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Core

The 8051 microcontroller block diagram consists of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory including 4KB ROM and 128 bytes of RAM, interrupts, I/O ports, timers/counters, and an oscillator. It uses a 16-bit address bus and 8-bit data bus. The CPU monitors and controls all operations. Interrupts allow suspending the current program to execute interrupt service routines. Memory is used to store programs and data. The oscillator provides clock pulses for synchronized operation.

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14 views8 pages

Core

The 8051 microcontroller block diagram consists of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory including 4KB ROM and 128 bytes of RAM, interrupts, I/O ports, timers/counters, and an oscillator. It uses a 16-bit address bus and 8-bit data bus. The CPU monitors and controls all operations. Interrupts allow suspending the current program to execute interrupt service routines. Memory is used to store programs and data. The oscillator provides clock pulses for synchronized operation.

Uploaded by

madhu chandrika
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1) Draw the block diagram, and explain all the components of 8051 micro-controller

Central Processor Unit (CPU)

CPU is the brain of any processing device of the microcontroller. It monitors and controls all
operations that are performed on the Microcontroller units.

Interrupts

An Interrupts gives us a mechanism to put on hold the ongoing operations, execute a


subroutine and then again resumes to another type of operations.

When an interrupt occurs, it causes the CPU to stop executing the current program. The
control then passes to a special piece of code called an Interrupt Handler or Interrupt
Service Routine. The interrupt handler will process the interrupt and resume the
interrupted program.

Memory

The memory which is used to store the program of the microcontroller is known as ROM
memory of microcontroller also requires a memory to store data or operands temporarily
is known RAM memory. 8051 has 4KB ROM and also 128 bytes of RAM.

BUS

Basically Bus is a collection of wires which work as a communication channel or medium for
transfer of Data. These buses consists of 8, 16 or more wires of the microcontroller. Thus,
these can carry 8 bits,16 bits simultaneously. two types of buses that are shown in below

 Address Bus
 Data Bus
 Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has a 16 bit address bus for transferring the data.
It is used to address memory locations and to transfer the address from CPU to
Memory of the microcontroller.
 Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has 8 bits of the data bus, which is used to carry data
of particular applications.

Oscillator

it requires clock pulses for its operation of microcontroller applications and enables
synchronized work of all parts of the 8051 microcontroller.

Input/Output Port

Has 4 I/O ports for connecting peripherils.

Timers/Counters

8051 microcontroller has two 16 bit timers and counters. These counters are again divided
into a 8 bit register. The timers are used for measurement of intervals to determine the
pulse width of pulses.

2) Difference between Micro-controller and Microprocessor

A microcontroller is a chip optimized to control electronic devices. It is stored in a single


integrated circuit which is dedicated to performing a particular task and execute one
specific application (Micro Controller has a processor along with internal memory and
I/O components.).

A microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer wrapped inside a small chip.


It performs Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) operations and communicates with the other
devices connected with it (It is only a processor, so memory and I/O components need to
be connected externally).

3) What are Von Neumann and Harvard classifications, which does 8051 belong to?

The Von Neumann architecture is a theoretical computer design based on the


concept of stored-program where programs and data are stored in the same
memory.
The Harvard architecture was based on the original Harvard Mark I relay-based
computer model which employed separate buses for data and instructions.
8051 is Harvard arch.
4) How many bits is data bus and how many is address bus, also if there are 8 lines
how many memory locations are present?

Modern processors have data bus widths of 32 to 512 bits, the address buses are
generally of 36 bits.
2^n bytes memory, n address lines.

5) Where is the location of the current line of execution stored when there is an
interrupt?

This happens by means of a context switch, which forms a vital part of interrupt
handling. A context switch is the process of storing and restoring state (the context)
of a CPU, so that execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time.

6) Draw basic logic gates


7) Half adder and Full adder :
Half adder

S = a⊕b ; C = a*b

Full Adder

S = a ⊕ b⊕Cin; Cout = (a*b) + (Cin*(a⊕b))

8) What is the job of loaders in compiler?


Loader is a part of operating system and is responsible for loading executable files
into memory and execute them.

9) DTL and TTL

Diode-transistor logic
Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction
transistors (BJT), diodes and resistors; it is the direct ancestor of transistor-transistor logic.
It is called diode-transistor logic because the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed
by a diode network and the amplifying function is performed by a transistor

Transistor-Transistor Logic
Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction
transistors (BJT) and resistors. It is called transistor-transistor logic because both the logic
gating function (e.g., AND) and the amplifying function are performed by transistors

10) What is Zener Diode?

A Zener Diode, also known as a breakdown diode, is a heavily doped semiconductor


device that is designed to operate in the reverse direction. When the voltage across
the terminals of a Zener diode is reversed and the potential reaches the Zener
Voltage (knee voltage), the junction breaks down and the current flows in the reverse
direction.

11) What are flipflops?


A flip flop is an electronic circuit with two stable states that can be used to store
binary data, it is edge triggered, Latch is Level Triggered

SR Flip Flop

S R Q Q’
0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 ∞ ∞

JK Flip-flop

D Flip Flop

T Flip Flop

T Q Q (t+1)

0 0 0

1 0 1
0 1 1

1 1 0

Applications of Flip-Flops

 Counters
 Frequency Dividers
 Shift Registers
 Storage Registers

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