Heating and cooling curve of water experiment results. Heating and cooling curve of water experiment results pdf.

This article explains how to calculate the heat involved in changing the temperature and phase of a substance. It also shows how to use phase diagrams to understand the different states of matter and their
transitions. Finally, it introduces the concept of a supercritical fluid, which is a phase that exists above a certain temperature and pressure. The article assumes that you have some knowledge of thermochemistry
and the equation: $$q = mc\Delta T$$ where q is the heat, m is the mass, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the temperature change. This equation only applies when the substance is not changing its phase.

Therefore, the temperature stays constant during a phase change. A heating curve is a graph that shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it absorbs heat.
A typical heating curve has flat regions where the substance is changing its phase, and sloped regions where the substance is changing its temperature.

The article assumes that you have some knowledge of thermochemistry and the equation: $$q = mc\Delta T$$ where q is the heat, m is the mass, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the temperature change. This
equation only applies when the substance is not changing its phase. When the substance reaches a phase transition temperature, the heat is used to overcome or create intermolecular forces, not to change the
 kinetic energy of the molecules. Therefore, the temperature stays constant during a phase change. A heating curve is a graph that shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it absorbs heat. A typical
heating curve has flat regions where the substance is changing its phase, and sloped regions where the substance is changing its temperature. For example, when water is heated from ice to steam, it goes
through the following phases: ice, melting, liquid, boiling, and gas. The heating curve of water is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The heating curve of water shows the temperature
changes and phase transitions as water absorbs heat. The flat regions correspond to the melting and boiling points of water. To find the total heat needed to change the temperature and phase of a substance, we
need to add up the heat for each segment of the heating curve. For example, if we want to heat ice at -10°C to steam at 120°C, we need to calculate the heat for the following segments: heating ice from -10°C to
0°C, melting ice at 0°C, heating liquid water from 0°C to 100°C, boiling water at 100°C, and heating steam from 100°C to 120°C. Each segment has a different formula for the heat, depending on whether it
involves a temperature change or a phase change. The article provides an example of how to use these formulas and the given values of specific heat and heat of fusion and vaporization to find the total heat. A
phase diagram is a graph that shows the stable phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures. A typical phase diagram has three regions: solid, liquid, and gas, separated by lines that indicate the
phase transition points. The phase diagram of water is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The phase diagram of water shows the stable phases of water at different temperatures and pressures. The lines represent the melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation points of
water. The triple point is where all three phases coexist, and the critical point is where the liquid and gas phases become indistinguishable. We can use a phase diagram to predict the phase of a substance at a
given temperature and pressure, and to describe what happens when the temperature and pressure change. For example, if we start with ice at -20°C and 1 atm, and increase the pressure, we can follow the
horizontal line on the phase diagram and see that the ice will melt to liquid water before it boils to gas. This is because the melting point of water increases with pressure, while the boiling point decreases. A
supercritical fluid is a phase of matter that occurs when the temperature and pressure of a substance are above its critical point. In this phase, the substance has properties of both a liquid and a gas, such as high
density, low viscosity, and high diffusivity. Supercritical fluids are useful for many applications, such as extraction, synthesis, and separation of substances. For example, supercritical carbon dioxide is used to
decaffeinate coffee beans, because it can dissolve caffeine without affecting the flavor of the coffee.. How much heat is needed to turn 135 g of ice at −15 °C into steam at 120 °C? Solution The process involves
these steps: Warming ice from −15 °C to 0 °C Melting ice Warming water from 0 °C to 100 °C Boiling water Warming steam from 100 °C to 120 °C The heat for changing the temperature of a substance (without
changing its phase) is: q = m × c × ΔT (see the previous chapter on thermochemistry). The heat for changing the phase of a substance is: q = n × ΔH. Using these formulas with the values for specific heat of ice,
water, and steam, and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization, we get: \[\begin{align*} q_\ce{total}&=(m⋅c⋅ΔT)_\ce{ice}+n⋅ΔH_\ce{fus}+(m⋅c⋅ΔT)_\ce{water}+n⋅ΔH_\ce{vap}+(m⋅c⋅ΔT)_\ce{steam}\\[7pt]
&=\mathrm{(135\: g⋅2.09\: J/g⋅°C⋅15°C)+\left(135⋅\dfrac{1\: mol}{18.02\:g}⋅6.01\: kJ/mol \right)}\\[7pt] &\mathrm{+(135\: g⋅4.18\: J/g⋅°C⋅100°C)+\left(135\: g⋅\dfrac{1\: mol}{18.02\:g}⋅40.67\: kJ/mol\right)}\\
[7pt] &\mathrm{+(135\: g⋅1.84\: J/g⋅°C⋅20°C)}\\[7pt] &=\mathrm{4230\: J+45.0\: kJ+56,500\: J+305\: kJ+4970\: J} \end{align*}\] Adding the quantities in J after converting them to kJ gives the total heat required:
\[\mathrm{=4.23\:kJ+45.0\: kJ+56.5\: kJ+305\: kJ+4.97\: kJ=416\: kJ} onumber\] Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) How much heat is released when 94.0 g water at 80.0 °C cools to form ice at −30.0 °C? Answer 40.5 kJ
In the previous unit, we learned how a liquid’s vapor pressure changes with temperature. The boiling point of a liquid depends on its vapor pressure.
Graphs of vapor pressure versus temperature show how the boiling point changes with pressure. We also learned how to use heating and cooling curves to find a substance’s melting (or freezing) point.

. This article explains how to calculate the heat involved in changing the temperature and phase of a substance. It also shows how to use phase diagrams to understand the different states of matter and their transitions. Finally, it introduces the concept of a supercritical fluid, which is a phase that exists above a certain temperature and pressure. The
article assumes that you have some knowledge of thermochemistry and the equation: $$q = mc\Delta T$$ where q is the heat, m is the mass, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the temperature change. This equation only applies when the substance is not changing its phase. When the substance reaches a phase transition temperature, the heat is used to
overcome or create intermolecular forces, not to change the kinetic energy of the molecules. Therefore, the temperature stays constant during a phase change. A heating curve is a graph that shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it absorbs heat.
A typical heating curve has flat regions where the substance is changing its phase, and sloped regions where the substance is changing its temperature. For example, when water is heated from ice to steam, it goes through the following phases: ice, melting, liquid, boiling, and gas.

A heating curve is a graph that shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it absorbs heat. A typical heating curve has flat regions where the substance is changing its phase, and sloped regions where the substance is changing its temperature. For example, when water is heated from ice to steam, it goes through the following phases: ice,
melting, liquid, boiling, and gas. The heating curve of water is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The heating curve of water shows the temperature changes and phase transitions as water absorbs heat. The flat regions correspond to the melting and boiling points of water. To find the total heat needed to change the
temperature and phase of a substance, we need to add up the heat for each segment of the heating curve. For example, if we want to heat ice at -10°C to steam at 120°C, we need to calculate the heat for the following segments: heating ice from -10°C to 0°C, melting ice at 0°C, heating liquid water from 0°C to 100°C, boiling water at 100°C, and
heating steam from 100°C to 120°C. Each segment has a different formula for the heat, depending on whether it involves a temperature change or a phase change. The article provides an example of how to use these formulas and the given values of specific heat and heat of fusion and vaporization to find the total heat. A phase diagram is a graph
that shows the stable phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures. A typical phase diagram has three regions: solid, liquid, and gas, separated by lines that indicate the phase transition points. The phase diagram of water is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The phase diagram of water shows the stable
phases of water at different temperatures and pressures. The lines represent the melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation points of water.
The triple point is where all three phases coexist, and the critical point is where the liquid and gas phases become indistinguishable. We can use a phase diagram to predict the phase of a substance at a given temperature and pressure, and to describe what happens when the temperature and pressure change. For example, if we start with ice at
-20°C and 1 atm, and increase the pressure, we can follow the horizontal line on the phase diagram and see that the ice will melt to liquid water before it boils to gas. This is because the melting point of water increases with pressure, while the boiling point decreases. A supercritical fluid is a phase of matter that occurs when the temperature and
pressure of a substance are above its critical point. In this phase, the substance has properties of both a liquid and a gas, such as high density, low viscosity, and high diffusivity. Supercritical fluids are useful for many applications, such as extraction, synthesis, and separation of substances. For example, supercritical carbon dioxide is used to
decaffeinate coffee beans, because it can dissolve caffeine without affecting the flavor of the coffee.. How much heat is needed to turn 135 g of ice at −15 °C into steam at 120 °C? Solution The process involves these steps: Warming ice from −15 °C to 0 °C Melting ice Warming water from 0 °C to 100 °C Boiling water Warming steam from 100 °C to
120 °C The heat for changing the temperature of a substance (without changing its phase) is: q = m × c × ΔT (see the previous chapter on thermochemistry). The heat for changing the phase of a substance is: q = n × ΔH. Using these formulas with the values for specific heat of ice, water, and steam, and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization, we get:
\[\begin{align*} q_\ce{total}&=(m⋅c⋅ΔT)_\ce{ice}+n⋅ΔH_\ce{fus}+(m⋅c⋅ΔT)_\ce{water}+n⋅ΔH_\ce{vap}+(m⋅c⋅ΔT)_\ce{steam}\\[7pt] &=\mathrm{(135\: g⋅2.09\: J/g⋅°C⋅15°C)+\left(135⋅\dfrac{1\: mol}{18.02\:g}⋅6.01\: kJ/mol \right)}\\[7pt] &\mathrm{+(135\: g⋅4.18\: J/g⋅°C⋅100°C)+\left(135\: g⋅\dfrac{1\: mol}{18.02\:g}⋅40.67\: kJ/mol\right)}\\[7pt]
&\mathrm{+(135\: g⋅1.84\: J/g⋅°C⋅20°C)}\\[7pt] &=\mathrm{4230\: J+45.0\: kJ+56,500\: J+305\: kJ+4970\: J} \end{align*}\] Adding the quantities in J after converting them to kJ gives the total heat required: \[\mathrm{=4.23\:kJ+45.0\: kJ+56.5\: kJ+305\: kJ+4.97\: kJ=416\: kJ} onumber\] Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) How much heat is released when
94.0 g water at 80.0 °C cools to form ice at −30.0 °C? Answer 40.5 kJ In the previous unit, we learned how a liquid’s vapor pressure changes with temperature. The boiling point of a liquid depends on its vapor pressure. Graphs of vapor pressure versus temperature show how the boiling point changes with pressure. We also learned how to use
heating and cooling curves to find a substance’s melting (or freezing) point. If we do this for different pressures, we can make a phase diagram. A phase diagram shows the pressure versus temperature plots for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase changes of a substance. These diagrams tell us the physical state of a substance under
different pressure and temperature conditions, and how the phase change temperatures change with pressure. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) shows a typical phase diagram for a pure substance. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): A phase diagram shows the physical state and phase change temperatures of a substance. The phase diagram of water in Figure \
(\PageIndex{3}\) shows how its physical state depends on pressure and temperature. Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): This phase diagram of water has different scales for pressure and temperature to highlight some key features. We can use this diagram to find out if water is solid (ice), liquid, or gas under certain conditions. For instance, at 50 kPa and
−10 °C, water is only solid. At 50 kPa and 50 °C, water is only liquid. At 25 kPa and 200 °C, water is only gas. The curve BC in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) is the same as the vapor pressure curve we saw before.
It separates the liquid and gas regions and tells us the boiling point of water at any pressure. For example, at 1 atm, water boils at 100 °C. The curve BC ends at 374 °C and 218 atm, where water becomes a supercritical fluid. This is a special state of matter that is neither liquid nor gas, and we will learn more about it later. The curve AB in Figure \
(\PageIndex{3}\) shows where ice and water vapor are in balance. These points are called sublimation or deposition points. If we look closer at the curve AB in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\), we can see that ice has a vapor pressure of about 0.20 kPa at −10 °C. This means that if we put ice in a very low-pressure vacuum (less than 0.20 kPa), it will turn
into gas without melting. This is how freeze-drying works, and it is used to make foods like the ice cream in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). > Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Freeze-dried ice cream is made by removing water from ice by sublimation.. Carbon dioxide has a different phase diagram than water and most other substances. The triple point is above 1
atm, so carbon dioxide cannot be liquid at normal pressure. It goes from gas to solid or vice versa. The critical point is lower than water's in temperature and pressure. Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): This is a phase diagram for carbon dioxide. The pressure axis is logarithmic. Example \(\PageIndex{3}\): What is the state of carbon dioxide at these
temperatures and pressures? −30 °C and 2000 kPa −60 °C and 1000 kPa −60 °C and 100 kPa 20 °C and 1500 kPa 0 °C and 100 kPa 20 °C and 100 kPa Solution The phase diagram tells us the state of carbon dioxide at each condition: (a) liquid; (b) solid; (c) gas; (d) liquid; (e) gas; (f) gas. Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\) How does carbon dioxide change
phase when the temperature changes at 1500 kPa? At 500 kPa? When do these phase changes happen? Answer at 1500 kPa: s⟶ l at −45 °C, l⟶ g at −10 °C; at 500 kPa: s⟶ g at −58 °C Video \(\PageIndex{2}\): Watch how supercritical fluids behave. We put water in a sealed container at 25 °C and take out the air. We get liquid water and water
vapor at 0.03 atm. There is a clear boundary between them. When we heat up the water, the vapor pressure goes up. The phase diagram for water (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)) shows this. There is still liquid and gas. At 374 °C, the vapor pressure is 218 atm. If we heat more, the boundary disappears. The water is now one phase with mixed properties.
A supercritical fluid is a phase of matter that exists above a certain temperature and pressure, called the critical point. In this phase, a substance has properties of both a gas and a liquid.
It can fill a container like a gas, but has a high density like a liquid. It can also dissolve nonvolatile substances like a liquid, but has low viscosity and surface tension like a gas. This makes it a very effective solvent for various applications. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows the critical temperatures and pressures of some common substances. Supercritical
carbon dioxide is widely used as a solvent in the food industry. It can decaffeinate coffee, remove fats from potato chips, and extract flavors and fragrances from citrus oils. It is safe, cheap, and easy to recover. Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\) shows how heating and cooling a sealed container of liquid carbon dioxide can produce a supercritical fluid phase
and then separate it back into liquid and gas phases.. Liquid CO2 can be heard in a cylinder at 18 °C, but not at 35 °C.
This is because the critical temperature of CO2 is 31 °C. Below this temperature, CO2 can be liquefied by pressure. Above this temperature, CO2 cannot be liquefied at any pressure.
Similarly, ammonia can be liquefied at room temperature by pressure, but oxygen cannot. This is because the critical temperature of ammonia is 405.5 K, which is higher than room temperature, while the critical temperature of oxygen is lower than room temperature. Coffee is a popular and valuable commodity that contains caffeine, a stimulant.
Some people prefer decaffeinated coffee, which can be produced by various methods. All these methods depend on the solubility of caffeine in different solvents. Caffeine is a polar molecule that dissolves well in water, but water also dissolves other compounds that give coffee its flavor and aroma. Some organic solvents, such as dichloromethane and
ethyl acetate, can dissolve caffeine more selectively, but they also have drawbacks, such as toxicity and long processing times. Caffeine has both polar and nonpolar parts, which makes it soluble in solvents with different polarities. The heating curve of water experiment results show how the temperature and phase of water change as heat is added or
removed. . This article explains how supercritical carbon dioxide can be used to decaffeinate coffee beans without affecting their flavor and aroma. Supercritical carbon dioxide is a state of matter that has both gas and liquid properties. It can dissolve caffeine from coffee beans at high temperatures and pressures, while leaving other compounds
intact. The process is more efficient and eco-friendly than other methods of decaffeination. The extracted caffeine can be reused for other purposes. The article also describes the concept of phase diagrams, which show the different states of matter of a substance under different temperature and pressure conditions. The article gives some key
equations and definitions related to phase changes and phase diagrams. The article uses the keyword 'heating curve of water experiment results' to optimize its search engine ranking. . A substance can exist in different states of matter depending on its temperature and pressure. The **critical point** is the highest temperature and pressure at which
a substance can be a liquid and a gas at the same time. The **triple point** is the unique temperature and pressure at which a substance can be a solid, a liquid, and a gas at the same time. This article is based on the work of Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, and other authors. It is part of a free online textbook by OpenStax College
under a Creative Commons license. You can access the full text at 9.110).
You can also watch a video by Crash Course Physics, a project of Complexly, to learn more about the heating curve of water experiment results. If you have any comments or suggestions about this article, please let us know. If you find any errors, you can report them and get extra credit.