Applications of Information and

Communication Technologies
Lecture 11
Presented By
Dr. Muhammad Umar Javed
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Data Communication

 Communication means the exchange of information or

messages.
 The process of transferring data from one location to
another is called data communication.
 In this processes, data is transmitted electronically from
one location to another by using standard methods.
 Today computer networks are commonly used for data
communication.
 For this purpose we use cables, telephone lines,
computers and wireless devices.
 That are linked in a network
Types of data transmission

 Data transmission is divided into two types

 Analog data transmission.
 Digital data transmission.
Analog Data Transmission

 The transfer of data from one place to another in the

from of analog signals or in the from of continuous
waves is called analog data transmission.
 The analog signal consists of a continuous electrical
waves. This waves is called a carrier waves.
 The light waves, sound waves or radio waves are
examples of analog signals.
 The transmission through telephone line, microwave
system or satellite is the example of analog data
transmission.
Analog Data Transmission

Characteristics
 Frequency
 The number of times a wave repeats during a
specific time interval is called frequency.
 Amplitude
 The height of a wave within a given period of time
is called amplitude.
Digital Data Transmission

 The transfer of data from one place to another in the

form of digital signals is called digital data transmission.
 A digital signal consists of individual electrical pluses
that represent bits grouped together into bytes.
 In digital technology, the data are generated and
processed in two states: High (represented as 1) and
Low (represented as 0).
 Computer accepts and processes data in the from of
digital signals.
 Date is also transmitted from one computer to another
through telephone line, microwave system and satellite.
 In this system, a modem is used on both sides.
Digital Data Transmission
 Characteristics
 Delivery
 The data must be delivered from source device to the correct
destination device.
 Accuracy
 The data must be delivered accurately. If there is any error
occurred during transmission, the data must be re-transmitted.
 Timeliness
 Data must be delivered within time. It is very important in real
time system because data becomes useless if it is delivered late.
 For example, in television transmission, the video signals must
be delivered within time as they are produced without any
significant delay.
 This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.
Basic Elements of
Communication System
 The basic elements of communication system are:
 Message
 Sender
 Medium
 Receiver
 Protocol
Basic Elements of
Communication System
 Message
 The message is the information or data that is
to be communicated.
 It may be in the form of text, number, pictures,
sounds, videos or any combination of these.
 Sender
 A device that is used to send or transmit
messages to another devices is called sender,
transmitter or source.
 A sender may be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and mobile
phone.
Basic Elements of
Communication System
 Medium
 The path through which data is transmitted (or
sent) from one location to another is called
transmission medium.
 It is also called communication channel.
 It may be a wire, or fiber optic cable, or
telephone line etc.
 If the sender and receiver are within a
building, a wire is used as the medium.
 If they are located at different locations, then
a medium may be telephone line, fiber optics,
microwave or satellite system
Basic Elements of
Communication System
 Receiver
 A device that is used to receive messages from another
device is called receiver or sink.
 A receiver may be a computer, workstation, telephone,
mobile phone, television, printer or fax machine etc.
 Protocol
 A set of rules that guides data communication is called
protocol.
 It represents an agreement between the communicating
devices.
 Without a proper protocol, the devices may be connected
but they cannot communicate with each other.
Basic Elements of
Communication System
Packets
 In data communication, data is broken down into small groups or
data segments before being transmitted from one computer to
another.
 These small groups or data segments are called packets.
 The packet include the following:
a) Payload
 It is the part of the packet that contains the actual data being
sent.
b) Header
 It contains the information about:
 The type of data in the payload,
 The source and destination of data,
 A sequence number so that data from multiple packets can
be rearranged at the receiving computer in a proper order.
Data Transmission Modes

 The way in which data is transmitted from one place to

another is called data transmission mode.
 It is also called as data communication mode.
 It indicates the direction of flow of information.
 Sometimes, data transmission mode are also called
directional modes
 Types of Transmission Modes
 Simple mode
 Half-duplex mode
 Full-duplex mode
Simplex Mode
 Data flow in only one direction
 Sender can only send data & cannot receive
 Receiver can only receive data but cannot send
 Example
 data sent from computer to printer
 Radio & T.V transmissions
 Successful transmission is not confirmed
 Not possible to request sender to re transmit information
 Not widely used
Half-Duplex Mode
 Data flow in both directions but only in one direction at a time
 At a time only one end transmits data while the other end receives
 i.e. data is sent and received alternatively
 Like one lane bridge where two way traffic must give way in order to
cross the other.
 Example: Internet browsing (or surfing)
 User sends request to a Web server for a webpage
 Information flows from user’s computer to Web server
 Web server receives request and sends data
 Data flows from Web server to user’s computer
 At a time, user can send a request OR receive data from web
page.
Full-Duplex Mode
 Data flow in both directions at the same time
 Both sender & receiver can send & receive data at the
same time.
 Fastest directional mode of data communication
 Example
 Telephone communication system
 Two persons can talk at the same time
 Daily life: Automobile traffic on a two lane road
 Traffic can move in both directions at the same time.
Types of Transmission

 There are two broad types of data transmission:

 Synchronous Transmission
 Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
 Data is transmitted block by block OR word by word
 Each block may contain several bytes of data
 Data is saved before transmission
 No start and stop bits
 Uses synchronized clock to schedule or control the
transmission of information
 synchronized clock is a special communication
device
 Large volume of data can be transmitted at a time
 No gaps between the characters being transmitted
 Fast transmission method
 Suited for the remote communication between a
computer and related devices like printers etc.
Synchronous Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
 Data is transmitted one byte at time.
 i.e. data is transmitted character by character
 Data not saved before transmission
 Commonly used in teletype communications
 User types character on keyboard , immediately transmitted
 Time interval between two characters is not fixed
 because user cannot type at uniform speed
 Gaps between transmission
 Slow method of transmission
 Transmission as a stream of bits

Start Bit (0) Character Stop Bit (1)

Asynchronous Transmission
 Start bit 0: tells receiver that a character is coming, space state
 Stop bit 1 indicates that transmission has finished, transmitted at the
end of each character.
 Mark State When gaps appear between character transmissions
 indicated by binary value 1
 indicates idle line
 When character is transmitted, the line switched from 1 <mark state>
to 0 <start bit>
 Receiver is alerted for receiving the message
Bandwidth

 Data transmitted in the form of signals

 Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be
transmitted through the communication medium in a
specified unit of time
 Bandwidth of analog signals is measured in cycles per
second or Hertz (Hz)
 Bandwidth of digital signals is measured in bits per
second (bps)
 Different transmission media have different bandwidths
 Higher the bandwidth the more information can be
transmitted at a time.
Communication Channel

 Path through which data is transmitted from one place

to another is known communication channel
 Examples: twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic
cable, microwave, satellite, etc.
 Types of Communication Channel
 Guided Media
 Unguided Media
Communication Channel
Guided Media

 Communication devices are directly connected with

each other via cables or physical media
 Data signals are bounded to a cabling media
 Examples:
 Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optic cable
Unguided Media
 Communication devices send and receive data signals through air or
space
 Wireless transmission media
 Communicated in the form of wave
 Provides means to transmit data signals
 but does not guide them along a specific path
 Data signals are not bounded to cabling media is also called
unbounded media
 Used when it is impossible to install cables
 Data can be transmitted all over the world through this medium
 Examples:
 Microwave transmission
 Satellite Communication
 Broadcast Communication