BIONIC EYE

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted

by

ARUNIMA

S
Register No:210021088321
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

YELDO MAR BASELIOS COLLEGE

MARIAN VILLAGE, PUTHUPPADY, KOTHAMANGALAM - 686673

(AFFILIATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM)

MARCH – 2024
 YELDO MAR BASELIOS COLLEGE
MARIAN VILLAGE, PUTHUPPADY, KOTHAMANGALAM

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar, entitled BIONIC EYE , submitted to Mahatma
Gandhi University, Kottayam, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree BACHELOR OF COMPUTERAPPLICATIONS is a
report of the seminar done by ARUNIMA S (Register No:210021088321) under my
supervision and guidance.

Signature of the HOD Signature of the Guide

Ms.NEETHU M MATHEW Ms.NANDANA THAMPI

HOD, Computer Applications. Asst.Professor, Computer Applications.

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on…………………………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 DECLARATION

I ARUNIMA S hereby declare that the Seminar report entitled, BIONIC EYE,
submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS is a record of bonafide work done under the supervision and

guidance of Ms. NANDANA THAMPI, Assistant Professor, Department of

Computer Applications, Yeldo Mar Baselios College, Puthuppady,
Kothamangalam.

Signature of the Candidate

ARUNIMA S

PLACE : Puthuppady
DATE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we express our heartfelt thanks to ALMIGHTY GOD for blessings
to complete our project work successfully.

We take immense pleasure in expressing our gratitude for blessings to

successful completion of the course.

We record our sincere gratitude to Prof. K M GEORGE, respected Principal,

Yeldo Mar Baselios College, Puthuppady for providing abundant facilities to
carry out our seminar work successfully.

We wish to express our thanks to Ms. NEETHU M MATHEW, Head of the

Department, Computer Applications to give a moral support and guidance to
complete the work.

We take this golden opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and
thanks toour guide Ms. NANDANA THAMPI, Assistant Professor, Department
of Computer Applications for exemplary guidance, valuable suggestions and
constant encouragement for the successful completion of the seminar.

We wish to extend our thanks to all teaching and non-teaching faculties of the
YeldoMar Baselios College, Puthuppady for timely help at every stage of our
seminar work.

We express our heartfelt gratefulness and special thanks to our families who
have acted as a backbone throughout the seminar work.

ARUNIMA S
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
No
No
1 ABSTRACT 1
2 INTRODUCTION 2
3 WHAT IS BIONIC EYE 3

4 HOW DOES A HEALTHY EYE WORK 5

5 HOW IS VISION IMPAIRED 7

6 DISEASE OF EYE 8
7 HOW DOES BIONIC EYE WORK 9

8 ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA 10

9 CHALLENGES 11
10 COMPONENTS OF BIONIC EYE 13
11 WHAT DOES THE BIONIC EYE SEE 15
12 ALGORITHM OF BIONIC EYE 16
13 APPLICATIONS OF BIONIC EYE 18
14 ADVANTAGES OF BIONIC EYE 20

15 DISADVANTAGES OF BIONIC EYE 21

16 FUTURE OF BIONIC EYE 22

17 CONCLUSION 23
18 REFERENCE 24
 ABSTRACT

When vision fails, it’s often the result of damage to the eye caused by an injury or
degenerative disease. In an attempt to restore such vision loss, researchers for more
than decades have been working to develop an optical prosthetic that can restore
sight by delivering images directly to the brain. And it appears by delivering images
directly to the brain. And it appears they succeeded.

A bionic eye implant helps to restore the sight of millions of blind people.

The system works with the aid of eyeglasses, which hold a camera mounted on one
of the lenses that captures images and sends the information to a video processor,
also located on the glasses. After the video processor converts the images to an
electronic signal, a transmitter on the glasses sends that information wirelessly to a
receiver attached to the surface of the eye. From there, the information is sent
through a tiny cable to an electrode array implanted in the retina, stimulating it to
emit electrical pulses. These pulses trigger signals in the retina that travel through
the optic nerve to the brain, which perceives patterns of light and dark spots that
correspond to the electrodes stimulated.
 Bionic Eye

INTRODUCTION

Bionic eye, electrical prosthesis surgically implanted into a human eye in order to
allow for the transduction of in people who have sustained severe damage to the
retina.

The retina is a light-sensitive tissue layer found within the inner eye that transforms
images obtained from the outside world into neural impulses, which are then passed
along the optic nerve to the thalamus and ultimately to the primary visual cortex (the
visual processing centre), located in the occipital lobe of the brain. People who are
most likely to benefit from a bionic eye are middle-aged or elderly with very poor
vision associated with age-related malculas-degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa.
While the retina is damaged by those diseases, there must be some retinal ganglion
cells that remain intact in order for the bionic eye to function as intended. Affected
individuals must have been able to see at some point in their lives in order to create
the nerve connections in the brain for the device to function. Extensive damage to the
optic nerve or visual cortex also renders bionic eye implantation useless.

The bionic eye comprises an external camera and transmitter and an internal
microchip. The camera is mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, where it serves to organize
the visual stimuli of the environment before emitting high-frequency radio waves.
The stimulator microchip consists of an electrode array that is surgically implanted
into the retina. That functions as an electrical relay in place of degenerated retinal
cells. The radio waves that are emitted by the external camera and transmitter are
received by the stimulator, which then fires electrical impulses. The impulses are
relayed by the few remaining retinal cells and are transduced as normal to the optic
nerve pathway, resulting in vision.

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 Bionic Eye

WHAT IS BIONIC EYE ?

A bionic eye, also known as a retinal prosthesis or artificial retina, is a visual

prosthesis designed to restore vision to individuals who have severe vision loss or
blindness due to conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular
degeneration.

Essentially, a bionic eye system typically consists of a small camera mounted on

glasses that captures images from the environment. These images are then processed
and converted into electrical signals that are transmitted wirelessly to an implanted
microelectrode array in the retina or optic nerve. The electrodes stimulate the
remaining functional retinal cells, which then send signals to the brain, allowing the
individual to perceive visual information.

Bionic eyes are still in the early stages of development and refinement, with ongoing
research aimed at improving their resolution, sensitivity, and overall effectiveness.
While they cannot fully replicate natural vision, they offer significant benefits in
restoring some level of functional vision and independence to those with severe
visual impairments.

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 Bionic Eye

Aim of bionic eye

The main aim of a bionic eye is to restore vision to individuals who are

blind or have severe vision impairments. This technology aims to replicate

the function of a natural eye by using electronic components to capture

visual information and transmit it to the brain, allowing users to perceive

images and navigate their surroundings. Bionic eyes can significantly

improve the quality of life for visually impaired individuals by enabling

them to recognize faces, read text, and perform other visual tasks.

Additionally, ongoing research aims to enhance the effectiveness and

accessibility of bionic eye technology to benefit a broader range of

individuals with vision loss.

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 Bionic Eye

How does a healthy eye work ?

Before we delve in to how a bionic eye might work, it helps to have a basic
understanding of how a healthy eye functions. The human eye is a
complex and intricate organ. A dome of clear tissue at the front of the eye,
known as the cornea, focusses light as it passes through. Behind the cornea
sits the iris (the coloured part of the eye), with the pupil at its centre, which
lets light into the eye. Muscles (known as the ciliary muscles) are attached
to the iris and can alter the size of the pupil, making it bigger or smaller
and therefore regulating how much light gets through. After light has
passed through the cornea and the pupil, it passes through the lens of the
eye. The lens can change shape to allow us to focus on objects that are
near or further away. It is the cornea and the lens together that focus the
light onto the back of the eye, known as the retina. The retina contains
millions of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. There are two types
of photoreceptors-rods and cones. Rods see in black, white and grey, and
assist us to see in the dark. The cones are sensitive to either red, green or
blue, and together allow us to see millions of colour variations. Cones need
more light to allow to them to work properly. The rods and cones interact
with many different types of neurons in the retina to translate what you’re
seeing into nerve messages, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
The brain then interprets these signals and tells you what you are seeing.

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How is vision impaired ?

Damage or degeneration of the optic nerve, the brain, or any part of
the visual pathway between them, can impair vision. For example, the
pressure associated with glaucoma can also damage the optic nerve.
Diabetes, already cited as a cause of retina damage, can also cause
degeneration of the optic nerve.
Damage to the visual pathway does not always result in total loss of
sight. Depending on where the damage occurs, only a part of the visual
field may be affected. For example, a certain form of neuritis (nerve
inflammation), often associated with multiple sclerosis, can cause loss of
only the center of the visual field – a condition called scotoma.
A stroke can cause vision impairment when the resulting tissue
damage occurs in one of the regions of the brain that process visual
information. For example, damage to an area that process information
about colors may result in a rare condition called acquired cortical color
blindness. This condition is characterized by difficulty in distinguishing
any color – not just one or two colors as in the more common inherited
forms of color blindness.
A more common treatment for curing blindness has been corneal
transplantation.

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 Bionic Eye

Disease of eye

 Retinitis pigmentosa

 Macular

degeneration Retinitis

pigmentosa:

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the name given to a group of

hereditary diseases of the retina of the eye. RP may be caused by a
breakdown in the function of the rods or the cones in some part of
the retina. The retina is so complex that breakdowns may occur in
a variety of ways and so RP is not a single disorder. The
breakdown of cone function may be called Macular Degeneration.

Macular Degeneration:

Macular is a sensitive area in the centre of the retina which

provides us with sight in the centre of our field of vision. It allows
us to see the fine details when we look directly at something. A
large proportion of Macular Degeneration cases are age-related
Macular Degeneration (AMD) usually affects people over the age
of 50 and there are two distinct types- “wet” AMD and “dry”
AMD. “wet” AMD results from the growth of new blood vessels
in the choroid, causing an accumulation of fluid in the macula
which leads to retinal damage. This type of degeneration can often
be successfully arrested by laser surgery. “Dry” AMD represents
at least 80% of all AMD cases and results in atrophy of the retina.
Usually yellowish- white round spots called drusen first appear in
the scattered pattern deep in the macula. Later degeneration of
both the Pigment Epithelium and the cones begins. While AMD is
not inherited in a predictable way, heredity may be involved to
some extent.
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 Bionic Eye

How Does Bionic Eye technology work ?

The bionic eye, also known as a retinal prosthesis, works by using a

camera mounted on glasses to capture visual information. This information
is then processed and transmitted wirelessly to a microelectronic implant
that is surgically placed on the retina. The implant stimulates the
remaining functional cells in the retina, which then send signals to the
brain, allowing the person to perceive visual images.
In simpler terms, it functions as a bridge between the camera capturing
images and the brain's visual processing centers. While it doesn't provide
full vision restoration, it can help individuals with certain types of vision
impairment to perceive light, shapes, and movement, thereby improving
their quality of life.

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 Bionic Eye

Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR)

The ASR is a silicon chip 2 mm in diameter and 1/1000 inch in thickness.

It contains approximately 3,500 microscopic solar cells called
“microphotodiodes”, each having its own stimulating electrode. These
microphotodiodes are designed to convert the light energy from images
into thousands of tiny electrical impulses to stimulate the remaining
functional cells of the retina in patients suffering with AMD and RP types
of conditions.

The ASR is powered solely by incident light and does not require the use
of external wires or batteries. When surgically implanted under the retina,
in a location known as the sub retinal space, the ASR is designed to
produce visual signals similar to those produced by the photoreceptor
layer. From their sub retinal location these artificial “photoelectric” signals
from the ASR are in a position to induce biological visual signals in the
remaining functional retina cells which may be processed and sent via the
optic nerve to the brain.

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 Bionic Eye

CHALLENGES

The development and implementation of bionic eyes, also known as

artificial or electronic visual prostheses, present several challenges:

1. Biocompatibility: Ensuring that the materials used in the bionic eye are
compatible with the human body to minimize the risk of rejection or
adverse reactions.

2. Implantation: The surgical procedure to implant the bionic eye must be

precise and delicate to minimize damage to surrounding tissues and
maximize the effectiveness of the device.

3. Power Supply: Bionic eyes require a stable power source to function.

Developing long-lasting, compact, and rechargeable power supplies suitable
for implantation is a significant challenge.

4. Visual Resolution: Achieving high-resolution vision comparable to

natural human vision remains a challenge. Current bionic eyes offer
limited resolution, affecting the quality of the visual information perceived
by users.

5. Connectivity to the Brain: Establishing effective communication

between the bionic eye and the brain is crucial for interpreting visual
signals. Developing interfaces that accurately stimulate the visual cortex or
optic nerve presents a significant technical hurdle.

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6. Durability and Reliability: Bionic eyes need to withstand the conditions

within the body, including movement, moisture, and temperature
variations. Ensuring their long-term durability and reliability is essential
for their success.

7. Cost: Bionic eyes are currently expensive due to the complexity of the
technology involved. Making them more affordable and accessible to a
wider population is a challenge.

8. User Training and Adaptation: Users need to undergo extensive training

to adapt to the artificial vision provided by bionic eyes. Learning to
interpret visual signals from the device and integrating them with other
sensory inputs can be challenging.

9. Regulatory Approval: Obtaining regulatory approval for bionic eye

devices involves demonstrating their safety and effectiveness through
rigorous clinical trials, which can be time-consuming and costly.

10. Ethical and Social Considerations: Bionic eye technology raises ethical
questions related to enhancement, privacy, and equality. Addressing these
concerns and ensuring equitable access to the technology are important
challenges for researchers and policymakers.

Overall, while bionic eyes hold immense promise for restoring vision to
the blind, overcoming these challenges is essential to realizing their full
potential and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.

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Components of Bionic Eye

A bionic eye, also known as a retinal prosthesis or artificial vision system,

typically consists of several key components:

1. External Camera: The bionic eye system includes an external camera

that captures visual information from the surrounding environment. This
camera can be mounted on glasses or another wearable device.

2. Image Processor: The visual data captured by the external camera is

processed by an image processor. This component converts the visual
information into signals that can be interpreted by the internal components
of the bionic eye.

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3. Implantable Microelectrode Array: The microelectrode array is

surgically implanted in the eye, typically on the surface of the retina or in
the visual cortex of the brain. It consists of a grid of electrodes that
stimulate the remaining functional cells in the retina or visual cortex in
response to visual signals received from the image processor.

4. Stimulation Electronics: The stimulation electronics are responsible for

delivering electrical impulses to the microelectrode array. These impulses
activate the remaining retinal cells or neurons in the visual cortex, creating
the perception of light and allowing the user to "see" visual patterns.

5. Power Supply: Bionic eyes require a power source to operate. This can
be provided by an external battery pack or through wireless inductive
coupling with an implanted receiver, depending on the design of the
system.

6. Control Unit: The control unit of the bionic eye system manages the
communication between the external components and the internal
components. It may also include user interfaces for adjusting settings and
optimizing visual perception.

These components work together to capture visual information, process it

into electrical signals, and stimulate the visual system to provide artificial
vision to individuals with visual impairments.

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What does the Bionic Eye see ?

Bionic eyes, also known as retinal prostheses or visual prostheses, are

devices designed to provide visual information to individuals who have
severe vision loss or are completely blind. These devices typically consist
of a camera mounted on glasses that captures visual information and sends
it to an implanted electrode array in the eye. The electrode array stimulates
the remaining healthy cells in the retina, bypassing damaged cells, and
sends signals to the brain, where they are interpreted as visual
information.The images seen through a bionic eye can vary depending on
the technology used and the individual's specific condition. While some
bionic eyes can provide rudimentary visual perception, such as detecting
light and dark or distinguishing basic shapes and objects, the images may
not be as clear or detailed as those seen by individuals with normal vision.
Additionally, the effectiveness of a bionic eye can depend on factors such
as the extent of the person's vision loss, the resolution of the device, and
how well the brain adapts to the artificial visual signals. Overall, while
bionic eyes can offer significant improvements in quality of life for some
individuals with vision loss, they may not fully replicate the experience of
natural vision.

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Algorithm of Bionic Eye

Algorithms play a significant role in the operation of bionic eyes. These

algorithms are responsible for processing visual information captured by
external cameras and converting it into electrical signals that can stimulate
the remaining functional cells in the retina or visual cortex. Here are some
key algorithms used in bionic eye systems:

1. Image Processing Algorithms: These algorithms process the visual data

captured by external cameras to enhance contrast, filter noise, and extract
important features before transmitting it to the internal components of the
bionic eye. Image processing techniques such as edge detection, image
segmentation, and object recognition may be employed to improve the
quality of the visual input.

2. Electrode Stimulation Algorithms: Once the visual information is

processed, algorithms are used to determine the appropriate pattern and
timing of electrical stimulation delivered by the microelectrode array.
These algorithms take into account factors such as the location and
sensitivity of remaining retinal cells or neurons in the visual cortex to
optimize the perception of light and visual patterns.

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3. Encoding and Decoding Algorithms: Encoding algorithms are used to

convert visual information into electrical signals that can be understood by
the implanted components of the bionic eye. Decoding algorithms then
interpret these signals to generate patterns of electrical stimulation that
mimic the natural activation of visual neurons.

4. Feedback Control Algorithms: Feedback control algorithms monitor the

performance of the bionic eye system in real-time and adjust parameters
such as stimulation intensity, frequency, and spatial distribution to
optimize visual perception and minimize side effects such as glare or
distortion.

5. Adaptive Learning Algorithms: Some bionic eye systems incorporate

adaptive learning algorithms that continuously adapt to changes in the
visual environment and the user's perception over time. These algorithms
may use machine learning techniques to improve the effectiveness of
stimulation patterns and enhance the user's ability to interpret visual
information.

Overall, these algorithms work together to translate visual input into

electrical signals that can stimulate the visual system and provide artificial
vision to individuals with visual impairments. Ongoing research in this
field aims to develop more advanced algorithms to improve the resolution,
quality, and usability of bionic eye systems.

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 Bionic Eye

Applications of Bionic Eye

The development of bionic eyes holds promise for various applications in

the field of vision restoration and enhancement. Here are some notable
applications:

1. Vision Restoration for the Blind: One of the primary applications of

bionic eyes is to restore vision to individuals who are blind or visually
impaired due to conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related
macular degeneration. By bypassing damaged or non-functional parts of
the retina or visual cortex, bionic eyes can provide artificial vision and
improve the quality of life for affected individuals.

2. Retinal Implants: Bionic eyes can be used as retinal implants, where a

microelectrode array is implanted on the surface of the retina to directly
stimulate remaining retinal cells. This approach can help restore vision in
individuals with degenerative retinal diseases by replacing the function of
damaged photoreceptor cells.

3. Visual Prostheses: Bionic eyes serve as visual prostheses that interface

with the visual system to provide artificial vision. These devices can be
customized to suit the specific needs and preferences of individual users,
offering different levels of resolution, field of view, and functionality.

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4. Assistive Technology: Bionic eyes can be integrated into assistive

technology devices to help individuals with visual impairments navigate
their environment more effectively. For example, bionic eyes equipped
with object recognition and navigation algorithms can assist users in
identifying obstacles, reading text, and recognizing faces.

5. Augmented Reality: Bionic eyes have the potential to enhance human

vision by overlaying digital information onto the user's natural field of
view. This application of augmented reality can provide real-time
feedback, annotations, and visual cues to enhance situational awareness
and improve task performance in various domains, such as medicine,
engineering, and education.

7. Military and Defense: Bionic eyes with augmented vision capabilities

can be used in military and defense applications to enhance the visual
perception and situational awareness of soldiers and personnel in combat
or reconnaissance missions. These devices can provide real-time
information about the surrounding environment, identify potential threats,
and improve decision-making in high-stakes situations.

Overall, the applications of bionic eyes span a wide range of fields, from
healthcare and assistive technology to research and defense, with the
potential to significantly impact the lives of individuals with visual
impairments and advance our understanding of the visual system.

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Advantages of Bionic Eye

Although the device will not be able to restore the eye sight of the entire
blind community, researchers are certain many people will benefit from
the technology. For instance, age-related macular generation is the leading
cause of blindness in the industrialized world, with about 2 million
Americans currently suffering from the condition. The new technology
will hopefully assist people suffering from this condition, and individuals
suffering from retinitis pigmentosa (a genetic condition), but will not help
glaucoma patients.
The researchers note the device has some limitations, and it will not
restore perfect vision. However, they are sure it will give people the
advantage of having a general sense of their surroundings. Hopefully, the
technology may enable people to recognize faces and facial expressions.

 It helps to correct vision.

 There is no necessity to suffer from long and short sights.
 It can be easily implanted.
 It is the one approved by FDA.
 No longer has limited access.
 Research is not limited by budget.

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Disadvantages of Bionic Eye

The scientists explain that the bionic eye will be affective for individuals
who once had sight, since their brain knows how to process visual
information. The unfortunate people who were born blind do not have the
neurological capability to process the data received via the wire.
Furthermore, the optic nerve must be at least partly functional. Otherwise,
the data will not be fully processed. For many individuals that were born
blind, this is a problem as well, since their optic nerve has never been used.
This new technology will not be helpful for glaucoma patients.

 There are 120 million rods and 6 million cones in the retina of every
human eye.
 Creating an artificial replacement for these is a risky task.
 Si based photo detectors have been tried in earlier attempts. But Si is
toxic to the human body and reacts unfavourably with fluids in the
eye.
 It cost about 30,000$
 It will not be helpful for glaucoma patients.
 Australian one is still being researched.
 Both eyes has research cost in the millions of dollars.
 Australian one has to undergo human trials.
 American one doesn’t correct vision to 100%.
 Australian one won’t be ready till 2014.

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Future of Bionic Eye

The future enhancement of bionic eyes holds promising potential.

Advancements might include improved resolution for sharper vision,
enhanced color perception, integration with augmented reality for real-time
information overlay, and increased durability and longevity of the
implants. Additionally, advancements in wireless technology could allow
for seamless communication between the bionic eye and external devices
for better functionality and control.

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CONCLUSION

The loss of sight can have a devastatingly negative impact on the

quality of life of an individual. The goal of restoring functional vision
to blind, while certainly valiant, still faces formidable challenges
before it will ever become a tractable reality. However, there are
grounds to be cautiously optimistic and there is every reason to
believe we are on the path to achieve this goal. It is also important to
realize that the rehabilitation of the blind is a very complex problem,
requiring extraordinarily diverse, lengthy and intimate collaborations
among basic scientists, engineers, clinicians, educators and
rehabilitative experts.

As technical challenges continue to be solved, there also remains the

issue of understanding how the brain adapts to the loss of vision itself.
Success in restoring functional vision depends on our understanding
of how blindness affects the brain and what it means to “see” again.
The neural changes that result from loss of vision need to be
addressed if the restoration of visual input is to lead to functional
vision. These issues of neuroplasticity also lead to questions regarding
the feasibility of the visual prosthesis approach and its potential to
benefit blind individuals. Therefore, it is essential that future research
explores the mechanisms that underlie brain plasticity following the
loss of vision. Such insight could help to develop and refine strategies
for merging visual sensations that are generated by the prosthesis.
Uncovering these adaptive strategies may ultimately assist in the
rehabilitation process itself.

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REFERENCE

 www.Google.com
 www.engpaper.com
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 www.ieee.org
 www.SeminarTopics.com

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