Exact Differential Equations

Topics
• Partial Differentiation
• Total Differential
• Exact Differential Equations
• Solution to Exact Differential Equations
Partial Differentiation
A function z = f(x,y) is a function of two independent variables.
Examples of this type of function is
𝑧 = 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2
If one variable, say y, is held constant, then z becomes temporarily a
function of a single variable x. By doing this, z can be differentiated
with respect to the variable x by using the rules of ordinary
differentiation. The derivative found in this manner is called partial
derivative of the function z and the process is called partial
differentiation.
Partial Differentiation
Example:
3 2 2 3 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 , find 𝜕𝑥
and 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 2
𝝏𝒛
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑧
= −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2𝑦 + 21𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒛
= −𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒚
Partial Differentiation
Example:
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝑧= 𝑥2𝑦 2
− 5𝑥𝑦 , find and
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑦
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
= 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
𝜕𝑧 2
= 2𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
= 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚
𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
Total Differential
The total differential dz of the function z = f(x,y) is defined as
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Example: 𝑧 = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑧 = 12𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Exact Differential Equations
A differential equation is said to be exact if it has been derived by
differentiating a function f(x,y) and performing no other operation.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = ; 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Exact Differential Equations
If a function satisfies this condition, then it can result into an exact
differential equation
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = ; 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Solution to Exact Differential Equations
The steps in solving exact equations are summarized below:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
1) Test the given for exactness, that is, =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
2) Solve F by integrating partially,
𝐹 = ‫ 𝑥𝜕𝑀 ׬‬+ 𝑔 𝑦 and 𝐹 = ‫ 𝑦𝜕𝑁 ׬‬+ 𝑓 𝑥
3) Determine f(x) and g(y)
4) F = R(x,y) + f(x) + g(y). Note: R(x,y) must be found in both integrals
5) The solution of the equation is F = C
Examples
• 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
2 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 ; 𝜕𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 ; 𝜕𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑦
𝐹 = ‫׬ = 𝑥𝜕𝑀 ׬‬ 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦
2 2 2 𝑦2
𝐹 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑦𝜕𝑁 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 − 2 +𝑓 𝑥
𝑦2
𝑥 2𝑦2+𝑥− 2 =𝐶  2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2 1 2 2 2+2 1 − 2 2 =𝐶=6
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔
Examples
• 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀
𝑀= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥; = 3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁
𝑁= 𝑥3 + 2𝑦 ; = 3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥
𝐹 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑥𝜕𝑀 ׬‬3𝑥 𝑦 − 6𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑔 𝑦
2

𝐹 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬ = 𝑦𝜕𝑁 ׬‬3 + 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑓 𝑥
𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪
Examples
• 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 2 𝜕𝑀
𝑀 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 3 ; 𝜕𝑦
= −2𝑥𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 ; = − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑥
𝐹 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑥𝜕𝑀 ׬‬2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝜕𝑥
𝑥4 𝑥 2𝑦2
𝐹= 2
− 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦
2 𝑥 2𝑦2
𝐹 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑦𝜕𝑁 ׬‬− 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = − + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑥
2
𝑥4 𝑥 2𝑦2
− − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 𝐶  𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝑪
𝟒
2 2
Examples
3 2𝑟
• 2 ln 3𝑡 + 𝑑𝑟 + 3𝑡 2
+ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑟
3 𝜕𝑀 2 2 2𝑟 𝜕𝑁 2
𝑀 = 2 ln 3𝑡 + ; = ; 𝑁 = 3𝑡 + ; =
𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑡
3
𝐹 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑟𝜕𝑀 ׬‬2 ln 3𝑡 + 𝜕𝑟 = 2𝑟 ln 3𝑡 + 3 ln 𝑟 + 𝑔 𝑡
𝑟
𝐹 = 2𝑟 ln 3 + ln 𝑡 + 3 ln 𝑟 + 𝑔 𝑡
2 2𝑟
𝐹 = ‫ ׬ = 𝑡𝜕𝑁 ׬‬3𝑡 + 𝑡 𝜕𝑡 = 𝑡 3 + 2𝑟 ln 𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑥
2𝑟 ln 3 + ln 𝑡 + 3 ln 𝑟 + 𝑡 3 = 𝐶  𝟐𝒓 𝒍𝒏 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝒓 + 𝒕𝟑 = 𝑪