University of Technology (Yatanarpon Cyber City) Precision Engineering

PrE-22051: Engineering Mechanics

Dr. Thin Thin Maw

Professor
Faculty of Precision Engineering
Engineering Mechanics II Precision Engineering

Chapter 14. Kinetics of a Particle:

Work and Energy

14.1) The Work of a Force

14.2) Principle of Work and Energy

14.3) Principle of Work and Energy for a

System of Particles
 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy PrE-22051

Lesson Goals

 To understand the principle of work and energy

 To apply it to solve problems that involve force, velocity, and displacement 3

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14.1 The Work of a Force

 A force F does work on a particle only when the particle

undergoes a displacement in the direction of the force.
 Consider the force acting on the particle
 If the particle moves along the path s from position r to new
position r’, displacement dr = r’ – r
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 Magnitude of dr is represented by ds
 If the angle between tails of dr and F is θ, work dU done by F is a
scalar quantity
dU = F ds cos θ
dU = F·dr

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14.1 The Work of a Force

 If 0° ≤θ < 90°, the force component and the displacement has the same sense so that the

work is positive

 If 90° < θ ≤ 180°, the force component and the displacement has the opposite sense so that

the work is negative 5

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 dU = 0 if the force is perpendicular to the displacement since cos 90° = 0 or if the force is

applied at a fixed point where displacement = 0

 Basic unit for work in SI system is Joule (J) and in FPS system is ft-lb

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14.1.1 Work of a Variable Force

 If the particle undergoes a finite displacement along its path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2, the work
is determined by integration.
r2 s2
U1−2 = F. dr = F cos θ ds
r1 s1

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14.1.2 Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line

 If the force Fc has a constant magnitude and acts at a constant angle θ from its straight line
path, then the components of Fc in the direction of displacement is Fc cos θ.

s2
U1−2 = Fc cos θ s1
ds

U1−2 = Fc cos θ (s2 − s1 )

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 The work of Fc represents the area of the rectangle.

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14.1.3 Work of a Weight

 Consider a particle which moves up along the path s from s1 to position s2.

 At an intermediate point, the displacement dr = dxi +dyj + dzk. Since W = -Wj

r2
U1−2 = F. dr = (−Wj). (dxi + dyj + dzk)
r1

y2
= −Wdy = −W(y2 − y1 )
y1 8
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U1−2 = −WΔy

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14.1.3 Work of a Weight

 Work done is equal to the magnitude of the particle’s weight times its vertical displacement.

 If W is downward and ∆y is upward, work is negative.

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 If the particle is displaced downward (-∆y), the work of the weight is positive.

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14.1.3 Work of a Spring Force

 If an elastic spring is elongated a distance

ds, then the work done by the force that acts
on the attached particle is dU = −Fs ds =
− ksds.
 The work is negative since 𝐅𝑠 acts in the
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opposite sense to ds.
 If the particle displaces from s1 to s2, the
work of 𝐅𝑠 is then
s2 s2
1 1
U1−2 = Fs ds = −ksds U1−2 = −(2 ks22 − 2 ks12 )
s1 s1

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Example 14.1 The 10-kg block shown in Fig. 14–6a rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done by all the forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the block up the plane s = 2 m

Solution

Horizontal Force P.

Since this force is constant, the

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work is determined using 23

dU = F·dr
Spring Force Fs.
The spring is stretched s1 = 0.5 m and in the final position s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m. The
work is negative since force and displacement are in opposite directions.
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 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy PrE-22051

Example 14.1

1 1
The work of Fs is thus U1−2 = −(2 ks22 − 2 ks12 )
1 1
Us = − (30N/M)(2.5m) − (30N/M)(0.5m)2 = −90J
2
2 2

Weight W. Weight acts in the opposite direction to its vertical displacement, the work is
negative.
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UW = −98.1N(2m sin 3 0∘ ) = −98.1J 23

Normal Force NB. This force does no work since it is always perpendicular to the displacement.

Total Work. The work of all the forces when the block is displaced 2 m is thus
UT = 692.8 − 90 − 98.1 = 505J

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14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

 If the particle has a mass m and is subjected to a system of

external forces represented by the resultant 𝐅R = 𝐅 , then
the equation of motion for the particle in the tangential
direction is 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡
 Applying the kinematic equation 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑠and integrating
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both sides, assuming initially that the particle has a position 23

𝑠 = 𝑠1 and a speed 𝑣 = 𝑣1 and later at 𝑠 = 𝑠2 , 𝑣 = 𝑣2 ,

𝑠2 𝑣2 1 2 1 2
𝑠1 𝑡
𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣1
𝑚𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 2
𝑚𝑣2 − 2
𝑚𝑣1

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 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy PrE-22051

14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

1 1
𝑈1−2 = 2 𝑚𝑣22 − 2 𝑚𝑣12

1
Kinetic Energy , T= m[v]2
2
𝑇1 + 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2

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 The two terms on the right side, which are of the form define the particle’s final and initial
kinetic energy, respectively.
 kinetic energy is a scalar and has units of joules (J).
 Work can be either positive or negative, the kinetic energy is always positive,
regardless of the direction of motion of the particle.

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14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles

 If a system of particles isolated within an enclosed region of space as shown in Fig.

 Here the arbitrary ith particle, having a mass mi , is subjected to a resultant external force Fi
and a resultant internal force fi
 If we apply the principle of work and energy to this and each of the other particles in the
system,
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𝑇1 + 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2

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Work of Friction Caused by Sliding

 Consider, a block which is translating a distance s over a rough surface as shown in Fig.
 If the applied force P just balances the resultant frictional force force.
 then due to equilibrium v is maintained,

U1−2 = Ps − friction force

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𝑇1 + 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2

1 1
mv 2 + P s − μk Ns = mv 2
2 2

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Example 14.2 The 3500-lb automobile shown in Fig. 14–10a travels down the 10° inclined road
at a speed of 20 ft/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock, determine how
far s the tires skid on the road. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the wheels and the
road is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.5.

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).
+ 𝐹𝑛 = 0 ; 𝑁𝐴 − 3500 cos 1 0∘ 𝑙𝑏 = 0
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𝑁𝐴 = 3446.8 𝑙𝑏 23

𝐹𝐴 = 0.5𝑁𝐴 = 1723.4 𝑙𝑏
Principle of Work and Energy.
𝑇1 + 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2

1 3500
(20)2 + 3500(s sin 1 0∘ ) − (1723.4)s = 0
2 32.2
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Example 14.2

s = 19.5 ft

NOTE: If this problem is solved by using the equation of motion, two steps are involved. First, from
the free-body diagram, Fig. 14–10b, the equation of motion is applied along the incline. This yields

3500
+ 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ; 3500 sin 10° − 1723.4 = 32.2 𝑎
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𝑎 = −10.3 ft/s2
Since 𝑎 is constant,
+ 𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑠0
0 2 = 20 2 + 2 −10.3 𝑠 − 0
𝑠 = 19.5 ft

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Example 14.3 For a short time the crane in Fig. (a) lifts the 2.50-Mg beam with a force of F = (28+3s2) kN.
Determine the speed of the beam when it has risen s = 3m. Also, how much time does it take to attain this
height starting from rest?

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).

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Principle of Work and Energy.
𝑇1 + 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2

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Example 14.3

Kinematics.

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Example 14.4 The platform P, shown in Fig. 14–12a, has negligible mass and is tied down so
that the 0.4-m-long cords keep a 1-m-long spring compressed 0.6 m when nothing is on the
platform. If a 2-kg block is placed on the platform and released from rest after the platform is
pushed down 0.1 m, Fig. 14–12b, determine the maximum height h the block rises in the
air, measured from the ground.

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).

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Principle of Work and Energy.

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Example 14.4

s1 = 0.6 m + 0.1 m = 0.7 m

s2 = 0.6 m
The bottom of the block rises from a height of 0.3 m to a final height h.
Substituting the corresponding values,

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Example 14.5 The 40-kg boy in Fig. 14–13a slides down the smooth water slide. If he starts
from rest at A, determine his speed when he reaches B and the normal reaction the slide exerts
on the boy at this position.

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).

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Principle of Work and Energy
TA + UA−B = TB

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Example 14.5

Equation of Motion : Referring to the free-body diagram of the boy when he is at B,

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Example 14.6 Blocks A and B shown in Fig. 14–14a have a mass of 10 kg and 100 kg,
respectively. Determine the distance B travels when it is released from rest to the point where its
speed becomes 2 m/s.

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram).

Principle of Work and Energy :Realizing the blocks

are released from rest,
T1 + U1−2 = T2 25
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Example 14.6

Kinematic:

Hence, a change in position yields the displacement equation

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Exercise Problems

No. Page No. Problem No.

1 184 14.1
2 185 14.6
3 185 14.10
4 185 14.11 27
5 186 14.12 23

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 Next Lesson PrE-22051

Chapter 14. Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

14.4) Power and Efficiency
14.5) Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
14.6) Conservation of Energy
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