Introduction to

Programming
UNIT-1
UNIT 5
Prof. Somesh Nandi
Dept. of AIML
Prof. Narasimha Swamy S
RV College of Engineering
Department of AIML
Bengaluru
RV College of Engineering
Bengaluru-59 Go, Change the World
 Outline
→Software Objects:

Defining a Class, Defining Method, Instantiating an Object,

invoking a Methods, Using Constructor, Using Class Attributes
and Static Methods, Understanding Object Encapsulation

→Object-Oriented Programming:

Using Inheritance to Create New Classes, creating a Base

Class, inheriting from a Base Class, extending a Derived
Class, Using the Derived Class, extending a Class through
Inheritance, Understanding Polymorphism

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 Python Classes
A class is considered as a blueprint of
objects.

Think of the class as a sketch (blueprint) of

a house.

It contains all the details about the floors,

doors, windows, etc. Based on these
descriptions we build the house. House is the
object.

Since many houses can

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 Define Python Class
We use the class keyword to create a class in Python. For
example,

class ClassName:
# class definition
Here, we have created a class named ClassName.
→Let's see an example,
→class Bike:
name = ""
gear = 0
→Here,
→Bike - the name of the class
→name/gear - variables inside the class with default values
"" and 0 respectively.

→Note: The variables inside a class are called attributes.

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 Python Objects and Instantiation of the
Objects
An object is called an instance of a class.

For example, suppose Bike is a class then we can create

objects like bike1, bike2, etc from the class.
Here's the syntax for object instantiation

objectName = ClassName()

Let's see an example,

# create class
class Bike:
name = ""
gear = 0
# Instate the objects of class
bike1 = Bike()
Here, bike1 is the object of the class. Now, we can use this
object to access the class attributes.
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 We can also create multiple objects from a single class.

For example, Create Multiple Objects of Python

# define a class Class
class Employee:
# define an attribute
employee_id = 0
# create two objects of the Employee class
employee1 = Employee()
employee2 = Employee()
# access attributes using employee1
employee1.employeeID = 1001
print(f"Employee ID: {employee1.employeeID}")
# access attributes using employee2
employee2.employeeID = 1002
print(f"Employee ID: {employee2.employeeID}")

In the above example, we have created two objects employee1 and employee2
of the Employee class.
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 Access Class Attributes Using
Objects
The . Notation is used to access the attributes of a class.

Example :
# define a class
class Bike:
name = ""
gear = 0

# create object of class

bike1 = Bike()

# access attributes and assign new values

bike1.gear = 11
bike1.name = "Mountain Bike"
print(f"Name: {bike1.name}, Gears: {bike1.gear} ")

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 Python Methods
A Python Function defined inside a class is called a method.
#Let's see an example,
# create a class
class Room:
length = 0.0
breadth = 0.0

# method to calculate area (Function Defined Inside the Class)

def calculate_area(self):
print("Area of Room =", self.length * self.breadth)
# create object of Room class
study_room = Room()

# assign values to all the attributes

*Self parameter is the reference to the current instance of the class and used to
access the variables of the class.
study_room.length = 42.5
study_room.breadth = 30.8

# access method inside class

study_room.calculate_area()
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 Invoking a Methods
The . Notation is used to Invoke the method

In the pervious example, we have created a class named

Room with
Attributes: length and breadth and Method:
calculate_area() and object named study_room

Now we have used the object to call the method inside

the class,

study_room.calculate_area()

We have used the . notation to call the method.

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 Constructor in Python
• A constructor is a special method in a class used to create and
initialize an object of a class.
• Constructor is invoked automatically when an object of a class is
created.
Syntax of Python Constructor
def __init__(self):
# initializations
init is one of the reserved functions in Python. In Object Oriented
Programming, it is known as a constructor.

Rules of Python Constructor

• It starts with the def keyword, like all other functions in Python.
• It is followed by the word init, which is prefixed and suffixed with
double underscores with a pair of brackets, i.e., __init__().
• It takes an argument called self, assigning values to the variables

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 Invoking Default Constructor in
Python
When you do not write the constructor in the class created,
Python itself creates a constructor during the compilation of
the program.

It generates an empty constructor that has no code in it. Let's

see an example:
class Assignments:
check= "not done"
# a method
def is_done(self):
print(self.check)

# creating an object of the class

obj = Assignments()

# calling the instance method using the object obj

obj.is_done()
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 Invoking Method by Default Constructor in
Python
When you do not write the constructor in the class created, Python itself
creates a constructor during the compilation of the program.

. no code in it. Let's see an

It generates an empty constructor that has
example, below, in both the output is” Not Done”

12
 Invoking Method by Parameterized Constructor
When
in Python
the constructor accepts arguments along with self, it is known as
parameterized constructor.

These arguments can be used inside the class to assign the values to the data
members. Let's see an example:
Code: Explanation
•An object of the class Family is
class Family: created. It has a variable known
# Constructor - parameterized as members.
members=‘’
•When the object is created, a
def __init__(self, count):
print("This is parametrized constructor") parameter (here it is 10) is passed as
self.members = count arguments.
def show(self): •This parameter (10 as in the given
print("No. of members is", self.members) example) is taken up by the constructor
as the object is created.
object = Family(10) •The number 10 is assigned to the
object.show() variable count, which is further
assigned to self.members.
•The self.members can be used within
the class to print the data
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 Methods in Python
There are two types of the Method in Python.

Class Method
The purpose of the class methods is to set or get the details (status)
of the class. That is why they are known as class methods.

They can’t access or modify specific instance data. They are bound to
the class instead of their objects. Two important things about class
methods:

In order to define a class method, you have to specify that it is a

class method with the help of the @classmethod decorator

Class methods take one default parameter- cls

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 Methods in Python
class My_class:

@classmethod
def class_method(cls):
return "This is a class method."

we’ll create the instance of this My_class as well and try calling this
class_method():
obj = My_class()
obj.class_method()
class Methods In Python

We can access the class methods with the help of a class instance/object.

we can also access the class methods directly without creating an instance
or object of the class.
Class_name.Method_name().
i.e My_class.class_method()

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 Methods in Python
A static method is bound to a class rather than the objects for that class. This
means that a static method can be called without an object for that class. This
also means that static methods cannot modify the state of an object as they are
not bound to it

In order to define a static method, we can use the @staticmethod decorator

Example:

class Calculator:

# create addNumbers static method

@staticmethod
def addNumbers(x, y):
return x + y

print('Product:', Calculator.addNumbers(15, 110))

When we need some functionality not w.r.t an Object but w.r.t the complete class,
we make a method static. This is pretty much advantageous when we need to create
Utility methods as they aren’t tied to an object lifecycle usually
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 Encapsulation in Python
Encapsulation in Python describes the concept of bundling data and methods within
a single unit.

Example
when you create a class, it means you are implementing encapsulation. A class is
an example of encapsulation as it binds all the data members (instance variables)
and methods into a single unit

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 Encapsulation Example
In this example, we create an
Employee class by defining
employee attributes such as name
and salary as an instance
variable and implementing
behavior using work() and show()
instance methods.

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 Access Modifiers in Python
Encapsulation can be achieved by declaring the data members and methods of
a class either as private or protected.

This can be achieved by using single underscore and double underscores.

Access modifiers limit access to the variables and methods of a class.

Python provides three types of access modifiers private, public, and

protected.
•Public Member: Accessible anywhere
from outside class.

•Private Member(__): Accessible within

the class

•Protected Member(_): Accessible within

the class
and its sub-classes
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 Public Member
Public data members are accessible within and outside of a class. All member
variables of the class are by default public.
class Employee:
# constructor
def __init__(self, name, salary):
# public data members
self.name = name
self.salary = salary

# public instance methods

def show(self):
# accessing public data member
print("Name: ", self.name, 'Salary:', self.salary)

# creating object of a class

emp = Employee('Jessa', 10000)

# accessing public data members

print("Name: ", emp.name, 'Salary:', emp.salary)

# calling public method of the class

emp.show()
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 Protected Member
Protected members are accessible within the class and also available to its sub-classes. To define a protected member,
prefix the member name with a single underscore _.

Protected data members are used when you implement inheritance and want to allow data members access to
only child classes.
Example: Protected member in inheritance.

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 Private Member
To define a private variable add two underscores as a prefix at the start of a variable name.

Private members are accessible only within the class, and we can’t access them directly from the class objects.

class Employee:
# constructor
def __init__(self, name, salary):
# public data member
self.name = name
# private member
self.__salary = salary

# creating object of a class

emp = Employee('Jessa', 10000)

# accessing private data members

print('Salary:', emp.__salary)

When you Run The Code : The Error Occurs

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 Access Private Member
Access Private member outside of a class using an instance method.

class Employee:
# constructor
def __init__(self, name, salary):
# public data member
self.name = name
# private member
self.__salary = salary

# public instance methods

def show(self):
# private members are accessible from a class
print("Name: ", self.name, 'Salary:', self.__salary)

# creating object of a class

emp = Employee('Jessa', 10000)

# calling public method of the class

emp.show()
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 Using Inheritance to Create New
Classes
• Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and
properties from another class.
• Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called base class.
• Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also called
derived class.

Creating a Parent Class[Base Class]:

Any class can be a parent class, so the syntax is the same as creating
any other class.
Syntax:
class Person
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
#Use the Person class to create an object, and then execute the printname
method:
x = Person("John", "Doe")
x.printname()
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 Using Inheritance to Create New
Creating
Classes
a Child Class & Inheriting from a Base Class/Parent class:
To create a class that inherits the functionality from another class, send the
parent class as a parameter when creating the child class.
• Create a class named Student, which will inherit the properties and methods
from the Person class.
Eg:
class Student(Person):
pass

Note: Use the pass keyword when you do not want to add any other properties or
methods to the class.

Now the Student class has the same properties and methods as the Person class.

Use the Student class to create an object, and then execute the printname
method,this printname method was created in parent class.

x = Student(“varun", “sharma")
x.printname()
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 Using Inheritance to Create New
Classes
Creating a Child Class & Inheriting from a Base
Class/Parent class:
Eg:
Code : Output:
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)

class Student(Person):
Pass
x = Student("Varun","Sharma")
x.printname()

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 Using Inheritance to Create New
•
Classes
Using the Derived[child] Class, extending a parent Class through Inheritance:
• Extending a Derived Class method:
Code : Output:
# Base class
class Vehicle:
def Vehicle_info(self):
print('Inside Vehicle class')
# Child class
class Car(Vehicle):
def car_info(self):
print('Inside Car class')
# Create object of Car
car = Car()
# access Vehicle's info using car object
car.Vehicle_info()
car.car_info()

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 Polymorphism
It refers to the use of a single type entity (method, operator or
object) to represent different types in different scenarios

Example

For integer data types, + operator is used to perform arithmetic

addition operation, Similarly, for string data types, + operator is
used to perform concatenation.

num1 = 1
num2 = 2
print(num1+num2)

str1 = "Python"
str2 = "Programming"
print(“str1”+”str2”)
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 Function Polymorphism in Python
There are some functions in Python which are compatible to run with
multiple data types.

One such function is the len() function. It can run with many data types
in Python. Let's look at some example use cases of the function.

Example

print(len("Programiz"))
print(len(["Python", "Java", "C"]))
print(len({"Name": "John", "Address": "Nepal"}))

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 Class Polymorphism in Python
Polymorphism while creating class methods as Python allows different
classes to have methods with the same name.

We can then later generalize calling these methods by disregarding the

object we are working with.
• We have created two classes
Let's look at an example India and USA.
• They share a similar structure
and have the same method names
capital and language.
• However, notice that we have
not created a common
superclass or linked the
classes together in any way.
• Even then, we can pack these
two different objects into a
tuple and iterate through it
using a common country
variable.
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 Polymorphism with Inheritance
Polymorphism allows us to define methods in Python that
are the same as methods in the parent classes.

In inheritance, the methods of the parent class are

passed to the child class.

It is possible to change a method that a child class

has inherited from its parent class.

This is especially useful when the method that was

inherited from the parent doesn't fit the child's
class.

We re-implement such methods in the child classes. This

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 Polymorphism with Inheritance

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22PL1B01-Introduction to Python Programming Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Go, Change the World