INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR
J STUDY OF 4 BIT GOUNTERS

(SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS)

4 B t Counters(Synchronous & Asynchronous)has been designed to study the following

Counters;

1.
Asynchronous Counters,
g Forward Counter.
Reverse Counter.
Modulo Counter.
Synchronous Counters,
g Forward Counter,
b Reverse Counter.
^ Programmable Counter.
^ Decade Counter.
Ring Counter.
o.
jhonson Counter.
4.

strument Comprises of the Following Built In Parts:

The 'h

1.
Fixed output DC Regulated power supply of 5V.

2.
Four SRDT switches are mounted on the front panel to select logic '0' & logic '1'
¥ inputs.

3.
Two JK fliptlop IC's 7476 are mounted on the front panel & Important connections are
brought out on sockets.

^ IC 74193(Synchronous counter 10) is mounted on the front panel and important

connections brought out on sockets.

g IC 74190(Synchronous decade counter IC)is mounted on thefront panel and important

connections brought out on sockets.
 0)

IC 7420 is mounted on the front panel and important connections brought out on sockets
to perform Modulo N counter experiment.
7. 1 Hz monoshot clock pulse output with pulser switch provided on the front panel.
8. The front panel ofthe Instrument is Printed Circuit Board(RGB)ail the diagrams
reprinted on the front panel and front panel is mounted on a spray painted
fibre cabinet.

THEORY

Se uential logic circuits are used for a variety of timing, sequencing and storage
^ -ru.,
functions. The Key rharacteristics
t'Mciic. of these circuit is the memory.The output of sequential
logic circuits is a
combined function of the various inputs states applied and the result of
evious operations which are stored in the circuit itself, The main circuit elements are flip
flops These circuits stores binary data and their states are changed by the logic input signals
in accordance with the current informations stored in them. The sequential operation are
generally seqenced by a periodic logic signal known as trigger or clock. The clock is an
oscillator that generates pulses at a fixed frequency. The operation of most of the circuits
remainsthe same over a very wide range of clock frequencies. This gives us an advantages
that circuit behaviour can be studied more closely at very low clock frequencies,save one per
second.
A counter is a sequential logic circuit made up of flip flops and is used to count the
number of pulses applied to it. The input pulses change the states of the flip flops in such a
way that by observing the output levels, the total number of input pulses applied can be
determined. The counters are oftwo types
1. Asynchronous Counter.
2. Synchronous Counter.

1. Asynchronous Counter :
Here we have used Ripple Counter(Asynchronous Counter) which is simple and
straight forward in operation & construction and usually requires a minimum of hardware.
Here each flip-flop Is triggered by the previous flip-flop, that is why it is also called as a serial
counter.For the 4 bit ripple counter, we have used two 7476 IC's each comprises oftwo flip-
flops.For up counting,counter counts the no. of clock transition up to a maximum of 15. Clock
pulses are applied at the clock input offirst flip-flop & output offirst flip-flop: i e. QA is used to
drive flip-flop B & QB is used to drive flip-flop C and so on.The counter begins at count'0000'
advances one count for each clock transition until it reaches count'111T. Aithis point, it
 ©

. II r^v/f:^r aaain For down counting, clock pulses

,eselsbacK.o|OCO^^^^^^
'/
U are reduced by one coun^.^^ „,,,3^,;,
'}(fBseii'
resets back to
uc.-—

::=3===i==3==
connecting the'='°^ ^^^,33,synchronous counters,
to perform the exp
procedure

:0 For Asynchronous Counters

A. Forward Counter:
OUTPUT INDICATORS

1.
Connect the circuit
as shown in Fig- U)
through patchcords 1 1/2 OF
!C2
Mi Or
B 1/2 OF 7476
1 1/2 OF
i.e. connectclock
output to ck(cloGk puus.^_ 13^

pulse) input of first GND

flip flop, connect Q FIG.(1)FORWARD COUNTER

output of firstflip flop
UUipccw.
to ok input of second frhirrtflioflop Q output of third flip flop
flip flop,0output of fecond flip flop to ok inpu o ^
h/' t ,0 ok input offourth flip flop as shown ,n 9 .^p^^^gether.
output indicators. Connect reset(R)points of all th
r

usIhs OWOPr WOQls atfiis^

g-
I'ch)
4 once. Check the status Of output indicabi8,ihey 61 w
 Truth Table (1)for 4 Bit Forward Counter
5 porFoward
reset counting,
inputs(or apply logic input ^ INPUT OUTPUT

1)and Apply clock pulses one Clock QD QC QB OA

by
Noteone using
down pulser
all the switch.
four outputs
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

atthe application of each pulse 2 0

0
0
0
1
1^
0V

&verifythetruthTableNo.1. 3
4 0 1, 0 d.^
5 0 1. 0^
6 0 1' 1" 0^
7 0 1 1 1

8 1 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 V--
10 1 0 1
automatically- 11 1 0 1 -

12 1 1 0 c^

13 1 1" 0

14 1 1 1' 0V
f I 15 1 1 1 1,
V y
MSB
B. Reverse Counter: LSB
-ff
QB
Vcci QC QD i"
Connect the 5
' J
1. J3
circuit as 9
iC 1
11
Ck3
^ 102^^ Q
Ck
- ® i-2
1 1/2 OF fi 1/2 OF -) 1/2 OF 6 1/2 OF
shown in Fig- 7476 T 16 7476 i K ,^7476
12 10 14 —I 12 10
(2) through pulse ^ 7 Q 13 2 C 7

patchcords T
GND

j 0. connect
clock output FIG.(2) REVERSE COUNTER
to ck(clock
ulse) input offirst flip flop, connect Q output of first flip flop to ck input Oi second flip
flop 'o'output of second Hip flop to ck input of third flip flop, Q output of third flip flop to
ck input of fourth flip flop as shown in Fig .2. Also connect all the four Q outputs to
output indicators. Connectset(S)points of all the flip flops together through patchcords.

2-
Keep all the J & K inputs open, as in open condition they assume the state to be'T.
Switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF toggle switch provided on the front panel.
3-

A.
To set the outputs(Q)of flip-flops connect the set pins(S)to ground point (logic 0)
once. Check the status of output indicators, they should show 1111 level.
 <]>

(9

Truth Table (2)for 4 Bit Down Counter

5 For Down counting, open
the set(S)inputs(or apply ^ INPUT OUTPUT

logic input 1) and Apply Clock QD QC QB QA

clock pulses one by one 0 1 1 1 1

osingpuleer switch. Note 1 1 1 1 0

2 1 1 0 1

i down ail the four outputs

attheapplioationofeach 3 1 1 0 0

4 1 0 1 1

• . pulse & verify the truth 5

6
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
Table No.2. 7 1 0 0 0

8 0 1 1 1

9 0 1 1 0

10 0 1 0 1

pp'cationofnektpulse, 11
0
0 1
0
0
1
0
1 ■'
i1111 automatically. 12
13
14
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 >
1

15 0 0 0 0
y
C. Wlodulo-N counter: k

4 bit ripple ccounterp^irpose,

counts upto 15 & then resets to '0'. But it can be made to reset at
we operate the reset connections automatically using 4-
gny clock pu'se- ^hat output of a NAND Gate is low if & only if all the inputs are
jpput NAND convert 4-bitfoward counter to Decade counter. For decade counter
pigh. suppose g^Q^ild count upto 9 & than resets to zero at tenth clock pulse. We
it is required output of 2nd & 4th flip fio^s high & output of 1 st & 3rd flip flop
kpoW that at 1 ^ of 2nd & 4th flip flop & Q output of 1 st & 3rd flip flop for the
So vvo cnoo^
is 10^- " . , mAND lsb output indicator MSB

' "".fAlsoconhectoutput
5 of 4-input
QB
0.^/
QD'
ff

®1aND Gate to common 9 11

p
11
10 1 10 2 Q
of all the flip flops- 1 1/2 OF fi 1/2 OF 1 1/2 OF b 1/2 OF
rpsetp'UU^ iUp CLUUK 7476 7476
vou can program the
''^nterforahynumberof 8
10 12
8
1(1
Q

pulses that is why this

known as
u nter
cO
duio counter.
MO
iC 7420
>
Connectthe circuit FiG (3) DECADE counter
1.
as shown in Fig. (3) through patchcords i.e. connect clock output to ck (clock pulse)
input offirst flip flop, connect Q output of first flip flop to ck input ofsecond flip flop, Q
output ofsecond flip flop to ok input of third flip flop, Q output of third flip flop to ck input

0
V

"h
 '"''"'^corned reset(R)points of

Gate.

the J & K inputs open, as

l^n'opencondniontheyassunaethe
state to be'1'-
switch ON,.u
the inc;trument
instruf using ON/OFF toggle switch provided on the front panel.

por oounting^addIvapplication
clock pulses one pulse
of each by one&using
verify pulser
the truthswitch.
Table Note
No.3.down all the
four outputs a

conclusion : Counter counts the pulses upto decimal 9 i.e. from 0000jpto 1001at &any
then on the
count for
3pplicationofnextpu.se,.
exan'ip'® : trom 0000 to 1010; Connect the Q output of first flip flop, Q output
fnp fi^P- Q
AND°Gate All other connections will remain same.
t to countfrom 0000 to 0011 : Connect the Q output of first flip flop, Q output
flip flop. Q ^"P ^'°P'°
^!.\ND Gate.All other connections will remain same.
o want to countfrom 0000 to 1101 : Connect the Q output offirst flip flop, Q output
'^^e^nd flip flop,'□'output of third flip flop, Q output of fourth flip flop to the inputs of
^AND Gate. All other connections wil remain same.
synchronous Counters
Down and Programmable Synchronous Counter using IC 74193 :
Counter :
Connect 4 logic inputs to A,B,C&D inputs of IC 74193 through patchcords. Setth?
 Truth Table (4)for 4 Bit Up Counter
^4 logicinputstoOOOO.
^ f^ INPUT Lj! OUTPUT ^^
9 For Up counting, connect clock QD I QC I QB I OA
'
'<
niitout of clock pulse to UP ^^ 00 o
0
0
0
'01^.
input of the 2 o o 1 o
3 0 0 T ,1
3 Connect4 logic outputs(QA, ^ o ^
QB QC.QD)to output 5
6
00 11 01 1
0
indicators. ^ 0 1 1 1
8
Switch ON the instrument using g 11 0
0 0
0 0
1
'*■ ON/OFF
provided toggle
on the switch
front panel. 10 3, 01 10 01
13 1 1 0 1

pressclToearswi
reset the output on 0000,
tch(SW1)once. [_>=14 [J 11
MM 1
MM0_

lock pulses one by one using pulser switch. Note down all the four outputs at
Cratiln of each pulse
the applicat'oc oi e k & verify the truth Table No. 4. O O
CARRY I I BORROW

lusion : Counter counts the pulses up to decimel 15 (from

...,, 0 then on the application of next pulse, resets to zero Mfss
^
OOOOtolliU®
automatically. ^
o- ^
nov/n Counter:
' For Down coTinting, connect output of clock pulse to DN 0^
(Pown) input of the IC. ^ ^;1- ^©
SWi CLEAR LOAD SYt
SW2
/N & PROGRAMMABLE

Apply clock pulses one by one using pulser switch. Note down HRONOUS COUNTER
FIG. 4

I the four outputs at the application of each pulse & verify the truth
Table No. 5.

Conclusion : Counter counts the pulses from 1111 to 0000 & then on the application of next
pulse, sets to 1111 automatically.
programmable Counter :
All counters in 74193 are fully programmable. This means that the outputs may be
preset to any state by entering the desire data inputs and then press the load switch (SV\/2)
once.
 Truth Table for (5)4 Bit Down Counter
To preset the outputs at any
state, apply required logic input on INPUT II OUTPUT
A,B,C,D Inputs of IC 74193 and then Clock

press load switch (SW2) once. For

pxsmplfi ■
It we want to preset the outputs
en 1010level;Apply logic inputs 1010
3tA,B.C,D inputs of IC 74193 and then
eress load switch (SW2) once. For
counting operation
Uainsameasin caseprocedure will
ofupand down
counting.

Ifwewantto preset the outputs 12

on level : Apply 109'^
.BCDinputsof ic 74193 andthenl 14
eress load switch (SW2) once. For
ounting
remain operation
same as in caseprocedure will counting
ofup and down
f tJl I '

r-> .,n and Proqrammable Synchronous Counter using IC 74190 :

Oecade Up, Down ana r a
_ ,~ade Up Counter .
Connect Clock output (1Hz) to OK Input of the IC 74190
through patchcords.
Connect LOAD to logic input'0'(ground point)and also
s to ground point printed on thefront panel. Apply logic 0on G
oflC.

Connect4 logic outputs to output indicators.

FiG. 5 MAX/MIN

switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF toggle switch

provided on the froht
Apply logic 1(5V DC printed on the front panel)on LOAD pin of IC.

Apply clock pulses one by one using pulser switch. Note down all the four outputs at
application of each pulse & verify the truth Table No.6.

-j-il
C nclusion * Counter counts the pulses upto 9 i.e.from 0000 to 1001 & then on the application
OUI lOIUOH-zi " -

..nrrie'
of next pulse, resets
resets to
to 0000 automatically.
0000 automatically
Decade Down Counter .
Truth Table (6)for 4 Bit Modulo Counter
^ 8. Apply logic on D/U pin of 10. m ■ MB H ^^1 t
INPUT OUTPUT

■g Apply clock pulses one by one using Clock OD OC OB OA

pulser switch. Note down all the four 0 0 0 0 0

outputs at the application of each 1 0 0 0

1
1
0
0 0
pulse & verify the truth Table No.7. 2
3 0 0 1 1
Conciusion : Counter counts the pulses
.,oto9i.e.from1001to0000&thenonthe 4 0 1 0 0

5 0 1 0 1

application of next pulse, resets to 0000 6

7
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
automatically. 8 1 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 1

Programmable Counter: 10 0 0 0 0

All counters In 74190 are fully

programmable. The Counter can be
Truth Table(7)for 4 Bit Down Counter
lelet to anybydesired.
determined the statesBCDof thedigitdataas ^ OUTPUT
INPUT

inputs output ofcounter, _ Clock QC 01

connect 4 logic inputs to A, B, C & D

r.. I its of I C 74190.
connect the LOAD input to
mund point and apply logic inputs on
f o c & D inputs of IC 74190 and
bserve the output status everytime.
° For counting purpose repeat
steps as in case of Decade up ^
and Down counters.
Ring counter OUTPUT INDICATORS

Connect the circuit

as shown in Fig
/6)through M2 OF

patchcordsi.e
. J ~
pulse
« CLOCK 7476

connect clock input

FIG,(6) RING COUNTER

 of all the flip flops together
and connect it to clock Truth Table (8)for Ring Counter
output(1 Hz). Connect J / input
INPUT
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
^
input of each flip flop to Q
output and K input of each Clock
OA
OA
QB
QB QC
QC QD
QD
1 0 0 0
flip flop to ^output.- °1 1
0
0
01 0
0
0 —I
0
0 RECYCl
RECYCLE
Connect set input (S) of j 00 o
0 11 00
first flip flop to reset inputs (^3 o
0 o
0 0
0 i J—
1

of next three flip flops as

shown in Fig. No.6. Connect 4 logic output indicators to 4 Q outputs.

Switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF toggle switch provided on the front panel.

3 Apply clock pulses one by one using pulser switch. Note down all the four outputs at
the application of each pulse & verify the truth Table No.8.

Jhonson Counter :
Connect the circuit output indicators msb
as shown in Fig.(6)
t h r ough ^ I iJ ^
patchchords (a; _ jcj
connect clock input -S , 14
of all the flip flops |"^T^
together and i
/-rtnnect
conneoi it to clock ——
FIG.(7)JHONSON COUNTSr
FIG.(7) JHONSON COUNTSr
output(IHz). (b) _
Connect J input of 1st flip-flop to Q output of the 4th flip flop and K input of the 1st flip-
flop to Q output of the 4th flip - flop,(c) Connect J input of 2nd, 3rd,4th flip -flop to Q
output of 1st, 2nd, 3rd flip-flop and Connect K input of the 2nd, 3rd,4th flip-flop to Q
output of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd flip-
flop,(d)
(d) Connect
Connect reset
reset oins
pins of
of Truth Table (9)for Jhonson Counter
all the flip flops together as INPUT OUTPUT

shown in Fig. No.6.Connect4 Clock OA QB QC QD

logic output indicators to 4 Q 0 0 0 0 0 ~1
R
outputs. 1 1 0 0 0
E
2 1 1 0 0
C
3 1 1 1 0
Y
Switch ON the instrument using 4 1 1 1 1 C
ON/OFF toggle switch provided 5 0 1 1 1 L
6 0 0 1 1 E
1

7 0 0 0 1 y
J
 on the front panel.

3. To reset the output connect reset pins to logic'o'(Ground)once.After that this pin will
remain open.

4. Applydockpulsesonebyoneusingpulserswitch. Note down all thefour outputs at

the application of each pulse & verify the truth Table No.9

STANDARD ACCES<^npii=c

1. Twenty(4mm)Singlepoint Pachcords for Interconnections

2. Instruction Manual.