanced Engineering Mathematics(II), Spring 2023

Quiz 1 - Class B ( 2023-03-14, 16:10:18:00 )

1. (20pts) Find a vector function v(t) that satises v′ (t) = 2tet i − 2 cos(2t)j, r(0) =
2

2i + j.

Sol : Z
v(t) = v′ (t)dt
Z
2
= 2tet i − 2 cos(2t)jdt
2
= et i − sin(2t)j + c.
For t = 0,
r(0) = 1i − sin(0)j + c = 2i + j.

This formula provides c = i + j. Therefore,

2
r(t) = (et + 1)i + (− sin(2t) + 1)j

2. Consider the curve traced by vector function r(t) = 4 cos(t)i + 4 sin(t)j + 3tk, t ≥ 0.

(a) (10pts) Find the length of the curve, s(t), from r(0) to an arbitrary point
r(t).

(b) (10pts) Express this r(t), t ≥ 0 as the function of arc length s. In other
words, nd r(s).

(c) (5pts) Find the length of the curve traced by vector function r(s) of (b) from
s = 0 to s = 4.

Sol :
(a)
r′ (t) = (−4 sin(t))i + (4 cos(t))j + 3k,
q √
∥ r′ (t) ∥ = 16(sin2 t + cos2 t) + 9 = 16 + 9 = 5,
Z t Z t
′
s(t) = ∥ r (u) ∥ du = 5du = 5t
0 0

1
 (b)
s(t) = 5t,
 
s s 3s
⇒r(s) = 4 cos( )i + 4 sin( )j + k
5 5 5
(c)
4 s 4 s 3s
r′ (s) = − sin( )i + cos( )j + k,
r5 5 5 5 5
16 + 9
∥ r′ (s) ∥ = = 1,
25
Z 4 Z 4
′
s= ∥ r (s) ∥ ds = 1ds = 4
0 0

3. Suppose a particle moves on a smooth curve C described by the bector function

r′ (t) T′ (t)
r(t). Dene T(t) = ∥r′ (t)∥
and N(t) = ∥T′ (t)∥
. It follows that
r′ (t)
 
′′ d ′ d ′ d
a(t) = r (t) = r (t) = ∥ r (t) ∥ ′
= (∥ r′ (t) ∥ T(t))
dt dt ∥ r (t) ∥ dt
′
 
d ∥ r (t) ∥ dT(t)
= T(t)+ ∥ r′ (t) ∥
dt dt
′
T′ (t)
 
d ∥ r (t) ∥
= T(t)+ ∥ r′ (t) ∥∥ T′ (t) ∥
dt ∥ T′ (t) ∥
d ∥ r′ (t) ∥
 
= T(t)+ ∥ r′ (t) ∥∥ T′ (t) ∥ N(t)
dt
= aT T(t) + aN N(t),
where aT and aN are the tangential and normal components of the acceleration,
respectively. Please prove that

(a) (5pts) T′ (t) and T(t) are orthogonal, i.e. N(t) ⊥ T(t).
(b) (5pts) The cross product of T′ (t) and T(t) is a unit vector, i.e. ∥ N(t) ×
T(t) ∥= 1.
r′ (t)·r′′ (t)
(c) (5pts) aT = ∥r′ (t)∥
, and
∥r′ (t)×r′′ (t)∥
(d) (5pts) aN = ∥r′ (t)∥

Sol :
(a)
∥ T(t) ∥2 = T · T = 1
d d
⇒ ∥ T(t) ∥2 = (T · T) = 0
dt dt
dT dT dT
⇒ ·T+T· =2 · T = 0,
dt dt dt
2
 If ∥ dT
dt
∦= 0, we have,
dT
dt
dT
· T = 0,
∥ dt
∥
⇒ N · T = 0.
As a result, T and N vectors are orthogonal. Notably, N is a unit normal,
and

(b)
∥ T × N ∥=∥ T ∥∥ N ∥ sin(π/2) = 1

(c)
T · a = T · r′′

= aT T · T + aN N · T

= aT × 1 + 0

= aT .
Therefore,
r′ (t) · r′′ (t)
′′
aT = T · r =
∥ r′ (t) ∥
(d)
T × a = T × r′′

= aT T × T + aN T × N

= 0 + aN T × N.
Therefore, we have T × r′′ = aN T × N. Taking norm on both sides gives

∥ T × r′′ ∥= aN ∥ T × N ∥= aN ∵∥ T × N ∥= 1

Finally,
∥ r′ (t) × r′′ (t) ∥
aN =
∥ r′ (t) ∥

4. (20pts) Given a position vector r(t) = cos(t)i + 2 sin(t)j + 3tk, t ≥ 0, nd aT and
aN and curvature κ.

Sol :

3
 ∥r′ (t)×r′′ (t)∥
From 3. (c) and 3. (d), and κ = ∥r′ (t)∥3
, we have

r′ (t) = − sin(t)i + 2 cos(t)j + 3k,

r′′ (t) = − cos(t)i − 2 sin(t)j + 0k,

q p
′
∥ r (t) ∥ = sin2 (t) + 4 cos2 (t) + 9 = 3 cos2 (t) + 10,

r′ (t) · r′′ (t) = sin(t) cos(t) − 4 sin(t) cos(t) = −3 sin(t) cos(t),

r′ (t) × r′′ (t) = 6 sin(t)i − 3 cos(t)j + 2k,

q
∥ r′ (t) × r′′ (t) ∥ = 27 sin2 (t) + 13.

Therefore,
r′ (t) · r′′ (t) −3 sin(t) cos(t)
aT = ′
=p ,
∥ r (t) ∥ 3 cos2 (t) + 10
p
∥ r′ (t) × r′′ (t) ∥ 27 sin2 (t) + 13
aN = = ,
∥ r′ (t) ∥
p
3 cos2 (t) + 10
p
∥ r′ (t) × r′′ (t) ∥ 27 sin2 (t) + 13
κ= =
∥ r′ (t) ∥3 (3 cos2 (t) + 10)3/2

5. Given a scalar function f (x, y) = exy sin(x + y), please answer the following ques-
tions.

(a) (10pts) Find the direction derivative from point P (0, π2 ) to the point Q(0, 0).

(b) (10pts) Find the maximum rate of change of f (x, y, z) at the point P (0, π2 ).

(c) (5pts) In what directions starting at P (0, π2 ) is f (x, y) changing at 50% of

its maximum rate?

Be careful, the directional vector shoud be a unit vector.

Sol :
∇f (x, y) = [yexy sin(x + y) + exy cos(x + y)]i + [xexy sin(x + y) + exy cos(x + y)]j
π π
∇f (0, ) = i.
2 2
(a)
π
P⃗Q = 0i − j
2
⃗ − π2 j
r
PQ π
⇒u= = pπ = − j
∥ P⃗Q ∥ 2
2
π
Du f (0, ) = ∇f · u = 0
2
4
 (b) Maximum rate of change occurs when u has the same direction as that of
∇f (0, π2 ). Therefore, the maximum rate is ∥ ∇f (0, π2 ) ∥= π2 .

(c) Based on the question, we want

π π π
Du f (0, ) = ∇f · u = i · u = 0.5 .
2 2 2
By the denition of u = cos θi + sin θj, we have
π π
cos θ = 0.5 ,
2 2
and
1
cos θ = .
2
Therefore,
π
θ=± .
3
Two directions!

6. Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
p

(a) (10pts) If x = 3 sin(2t), y = 4 cos(2t), and z = 5t3 , nd df (x,y,z)

dt
. Express your
answer as the function of t.
(b) (10pts) If F (x, y, z) = 7, show that ∇F · r′ (t) = 0, where r(t) = 3 sin(2t)i +
4 cos(2t)j − 5t3 k.

Sol :
(a)
dF (x, y, z) ∂F (x, y, z) dx ∂F (x, y, z) dy ∂F (x, y, z) dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
2
6x cos(2t) −8y sin(2t) 15zt
=p +p +p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
−14 cos(2t) sin(2t) + 75t5
=p
9 sin2 (2t) + 16 cos2 (2t) + 25t6
(b)
dF (x, y, z) ∂F (x, y, z) dx ∂F (x, y, z) dy ∂F (x, y, z) dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
∂F (x, y, z) ∂F (x, y, z) ∂F (x, y, z) dx dy dz
=( i+ j+ k) · ( i + j + k)
∂x ∂y ∂z dt dt dt
= ∇F · r′ (t)
d7
= = 0.
dt
5
As a results, ∇F · r′ (t) = 0