'

Chapter -1 Instrumentation System

_
'- 'I,: l~·, h ,
,.,.. . , ., .. • '1 • .t
1. Explain _the functi9n pf. ~.irfier~i~ :t~~e
s of t_~fl.,~~1W .~i~gt~'1/~;t~~ ..~lth the ~elp 1

block diagram. 1
;-_ 1... ._i • ·, ·1 . ·, of ~he
l.!1:
2. What is an electrica'I tra~nsducer?-
• ) . .. 'i. t· : # - •• : :

How· can it be classified, explain with

suitable
example .. .,,.,\_ \tt. \

.. ' .
3. Discuss th'e analog ~nd digital system '• l,,'

6,f meas~remen_t..
ChapterR2 Theory of Measurement

l. Explain the foll0wing terms,

a. Accuracy
b. Precision
I ,_.
' 1 I ' I l
; I
C. Resolution
I

d. Sensitivity •'

e. Linearity

-~~f
. • .....,l •.:., .
2. Discuss the differeris:.t~t~-~~n-~
~lr~~_:i~~4f~cx, .a~-~..,,.PiL~~$/q9,,:i.~i ff)~a~
process. • u.ri.ng·
· • •. • • • •
l, I •
~.. Explain briefly the dynamic:pe.rfofman • • .

·ce pa_ra~e~~r of an inst~um~_nt. ·

4. What are the general classes1r.of rne~~ •
{1'rilM:i•~'ni' ~rrors? Jx.plain 'how ca_n they
. be
eliminated? '"'~r' l 1
" 1
'

.
5. Discuss the different statistical tools '
used in the analysis of the mea~uring syste
6. Using statistical evaluation ·of random m. f , ••

er~o_r~~or da.t~ of me~s~r~me,.0t,. expl~in

probable error in a me·asurerrrent can be:ob
. • . • . . •,.. h'ow ,, . , • • .. ·l • l • t •
ta'ine·a. .' ,: . \ _,
7. A Voltmeter whose accuracy_ is 2% of . • \, .. "' \ \ - ..... ,,,. .... " ' • •-.... t
the· full sca_le_ ~e.ad ing is~us..ed on its o..sov ~-

sq3le.
The 'voltage measured by th~~- "~~t-~,~i~
t~JSV •l~r.d ~f.V• \,C,a,lc~~fi: fo~e~1$5i~le
percentage error of both re,adings. Commeh
tion yqur resul.t._·[An,~: 6.. 67%, 2.38%]
8. Eight measurements of current in a . .
branch yield va,lues of 50.2 50.9 49.7,
-

1 1 51.1 1
50.31 49.91 50.3°._and 51.0 mA. Assu,m.in-g·o_n
I • • • • , .,I •

-~.Y.}r~l~-~?orn ,e.cr?rs a_re:pre~~nt,•in the

measurement system·1 ·calcul·ate:· ·, •
··: • :·i .._ •
•
, ..., _ .;. , .. : ..·
a. The average value.
. ; ""',t,.tfi' ,.,,... ...,.. ,.~. . .....• .,_ ,,, ' ,.
1 ..
~--
•
-
•
[_~n?_:.~~·0'.38 m~J 1 .. r}r,. ,, . 1
b. The standard deviation. •
[Ans: 0.5] ,, .
c. The probable error of th'e reading.
l:.
.. . _f~ / ' .
. .[Ans: 0.~3 725
9. A m-oving coil ammeter has a unifo
rm sc,ile with 50 di.vi~i.ons and. give.s full
readih:g-:of .. SA. The instrument can re~'d~ scale
1 1
u_.pto 9ne-fourth or t.~e full scale division.
with fair degree ;of Certai.nty. Dete;IJ)iin
1

) • .. ·~--t~hi:{.r~s;lution gJ.,:t'.~e l'nstrument in mA.

[Ans: 25mA]
,
i

,10. Calculate the relative error· in power

factor if the relative _error in power curre
and voltage are respectively 0.5% 1% 1%. nt 1

[use pf=P/(VI)] 1
[Ans: +2.5%] 1

:t

L
 J

•I
r
- ,.
\

·1. Follo wing reading were ob·t~\\m~~- inir.~sro.~

~tt'of mea sure men t of a capa·citor: 1.00 3, \ .
0.99 8, 1.00 1, 1.009, 1.oos, 0.9~ ft e.,§~'6/0'.997,
1.00 8,an d 0.994 µF.
.
a\ ' Arith meti c mean
:
-
\ •
b. ~·oeviation from the mea n·
. .
, c. • :';'ve rage .dev iatio n 1
~4iw• 1.; --.~,~-

• d. ·stan dard .dev iatio n :~

•• ·e. 'Variance '·~,)~ ~ /" • :r~,
:.
,,
..... -:-.:
'
•· l
,.iJ
··,fc. :'4Rang'.e '
,I •••.r
• • -" ·'.!l}·/•f' -~~·.t_/:
•
.!C_

J i
I•'!,
:t~,••l'°>l.l,f l; \I
•
; •• t .,,,..qt ti\ •

,. -~- , -~ • • g. Probable error. of one read

I ' ,.~----:•-.

ing/ • ,
t
.... t-" . '- .....
, ~- . • ·tj:· ·.!·.,,· •• .. h. ~Probabl·e·errGr of
. .. •

the mean • ··, J'.~ • JY~~.

I ·-"~•:1~ .I

.. J•
)
.
2:: '\!°:000.{l vari, ble resistance-'~:~s;-earity of 0::1% and the m~1
• I 'II ", •~, ..,
•
·: . ·., /·. : :" • •

\.,.-,,
. . !· ~r::m lS 3--,0p
:(., ~a 1-¢'Efnt of contact
•. ~:; •f •
.J: ·_;}i· _~,'.. ·
• • ;.- L .. •~.w•,,r
-
,..;"i;t ,.. , ,..... , ,
•\:::a.·· Determine _the maximum p~sit_i~]~·
deviation in degrees and the resistance
I 1 •.. ! ~- . .. dev.1.atJon in ohm .
.. .
1 • 1 -: ,:
...
:,.v
·~~-i '
, t - .. :
t~ - ·. •• 1 '. ~· . ~-/ ··b. ·--tf thi~\ nstru men
t is to b~ used·~_s.\~i~tention1eter with a linea
r scale of Oto 1.6V.
r · •... ·; . •. • Dete r.ri\in 'lthe :r:na ximu m
voltag;e ~ribr . . (Ans: (a)0.32°, 10 i1 (b}l.
b'
r .r~..:' ..~.- .~-~ ,.::~-;-
l"',.-" - .
.- .3'._ .A.bal:o·ri~~'/tt:~fle1ci-g:e~h~s'the fbll~~1.t~i-·
'l'Jih,cc - • ' ; • •• Jt'6W ~t . ants
6mV ]
~-, • .,, • • •• • ''N.~'
,:;·~> <·.: .:.. f:;;;-i ~~Ar ~AB :·:;irt r1ob t>rtT h"•p ..
aralk ?1 witt\:t:== O}S .µF ··',:
•~. ·• ~--· ·~: .. ~·:;A rr; BC : R=lo o·on in s·edes with
C
• Arm CD: R=200 .n in series with L = 3-0"~llf~--
. '-,;• • , ..
Find the cons tant of arm DA. Express the·r •
esul t as a pure R in (a) para llel (b) series
with pure Lor C. Given frequ ency ~f.RR~~
4. An _a.c bridg e has follo wing cons tad\
t .:. • :.
Arm AB: Ca~aci{or of 8.55 µF in paiJ ;!l'~~ th
1 kfl resistance
Arm AD: resistance of 2kil •
. . ; :: • I -

Arm· BC: capucirance··of 0.5 JtF ):} ip:-.

. -,
Arm CD: unko own capacitance Cx ancf.R;; in· seri~
\.

s
Fre.quency - lkHz ••. ~- I11 ' , ....,
.
,, .
Determin·e the unkn own resis tanc ~t~b !acit
ance and diss.ipatlon·:f.actor. [ans: 2f0.0 fli
'024 9µF 345r .:) · .. --~-.--',i!.~~'1It '~-:.. ~~l'""
• • .
.
,
•.
:)
· • -~-'
• •• ··,..: t,~l>;"'\., t"•
V ••1, ,..-. •
.'I.
~.,
•

5. A mult imet er having a sen~;:itf~.it~~;f~~~OO .D./V

\.

is .used for the .mea.~~nt~·en_t of

volta ge i:fcross ·a circu it having ar1·~~0\:J.ipM
.t resistance of 10 k D.. The-,or,r~n circuit
volta ge of the ci rcui f is 6V. Find the 'reaGi
ing of the rn ultim eter whe n it is set to i_ts
'·iov scale. Also f1nd the% error . If the .9utp
ut resistance of the circu it is 1000 fl and
open circu it volta ge is 6V at its lOV scale,
find the % erro r and com rnen t upon your
resJwlt [\i3·%··,· 4.8%) ! ,: ·\
"
r

l
i
I

/
I
 I
~I
J •
. .
1nstru mentatl on-I (Tutc;>_r:ial-3)
'

1. ~xpla in the 'loading effect' th . "· • • .

• on ._ie~},S;~~~'#lof a res1,stance potentiometer transducer
when used for the measurement of -M2ement. . .
2• Show h_ow 'lo~ding effect' ca~se·s_?
non-linear relationship- between the input anq
. ;utput in measureme_nt made by a ·potentiometer. Derive the relatiori of e0/e; versus
• p/Rm . for a p9tent1ometer transd_uce.r where e0 is the • outP,ut voltage of a
potentiometer, ei-is the input voltage of the potentiometer, R is the potentiom·eter
resistance and Rm is the meter resiSNin~.c.e B • P • ·
'\
• ~\ ' '
3. A linear r~sistance potentiometer is 5brhm long and is uniformly wound with a wire of
t O ta I resist ance of 20 kn. Un de r o r rn aI c ndit ions, th e sIi q_~ r is at th e center of the
_potentiometer. Determine the linear displacernent when the resistances of the
p~tentiometer, as measured by Wheatstone bridge are 1550.0 and 5600.0.. Are the two
displa~ements in the same direction? ·If i.t is possible to measure a minimum value of
10.0 resistance with the above arrangement, 'determine the resolution of ttle
potentiome'ter in r:1rr.'·[Ans: 21.125f':1rq,) imm, yes, p.025mm]
4. A variable poten~ial divider has a total (esistance of 2kn and is fed from a lOV de
supply. The output is connected to a load resistance of 5ld1. Determine the loading
errors for the wiper positions correspon.d Jt{g -t.9 k=O, 0.25, O.~, 0. 75 and 1.0. Use your
resu Its to plot a graph of error versus I<.
5. A potentiometer has a resistance of Skfl and is rated at 3W. ·what is the maximum
• • • • I L ...

allow,rble excitation voltage? CalcuJate_ the ·sen~itivity and resolution· if the length· of .the
l . •

potentio-meter· i's 0.'lm and there are 200 turns. Also crilculate the % loading error at
0.65 of the travel if a meter of Sk.n is con_nected across the potentio_meter [Ans:
12-2 .4 7] ,, ·-
6. A voltage dividing· potentiometer is used to measure an angular displacement. The
·angle of displacement is 60° and total_angl.e of travel of potentiometer is 355°. Calculate
the voltage output on -ope~ circ_uit if th1:,,,.,P?tentiometer is excited by 60V source.
Calculate-the actu.al value of the output· voltage at ~his _setting if a voltmeter of 1Mil is
connected across the output. The resistanc.-~ of.the Pc:>tentiometer is lld1 and the_ turns
are un"iforrnly distributed. Also calculate the% error. L1~· l40 84SV; fo,
13 ~42) v1 1 O· ot
7. In a resistive potentiometer the rnaxirnum % error\.is lSRp/r,m where Rp and Rm are the
resistance of potentiorneter and the load respectively. A position measurement may
have a maximum non-linea~ity of 0.5% while driving a load of lOkfl. Find out the
maximum value·of resistance of the potentiometer. [Ans: 333.33-D]
8. Choose a potentiometer thc1t has the greatest possible sensitivity and meets the·non
linearity requirement_of 2CX'i (minimum) from available potentiometers having a therrnal •
rating of 5 watts and resistances ranging frorn 2000 to ~)0000 in steps of 50 0. The
output of the potentiometer is to be measured with a devire of 40000 input resista0ce.
Determine also the maximum excitation .. voltage that can be employed with this
_ potentiometer.

3
 o l

1-. Define the gauge~factor_,of a resistanc~ strain gauge·and obtain:\.t~e ?xpression for the same.
2.
Distinguish bond~d q"(ttj :t1r1bor:-ided strain g~uge_~. AA:q to'r'nryi·e_nt upon their suitability for
•1 • . • , • . 1. '\ •1 - t/
• ... • .• • ......• rl~· - L~ ,·"' • • . 1

•... • -rrieasurement'bf pHysio~l'.g\~.~ffl,nif1~~:-· :l_::: -'. - •. _:· • ' ·: • . , . . -•

. <, • ?: 1,tfthin circular wir·e of sdf{{r;$~i:Bj~ii~g~µ:g:~1Jaet6Fof 3.-8. Determine the Poisson's ratio for the
··~~ -. soft iron. [Ans:1.4]. • • -:~:::::,>:-<'~);..\"~~--~;· • • .. . •
ld"ng: ·:~nd nas· an. initial
• '>•.. ,~•\~.~ ,,.,~;' t.,.'t\ • • ..

J, · '4. • The wire in strain gauge_ ls 0.lm resistance of 1200. On application· of·:· •
force the· wire length increases by O.irrirr, and resistance increases by 0.210. Determine th_e
•• Ga~ge fac~or of this device.l'} 1"5_J , .t
s. An SG having a resistance of soon and a g·auge factor 3 is bonded onto a mem·ber of a
st_ructure under tensile stress .. Determine th~tJ:)'ercentage strai1;1J$..!Jf:fer.~d-.by~the merhb'er'"if the ,,., -<d .,. "• ,# '
'c: •
change in resistante Df the gauge accurately measlffed is 1.5 0. t..... ,\ --: , . \ .. ,1., ·/~;:·-~
2 -· .•· -
6. A resistance gauge is used to measure stress on steel. The_ st'e({( if sJressed to 1400kg/cm .•
·Assume Young's modulu-s \of; .-~te~t. ,2:i *10 6 kg/cm 2:° )J'Calcu·1a·f~~· ti{e percent~ge change of
resistance of a strain gauge assur;nlng-gauge.factor eq·ual to 2 and poisson's ratio.[Ans: 0.067%,
0.5)
'
7. A strain gauge having a r~~istance of. 200.0.· and gauge factor 2.5 is connecte~{ in series with
blast resistance of 400.0. a..ctq;~s)~4V,.~pi~t~rrnfn~'•the ehf~ge in bLltput voltage when a stress of > .
. ~::. . .A"'-:,. ·r\,i•. ~~':·· 1
• .: • •. •• , •
2
140MN/m is ~pplied. The modq_lu~ 0:-f ~l~sticitv is 2oo·GN/m 2 . [Ans: 9.33mV] . .-J'
• ·., • - <.,. ...
T1... ,•

8. In order to measure the stra,·11 in a•:c·a-jit'flever beam, ·a\-single strain gauge of resistance 11< ohm ,,----;
f, • •.

and gauge factor 2 and tefnp-erature co·eft(~fght 10*10.6/°C is mounted on the beam and
connected to one arm of the!' bridge circuit. The o(tter arms of the bricfge have a resistance of
.- .._
1000.0 each. The bridge d~tector re~istance. is 100 ohm and its sensitivity is 10mm/µA. .:.,; ·:
~·\.
,,-
Calculate the detector d~flection for 00'1% str,~in and the change in• effectiv,e strain indicated !-.:.--
.:
\\/he-n the room temperature incre·ases by 16~~C. The supply to the bridge circuit is l0V.[Ans: .,I'•• I•

·:. :~:
{ r',:i~
t14.5rnm] 1'•4

-
# ' _,.

- ..~1_:':
9. Explain the construction and working principle_of a linear variable, differential transfo_rmer .. ';
,! : I.

..
,:·. •'

10. Discuss. the factor limiting the bandwidth and sensitivity of a linear variable differential L • ."· :
:~-
'.
transformer.
:.
11. An LVDT is use·d for measuring the deflection of a _bellows. The sensitivity of LVDT is 40V/mm.
·"

6 2
The.·bellows is deflected by-0.125mm by a pre'ssl_..lre of 0.8*10 N/m ·;· Determine the sensitivity
of LVDT in V per N/m 2 and the press·ure when the volta.ge output of c1n LV.DT is 3.•SV.["Ans: ...
,. '
6.25*10·6 V per N/n/, 5.6*10!;N/m'-) •- • • ... • • • • •

''
C

' .
12. The output of an LVDT is co-hnected to a SV voltmeter through_ an amplifier w~ose '/•
: '
ampl"ification factor is 250. An ol"itput of 2mV appea(s across the terminals of LVDT when the
• core moves through a distance of 0.5mm. Calcul~te the sensitivity of the LVDT and that of the
whole setup. The mili-voltmeter scale has a 100 divisions. The scale can be read-,to -1./? e,f
division: Calculate the· resolution of the instrument.in mm.
13. An LVDT with a secon·dary voltage of SV has a rang._e.of :t 25m1n. Find the output voltage when
', '
tt1e ~ore is ;18. 75mm fror:n center. Plot the core position ver'sus output for a core movef!)ent
going from •t·18.75mm to -10mm.(Ans: -3.75V,.3.75V to -2V lirH:arly)

-!
 I nstrumentatio•n~I (Tuto.riaR5)
\
. '

1. A .barium titanate piezoelectric pick--up has dimension of 6rnm*6mm*l. Smm and cl voltage
sensitivity of 0.012Vm/N. Relative permittivity of bariu~ titan9~t~ is. 1400 and mod~lus of
elasticity of barium titanate }}*l_0 10N/m 2. DeterrrirZ~ i). thet output voltage ii) Charge
sensitivity iii) Strain iv) thaYge,:-~-~~~!(fe~(v).Th'e c,apacitance of th~ pick-up ..T~e force applied to
pick-up is l0N.[Ans: SV, 14-8.7pC/N, 2:3:1°5*10"6 14~r7pC, 297.4pF] •
• . ''I

2. The output of an LVDT is 1.25V at m·a>tlr:ffwm· displ~cement. At a load of 0.75/vif!", the deviation
-~'\ ... ,.. . . :, .
from _the linearity is maximum and It' ·is·J:r'0.0025V from the straight ~ine· thro"ugh origin.
Determine the linearity at the given load.[Ans: 0.2%) •
. ' . ,. . ·-.
3. An LV~T is used for measuring the d~fle~ti?n. u.f~i;,\t>~·n ~:Wrt~~l?he se~_sit:tf! ty ·0f .,L.V~_T is 4DV/mm.
1
1

The ,bellows, is deflected whet;1. the voltag,~. -9.l.~;put of LVDT is ~-:sv . '(,6.ZS* 10-6V/N per m 2 ,
5.6* 105N/m 2]. •
4. A thermistor has res_istance -of..398Q!l at ·the ice point and 794£l at so0c. The resistance-
/)

temperature relationship is given ,by Rr- ·= aRder. Calculate the constants 'a' and 'b'. Calculate
the range of resistance to be measl:J:~ed in case the temperuture varies 40°C to 100°C.[Ans:
a=3*10·5, b=2842.8K)
5. The output of ·a potentiom.eter i~ to. be nt~~9: .~~{' a_ recoq;t~r l0k!l input resistance. The non-
, ' I .. I '- ..

linearity must be held "to 1%. A··family :q(p.o"tentiome,~er having thermal ratrngs of SW and
..
resistances ranging from 100.0. to l0kD. in· s~ep ~-t_~~qn af}e available. Choose from the family of
potentiometer, a potentiomete r that has the gr.~ant~\ possible ~ensitivity and which meets the
• '"l ...
non-lineurity requirement. Find the muximum excitation voltage permissible with this
potentiometer. What is the sensitivity if the potentiometer ~s single turn? [Ans: 600 ohms,
0.152V/degree]
6. Hall effect element is used for th~ me~swr'e.ment.-·of-ri¾agnetic,_fl.u~· oro:~\,yb/rn 2·.1he thickness of
element is 2.5mm. If the currenl~ip-~~ie"e.l~tlWougmittht?.1·~1~~"e:N,.t\JS~~~?~}.1J0IDHtfe. ~th e H~J.IL~·rnf __ 1

. developed. Given that KH=S* 10"7 [Ans:. 6.4_*10"\i]' , , . • • •• •• .; · ..•• r . • =· • ! • • . • "~ •. •

7. A piezoelectric pressure transducer· h~~A~g -s'ensitivityhJf~,,211<.a.0JiG/N--is 1 conf.le6t~GJ~to ·a.1(<2h~rge • '.
.,
amplifier, the gain being set to SmV/pC. The a'n-1 plifier output is -connected to a ultraviolet chart
recorder, whose sensitivity is set to 25rnrn/V. Determine the overall sensitivity and d~flectiori of
the chart-due to a force of 200N. [0.25mr:1/N, 50mm]
8. /\ serie~ connected thermopile is made up.of cop~?er~ _ , . .· . . ... ._
constantan thermocouples with T -at iso"~r,. ·.a.,,J·d. it~· ·r·· ·,.,,·_,_ _ _• ~-·~r,_,.A_·_:;"'!"'~:-n_,;__.:..r....al!'"·."'""'.··...T~-~~---~~'-·:!."_-··_ _ ,
1
net effect is 3.3niV for the arrangement of three
1 n. -~.i: ',. ~1·

T2 •
junction pairs as shown in figure. Calculate the value • Tt
of temperature T2, taking the sensitivity of each A T2
junction as 5_0µV ; 0 c. [Ans: 172°c or 128°C] Tl D , .
'
• 1 ....

i'
t
T2
Fig: Tbe.rm_opilt> '-

9. FQ,r thermistor T0=300K, ./3=34201<, R0=1kfl and,; . ,.

R=2k!l, •c~ lculate the value of T. Also find the s1~nsitivity (s) = :;. [Ans: 282.8K, 85.53.{l/K]
10. An LVDT he.ls secondury voltage of SV for a displacement of +. 12.-Srnm. Determine the output
voltage for a core displacement of 8mm from Hs c~ntral positi'on. [Ans: 3.2V]

t. : •
.. .
 lns;~:~~·ht,ati·on-1 (Tutorial-5) _
t transducers. How do you obtain a
•
•

·
•

f apacitive displace.men
_ . •
1
•
1 Explain the principle of operation° c ·•.\J . . • • d d'
1
15 P a
cement when displacement is
•• . . . th capacitance an
linear charactenstIc between e -~ . Al discuss the sensitivity of the

transducer. •·- . •
2. Discuss h0w capa,c.i:tiv~ _tra,1:Jsd~_se.~s
_
7
measured in terms of change in 9.~~rla_ppmg area· • so • •

._
~i1•used to me
asure dis lac~meri't with the chance in
p .. . sensitivit of
' ,._. l

..;;(.,.
r..-.·,
1.;: •

.....
.
'·

term of movement of dielectric materialJ:re:tween the plates. Also mention th e Y

the transducers. - • ~-. , . ; .
3. Explain how can the response of the ca~titi1e•ttamducer, whiGfl works ~n the pnn~iple of
variatio•n of capacitance with displacementd~··etween two plates, be made linear. Also give the
sensitivity and resolution of such an arrangement. .
4. A displace·ment capacitive transdu.cer uses, a differential arrangement with two outer p_lates
which· are fixed and central plate which -i~-- movable. The dis.ta nee between the fixed and·
movable plate is 5mm when no displaceme'nt is applied. A voltage of 1000V a.c. is applied
across the fixed plates. Find the differential output voltage if a displacem~nt of 0.01mm is •
applied to the central plate. Find also the sens\tivity ·of the transducer. [Ans: 2V, 200V/mm]
5. A capacitive transducer is made up of two concentric cylindrical electrodes. The outer diameter-
• of the inner cylindrical electrode is 3mm ar10Jhe dielectric medium is ai_r. The inner diameter
' l:'.f:' ·,

of th'e outer electrode-· is .3-.lmm. Calculate~'he· d11~le_ctric stress when a voltage of .:lOOV is
•

applied across the electrodes. Is it within safe limits?·, The length of the electrode is. 20mm.
- •
Calculate the change in capacitance if the inner electrode is moved through a distance of 2mm.
The breakdown strength of air is 3kV/mm.[2kV/mm, 3.4pF]
6. Show how the resistance temperatur.e characteristics of thermistor look and explain its
suitability for temperature measurement.
7. Explain how resistive transdu-cer c-an be desigrred·and u~d for the measurement of the relativ~
humidity of air and gase?, What is the basic lifii'itat.ion of the arrangement?
8. The resistance of a thermistor is 200k.0. at -100°C. Find the value of resistance at 400°c. Also·
•
find the ratio of two resistances for platinun-:1 qver-the·same temperature and comment upon
your answers. Platinum has a resistance tempe'i·ature coefficient of 0.0039/0 c. The.value of {3 is
40001< for therm_ist.or.[Ans: 6.93*1ff 3 ohm, 2.95]
_9. A gauge is made of~ material h~ving a -tempef~ture coefficient of 12:1ff 6/ 0 c. It has a gauge
•. factor of 2. It is connected in a bridge circuit ha.ving resistance-of. 120D. T~e bridge is balanced
in ambient temperature. Supporting there is change in temperature of 20°c in_the temperatur~
of the gauge. A) Find the outP,ut voltage of the bridge if the·input voltag~ is lOV. B) What is the
equiv.a lent strain represented by the change in ternperat ure. If dummy strain gauge is to
r~place one resistance of the bridge for the temperature compensation, show wher~ should it
-
qe placed in the bridge? [Ans: 0.6mV, lf micro strain)
I •
1.0. A 6ridge circuit has two fixed resistors and two strain gauges all of-which have a resistance ol
120n. The gauge factor is 2.04 and strain applied to twin strain gauge, one is tensile and other
is compression is 165: 10" 9. If the battery current is S'OrnA; De~crmine· a) voltage_ output of tbe •
- -· bridge ·b) sensitivity in volt/str 9in. If the galvanometer. connected to two output terminals
read$ lOO~~V per ;cale division if 1/lOth of a division can be recJd with .confident, determine the
resolution. [A~s; 0.0202V, 1.225mV/µs, 0.008µs}

5
 • l
t
'
',
'· I

Instrum entation I 'i

\
\ I
Assignment 2 I: t

'
1. ~hat are the advantages o,f inv~r~~-~~-~r?R DAC ·9ver ~t.~er DAC?.Derive the outp~t
expressi.G
,
>n
...
for R-2 R DAC . . -·<f~,. • - • _. . .~,. 1- , •• •• , • • : •
'
• • • ••• '1•· •
t-:
_,.-
'
• • ,r. :"'> -:: •'i' ~·1. :'· , ,• · • .
.-.: •· .. · :..J· ~, "' r .... _t l. • 'r
2. What will be the 6-bit approximation digif[i1!5t?l!-t;~1rt tG>J;t'!ne aAa,l~~g,,j~JD,yt>:6._lt27V if
VR is 8V?
3. Show how. R-2R ladder network can, ~e-t:Js!~,Gkto·g.enerate a binary weighted sequenc
e of
current.
4. A 3-bit DAC has a·~yoltage ra~ge of (Q-12.)V. Calculate the
a. Weight of LSB .
b. Weight of.:~§~. .l- ••
• . ' ...... ' ,· ,
c. Exact range of the ~©hve,Yter.
d. Percentage error • ' !. ,.·. r \~ .;;{.,'~{.,.I .: 1:
'· .:
\ lo • • • '\ ' • l '- ,

"If now, the bit of the· coiive.rter·is increased to 6,·show by how much percentage the
error is increased or decreased? Justify your answer.
5. Explain how analog to digital conversion can be ~arried out using a flash type ADC.
6. Consider a 6-bit digital to analog, converter ~yvith ~.·resistance of 20 kO in MSB position.
The
convert.er is designed wiJA we•igttt~~~::~J§.)itiy~7n~~~o-tk. The -~efex~nce voltage is 12
V. the
output of the resistive netwo.rk is_1c~~n~ct'~d)Q>. -n,operational a_.~pl.ifier. with a feedback
9
resistance of l0kO. What is:t~e ~M ~'.rqg_,b·u,tput tor· a bi.nary input of 101011? •
1

7. The basic step of a 9 bit DAC is '10,.3 ~V. If (000000000) represent~ 0 V, what output
is
produced if the input is (101101111)? Write the advantage of R-2R ladder type DAC
over
WRN type.
8. Describe in detail the successive approxi_mation method of analog to digital (A/D)
conversion
taking an example.of 4-b.it converte~ hav)ng lull r~nge qf sv-and 1nput of 3.215 V.
9. A 6-·bit DAC has 20 kO resistance in MSB:position. The convert~r is-designed with_w~
ighted
. resistive ~etwork. The refere-nce voltage is 12 V. The output of the resistive-network
is
connected to an operational amplifier with a feedback resistance of 5 kO. What will
be the - •
analog outp.ut for a binary input of 101101.
10. A 6-bit qA<;: has a reference v0lt·c,1g.e o.f!9 V if it uses
a. R-~R l·adder net~ork
, . - , •
-, b. , \ty,~igtated r~s}:Siti'v'e network
. .
Find the minimum value of resistance in both the cases such th·at the output curre_nt
does not exceed l0mA.
11. Explain with suitable example how analog to digital conversion is carried
out using
successive approximation type ADC.
12. An 8 bit ADC has a maximum supply",v.0lfage of 1a volts. Find
a. What voltage change does LSB represent?
b. Wh~t ·voltage does ]01011 represe-nt'?
13. Stc1te and explain Nyquist Criterion. Also r.xplain the phenomenon of aliasing
and the way to
eliminate it ..

. •, .•..
·····1
,·.
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. i

Instrumentation I

Converter Resolution
.. '
n oTi~ 5-bit converter'?[3.23%]
1. What is the percentage resolutio outp ut varies betw een
ge resolution of a 12--bit DAC whose
.2. What is the resolutio•n and percenta
••
+50 to -50 V710.0244 V, 2.44%) t outp ut 1vill be
steps of a 9 bit DAC is l'0.3~r ,r.11/.~ If 00(')0~0000 -represents-0 volt , wha
3. The basic ·
-t8·1~1ts j •• , .. · •
produced if the input is 101 101 1if~
bit DAC for the 0-10 V
' and1tlfscale outp ut voltage for an 8
4. Calculate the values of LSB, MS'B
range. [39 mV, 5 V, 9.96V) - i
percentage
has an inpu t volta ge if -lQ V to +10 v. What is the resolution and
5. A 10 bit ADC _
1.95~]
re'solutien of the converter?'[19.5 mV, of 1 mV in
ish a change
havin-g:·an input 0-8V is able to distingu
6. A good quality analog transducer
of bits.[13]
its input signal. Calct:.Jlate the number
ide the following info rma tion
7. A 6-bit ADC has a maximum
precision supply_ voltage of 20 V. Prov
for the unit.
bit re·present?[0.317 V]
a. What voltage change does each
.seR,t?[l2.06 volts}
b. What voltage .does_ 100110 repre

R-2R•co nverte r
resistance so that
g.~ .of 12 V. ~ind the minimum value of .
1. An 8 bit R-2 R DAC has a reference volta . \

value of current.
n't,_exceed 10 mA. Alsd find the smallest
the output cu_rrent of the ladder does
t would be the
to ger~e~ate a-s~iuence of current. Wha
2. Show how R-2R ladder can b~ used ' .,

input code ls Ito1 ? -

output voltage of the circuit when the

(dv/dt)max and fmax -

•
er with conv e't'sio n time 0.1 sec and VFs ==lOV. Find the maximum
.
1. Given an 11 bit ADC con vert • -
. lve the
ge that the anal og inpu rsigh •al may have in order'that the converter can reso
rate of chan •
a si~f{le conversion time.[O.o'S V/s·] "·
input signal into an_ 11-b it number in
n time and is used
that has a 20 microseconds conversio
2. Given a 12 bit I lOV full scale ADC signal and
... . •. i
the maximum rnte of change in input
with out a sample and ho.Id circuit. Fff1d lution.[125%,2Hz]
still allow the ADC:: to operate at full reso
rnc.1ximum inpu t frequency that will
ther with the ADC
.an apertwre time of 3 ns is used toge
3. If a samf)le and hold circuit with signal frequency
m'1xiroum rate of change of voltage and
described in exampfe ~' calculate the t signal.
the to-nverter to fu.lly resolve the inpu
that can be applied while still allowing
•• •' •
[0.8V /microsec, 14 Hz]
is connected to an 8 bit.
with an_ aperture time of 50 ns, which
4. Given a sample and hold amplifier rror of 1 LSB.[i2.4
I· .•
'
av·~ t'ht1t can be,digitali·zed within an·e '

ADC; find the highest frequency of sinew

kHz]

.· ',
I • I

14. What do you mean b sam I • . . . . . ·; -

circu·t
1
ct· y p e anci. h~ld circuit? Explain its functioning with the
iagra m and also di l' •• help of a
th scuss a )o_ut its characteris . . .
e pur pose of using sarn PI e d I Id . . ·,, tics to define its specification What is
. • an_ .. . •
1 S• A 10 bit · :•_.·· .'• • ,c1rc,u !t.ln analog to d1g1tal conversio
10
. , 10 V success1ve · a
· ,.,.,.•N'.~b n system?
. . . . . .~'ill?.<!_•
pproxll'¥td-.t;~~~.cn:}Verter has 20 micro . . •
Find the _maximum rat f h . seconds conversio n time.
. - f .•. "' .
e o c ar1ge o input signal ~nd maxirnum input frequ . .
16. What is a data a·cq • ·t· ency.
·
u1s1 1on__ .system·? ,What are the components of a
digital DAS? Explain the
working df a mult iplex er with-4 input, 2 control and
1 outp ut signal. •
'17 • Explail'.) briefly the diffe rent components_ of digita
l data acquisition systerl).

Assignment 3

1. Explain the ope.rating principle of electrical reson

ance type frequency meter in detail.
2. Show how the instr ume nt transformers are
used to measure high voltage and current. Also
explain why the secondary of current transforme
rs should not be kept open circuited when
prim ary is energized.
3. Explain the construction detail and opera
ting principle of a single phase induction type
energy meter. Show that the total number o{ revol
utions made by its disc during a particular
time is proportional to the energy con'surn,e.d.
4. List out the diffe rent types of freqa~ncy
rn:eters. Explain the construction and working
principle of any of therr1 to measure the frequency
.
5. Explain the construction and workingwpTinc;iple
of single phase electro dynamometer type of
wattm eter and derive the expression·uf- the defle
ction. for both ac and de operatiof71.

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