Poor infrastructure

Poor infrastructure causes hunger by making it difficult sometimes

impossible to transport food to areas of a country where there are
shortages.
People have died of hunger in one region of a country while there was
plenty of food in another region. The roads were so poor it was not
possible to reach all who needed the food to survive.
Irrigation systems provide water for countries with unreliable or low
rainfall. Irrigation can double crop yields, but it is expensive to put these
systems in place. Water can be taken either from underground aquifers
or directly from rivers. Both have environmental consequences.
 Poor infrastructure contd…

• Crops need water to grow. Irrigation infrastructure

is unaffordable to most farmers in developing
countries. A lack of water and sanitation
infrastructure are leading causes of hunger and
malnutrition.
• Women and girls in developing countries spend
hours each day fetching water because of a lack of
infrastructure, pulling women away from other
productive activities and girls out of school.
 Job Instability

✓Hunger rates rise when the national or local

economy is in a slump. People lose jobs and
cannot find work. Once the economy improves
some people continue to struggle to find work.
✓In single-parent families, the parent may not be
able to take a job or work enough hours because
of no childcare options.
✓In the United States and other high-income
countries, hunger is mainly caused by poverty
that results from a lack of jobs or because jobs
pay too little.
 War and Conflict

Hunger is both a cause and effect of war and conflict. Wide-scale poverty and
hunger lead to frustration and resentment with governments that appear to
ignore hungry people's plight.
The poorest members of society suffer the worst during war and conflict.
Homes are destroyed and communities of people are displaced. Peace when
it comes is often tenuous. The physical infrastructure needed for
reconstruction is damaged and might even be destroyed
Unstable Market: Any fluctuation that pushes food prices up in the market
creates additional hardship.
• Farmers in Developed Countries can afford pesticides, whereas
most farmers in low income developing countries (LIDCs)
cannot afford them.
• Disease closely related to issues of poverty and food insecurity
are problems of disease due to malnutrition, scarcity of water
for drinking, poor sanitation, pollution, and inadequate
shelter; those are often compounded by the spread of
infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera, tuberculosis and
HIV/AIDS.
• Large differences occur in the responses of human societies to
diseases, reflecting vast inequalities in health care spending
and in funding for pharmaceutical and medical research
• Technology can overcome temperature, water and nutrient
deficiencies in the form of greenhouses, irrigation and fertilizers. This
can incur an economic or environmental cost. Developed Countries
import food from across the globe, all year round.
• Discrimination: Progress against hunger and poverty seldom happens
without economic growth in countries, but economic growth alone
does not ensure that prosperity is broadly shared. Every country,
regardless of its wealth, has discrimination woven into its social
fabric. Disadvantaged groups tend to be left the furthest behind.
• Discrimination is why women farmers in developing countries labor
with fewer productive resources than their male counterparts, why
women in all sectors of the economy earn less than men, and why
girls are pulled out of school to work or to marry.
• Nutritional Quality: All people who are hungry are malnourished.
They are not getting enough protein, so they lose weight and in
severe cases their bodies begin wasting.
• Another form of malnutrition is known as "hidden hunger," and it
has more to do with the quality of food than the quantity
• Infants and young children are most vulnerable to the harmful
effects of hidden hunger.
• Loss of farmland: The growth of the biofuel market is taking up
valuable farmland which is then not used for food. Intensive
farming often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility
and decline of agricultural yields.
• Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert,
typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate
agriculture.
 Suggested Solutions to Cut Poverty

➢Given the rapidly growing population, resource constraints and climate change
concerns, accompanied by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; it is
imperative for India to make food security a core policy priority. A few policy
changes are essential to improve India’s hunger situation:
1.Create jobs
2.Raise the minimum wage
3.Increase the Earned Income Tax Credit for childless workers
4.Support pay equity
5.Provide paid leave and paid sick days
6.Establish work schedules that work
7.Invest in affordable, high-quality child care and early education
8.Expand Medical aid
9.Reform the criminal justice system and enact policies that support successful
re-entry
10.Do no harm
11.Social protection in the form of cash transfers will eliminate hunger
immediately, it noted, adding that public investments in rural areas could
be through small-scale irrigation projects, creating infrastructure such as
roads, food processing and stronger institutional support like access to
credit and markets.
12.Activities such as upgradation of rural infrastructure, training of
farmers in post-harvest practices to minimize losses, integrating small
scale enterprises into value chains, organizing smallholder farmers into
farmer producer organizations, customized financial services, investment
in agricultural research, and last-mile marketing channels should also
come into action.
13.The ‘One Nation, One Ration Card’ across the country is a great move
in this direction and no hurdle should allow it to stop its universalization
soon so that the PDS can be accessed at any geographical location in the
country.
• Home delivery of meals and cooking material to the beneficiaries
of the supplementary nutrition programme under the ICDS and
MDM for as long as Anganwadis (childcare centres) and schools
remain closed.
• Nutritious food should be provided to the vulnerable section of
the population, especially during the pandemic and its
aftermath, as this can help avoid heightening food insecurity.
• Sustainable agriculture practices — such as crop rotation, mixed
cropping with pulses, using biofertiliszers, limiting the use of
pesticides or fertilizers, and integrated pest management —
must be encouraged and promoted.
• Drip irrigation and solar panels for electricity generation will lead to
the conservation of natural resources.
• Investment is needed for the development and distribution of
climate-resilient crops that can handle temperature variation and
precipitation fluctuations.
• It is crucial to reconsider providing subsidies for certain crops as
they are having an adverse impact on the natural resources.
• Given the risks associated with farm incomes, the government must
continue rendering support in the form of agricultural credit,
subsidies on inputs and disaster relief along with micro-insurance
for crop, weather and livestock.
• To counter the economic impacts of the pandemic, including job losses
and reverse migration, the MGNREGA programme must be scaled up. In
the past, MGNREGA has increased rural wages, reduced gender wage
gaps, enabled better access to food and reduced distress migration from
rural areas.
• Post the pandemic, the programme has the potential to cater to the
health, nutrition and livelihood needs of the migrants who have
returned home. MGNREGA has also made an important contribution to
child wellbeing, through the reduction of hunger and improvement of
health and education, and it must continue to be promoted.
➢ Increased budget, technology, research& development
• In the 2021-22 Union Budget, funding allocations for the health sector
have been nearly doubled due to the pandemic. The Budget also
allocated more funds towards agricultural credit, and for the promotion
of animal husbandry, dairy and fisheries sector.
• But merely allocating funds will not be enough for a nation that is home
to about a third of the world’s malnourished children.
• Farmers’ access to the latest research can help in improving seed quality,
decreasing pest and disease problems, increasing crop sustainability,
reducing irrigation problems, lessening incidents of soil erosion, and
increasing productivity to feed a burgeoning population.
Source: MDPI
 Climate Change and Agriculture

✓The most serious long-term challenge facing Indian agriculture is

global warming and Climate Change.
✓It is clear that India will suffer a major setback in wheat production
as global warming increases. Wheat productivity, which is critically
dependent on cold night temperatures, will suffer as temperatures
rise.
What can be done?
✓Wheat displacement – with millets, tubers like potato, yams and
cassava. Start multiplying seeds and other planting material right
away so that there is enough planting material for the new crops
when the season begins.
✓Diversify food basket – bring forgotten and neglected foods like
millets, yams, leafy green vegetables and other underutilized crops
into cultivation and onto the market.
Source: Traditional
agriculture: a climate-smart
approach for sustainable
food production, Rinku Singh
& G. S. Singh
• Watersheds are important to recharge groundwater but
to increase agriculture production in the shorter term, the
farmers need to access the water for the winter crop.
• Role of the private sector
• The private sector can play an important role in
complementing the achievement of a higher level of foodWalmart, hunger relief organizations and
security in a country, at least during peacetime. food banks. Photo by: Walmart / CC BY
• to establish essential regulatory frameworks under which
the private sector can work in harmony with public efforts
in improving the country’s food security and under which
unwanted activities are forbidden or penalized.
• This requires the presence of strong institutions in the
country, especially strong government and economic
institutions.
• Supporting harmonious global trading institutions
• Most countries in Asia, especially in East Asia and Southeast Asia,
will increasingly rely on imports to maintain their domestic food
supplies. As such, stable food imports will become more
important. Such import stability can be best protected by world
peace; thus making contributions to long-term world peace would
be most rewarding.
• Even in a peaceful world, trade barriers exist, and trade disruptions
occur; it would be most beneficial for India to contribute to the
establishment and maintenance of harmonious global trading
institutions, through which trade disruptions can be minimized.
• Empowering women TO PROMOTE FOOD SECURITY
✓Educating women about how to empower her
household. It is imperative because women suffer
from malnutrition, and women are closer to children
who also suffer negatively from food insecurity.
✓So, to teach women and give them an education
about food and nutrition would be suitable for food
household security.
✓"Mother's education is positively associated with
better children education, health, and nutrition
outcomes“(Sidh ,2011).
• Home gardening has been proven as a reliable source to supplement
food and nutritional security at the household level
• This program, especially in India, could be helpful if combined with a
government program that giving subsidy to its people but still in
terms of staple food not cover other Nutritionals food yet.
• So, when the government can focus firstly on giving aid to its people
to obtain food in terms of access, the community can help to
empower themselves to provide nutritious food through home
gardening. Combining these programs, hopefully, can solve food
insecurity.
• REDUCING FOOD WASTE
• The government, on its part should make laws that penalize
companies for wasting food within their supply chain and encourage
repurposing and recycling of food items.
• For example, since 2016, France has been fining grocery stores for
throwing away edible food.
• 'Disposing is cheaper than using or reusing' attitude should be
changed gradually.
• Private companies should invest to bring out potential solutions to
minimize food wastage.
• Companies can influence consumer behavior by advocating-‘Buy one
get one free—later’ programme wherein customers can buy certain
food items and take the free product later when they actually need
it.
• AI to avoid food wastage
• US-based Winnow uses computer vision to help commercial kitchens
around the world understand how food is being wasted, measuring the
amounts discarded using smart sensors attached to waste bins. The app
also proposes strategies to prevent waste while saving money.
• The Berlin-based start-up solution Plantix aims to stop good crops from
being wasted when a farmer presumes them to be damaged. The so-
called "mobile crop doctor" uses image recognition to help farmers
diagnose any issues with their crops, thereby preventing edible food
from being lost.
• Wasteless, meanwhile, uses artificial intelligence (AI) to maintain
dynamic pricing on items with upcoming expiration dates. The objective
is to help supermarkets and online grocery stores in Europe and the US
reduce food waste and extend the value of their perishable food items.
FRAMEWORK
 ➢Suggestions

Global experience shows that with the right public policies

focusing on agriculture, improved sanitation, and women’s
education, one can have much better health and well-being for its
citizens, especially children.
In China, it was agriculture and economic growth that
significantly reduced the rates of stunting and wasting among the
population and lifted millions of people out of hunger, poverty
and malnutrition.
According to the Global Nutrition Report, 2016, at the present
rates of decline, India will achieve the current stunting rates of
China by 2055. India can certainly do better, but only if it focuses
on this issue.
 Research Findings

➢1.The world population continues to grow. Food production needs to rise by

50% by the year 2030 to meet the needs of population growth and changes
in consumption patterns. The tendency is clear: the more countries have
economic development, the more they consume animal protein. However,
meat production is a major source of greenhouse gases and the typical land
use attached to it is generally inefficient and prone to cause soil degradation.
Resource use related to agriculture and food production is highly
unsustainable. Agriculture is still the most common occupation globally. Thus
attention is needed in linking education and food security.

➢2.Today's agricultural and trade practices are failing to feed the poor and
have detrimental effects on the environment. Current cultivation of 'cash
crops' such as cotton and coffee for export purposes contribute to the
prevalence of food insecurity and create a strain on the ecosystem. These
practices need to be re-considered with the holistic approach to education
and development
➢3. In 2017, the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of
Hong Kong Government revealed that local production accounted for only
1.7 percent of fresh vegetables. Such over-dependence on food import
from foreign countries showcases the need to prevent further loss of the
existing farmland and, instead, expand urban agriculture in the city. In
relation to that, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 highlights the
significance of sustainable agriculture and SDG 4.7 insists that, by 2030, all
learners should acquire the knowledge and skills they need to achieve
sustainable development (UNESCO, 2016). According to the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (2018), farmer field school
approach was applied in more than 100 countries to educate youth on
agro-ecosystem agriculture techniques to support the work towards SDGs,
and, in particular, SDGs 2 and 4.7.
➢4.The Sustainability Office at HKU has organized a range of programs to promote
sustainable development on campus, including ‘Green Connections’ and ‘Edible
Spaces’. Apart from HKU, almost all universities in Hong Kong have a Sustainability
Office or an organic garden where workshops or activities are organized. Chinese
University of Hong Kong, for example, has had a rooftop farm since 2012 for students
and staff from the School of Architecture to grow crops. In addition, an associate
professor and experienced organic farmer Mr. Fung has a rooftop cultivation project
and offers a weekly workshop on urban farming.
➢5.Urban farming education could be considered an effective and appropriate approach to
ESD in Hong Kong, which is a very compact city. However, more efforts should be made to
meet the standards of ESD 2, along with strengthening the ESD 1 approach. HKU has
offered a well-organized urban farming program for its students regarding up-to-date
knowledge in organic rooftop farming and hands-on practices which helps to achieve SDG
4.7. Nevertheless, the program should be improved to include the following aspects:
observational skills, vocabulary enrichment, content on moral, social, and economic
implications, tasting experience, and lifelong learning promotion (Francis et al., 2017;
Polat, 2015).
➢6.The world population continues to grow. Food production needs to rise by 50%
by the year 2030 to meet the needs of population growth and changes in
consumption patterns. The tendency is clear: the more countries have economic
development, the more they consume animal protein. However, meat production
is a major source of greenhouse gases and the typical land use attached to it is
generally inefficient and prone to cause soil degradation. Resource use related to
agriculture and food production is highly unsustainable. Agriculture is still the
most common occupation globally. Thus attention is needed in linking education
and food security.

➢7.Today's agricultural and trade practices are failing to feed the poor and have
detrimental effects on the environment. Current cultivation of 'cash crops' such as
cotton and coffee for export purposes contribute to the prevalence of food
insecurity and create a strain on the ecosystem.
➢8.Knowledge of the current state can lead to empowerment ; people need to take
responsibility for their actions, which is one of the primary aims of ESD.
• The thrusts of the ESD are providing and improving quality basic education, re-orienting
existing education programs, building public understanding and awareness and
providing practical training.
• ESD brings sustainable issues to the forefront, and uses that perspective to address
educational change which enables everyone to adapt their behaviors and make informed
decisions that can contribute to a sustainable future.
• ESD aims to provide all learners with support to develop skills to adapt to changing food
security needs in their local context - for example, to seek out innovative farming
methods and change consumption patterns.
➢9.Current practices need to be re-considered with the holistic approach to education
and development that ESD advocates. It seeks to enable individuals to view issues of
food security as connected to their personal choices. For example, by incorporating
ESD in vocational education programs and agricultural practices, farmers can be
transformed into 'farmers of tomorrow' who are better able to safeguard our
ecosystems and preserve them for future generations. The way to this is through
exchanges in expertise between indigenous knowledge and future farmers.
Community knowledge of local contexts must be integrated into sustainable
approaches in order to address local needs and opportunities for farmers in
maximizing agricultural production
➢10.Food production index and by implication food security is a major concern of the
government. Government expenditure on agriculture and exchange rate were
stationary at level while food production index, inflation rate and interest rate were
stationary at first difference. There was a single co-integrating equation showing that
there was a long run relationship among variables.
• In the short run, only government expenditure positively affected food production
index significantly. In the long run government expenditure on agriculture, inflation
rate and interest rate negatively affected food production index and exchange rate
positively affected food production index. Therefore,
• • Government budget allocation to agriculture should meet up with the Maputo
agreement, to ensure the necessary increase of food production;
• • Interest rate should be regulated by the apex bank.
A framework for modelling the complexities of food and water security under
globalization

The framework sets out a method to capture regional and sectoral interdependencies and
cross-scale feedbacks within the global food system that contribute to emergent water
use patterns. The framework integrates aspects of existing models and approaches in the
fields of hydrology and integrated assessment modelling . The core of the framework is a
multi-agent network of city agents connected by infrastructural trade networks . Agents
receive socio-economic and environmental constraint information from integrated
assessment models and hydrological models respectively and simulate complex, socio-
environmental dynamics that operate within those constraints. The emergent changes in
food and water resources are aggregated and fed back to the original models with minimal
modification of the structure of those models. It is our conviction that the framework
presented can form the basis for a new wave of decision tools that capture complex socio-
environmental change within our globalized world. In doing so they will contribute to
illuminating pathways towards a sustainable future for humans, ecosystems and the water
they share.
• References
• http://www.undp.org/
• http://www.worldbank.org/
• http://www.unicef.org/
• http://www.imf.org/
• https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/our-work/social/poverty
• http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-
sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/
• https://www.unisdr.org/
SDG 7 : AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
The global power market is experiencing rapid power demand
growth as markets recover from the pandemic. Despite all the
capacity additions in renewables generation, the amount of
power currently generated by renewables is still not enough to
meet this increased demand.
The global supply of renewables will grow by 35 gigawatts from
2021 to 2022, but global power demand growth will go up by
100 gigawatts over the same period.
The world is not investing enough to meet its future energy
needs. Transition-related spending is gradually picking up, but
remains far short of what is required to meet rising demand for
energy services in a sustainable way.
• After having suggested the policies, it
is necessary to do a Strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threat
analysis.

• SWOT ANALYSIS
 Targets linked to the environment:
Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to
climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all
countries
Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into
national policies, strategies and planning
Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising and
human and institutional capacity on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased
by 0.85°C.
 Targets linked to the environment:
Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to
climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all
countries
Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into
national policies, strategies and planning
Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising and
human and institutional capacity on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased
by 0.85°C.
 Targets linked to the environment:
Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to
climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all
countries
Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into
national policies, strategies and planning
Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising and
human and institutional capacity on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased
by 0.85°C.
• Target 13.a: Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-
country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by
2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in
the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on
implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund
through its capitalization as soon as possible
• Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective
climate change-related planning and management in least developed
countries and small island developing States, including focusing on
women, youth and local and marginalized communities
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=climate+change+facts&&view=detail&mid=736BF820F777519F7
D01736BF820F777519F7D01&&FORM=SVRTCV
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=climate+change+facts&&view=detail&mid=A23A67DAC7A54D18
7F73A23A67DAC7A54D187F73&&FORM=VDRVRV
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=climate+change+facts&&view=detail&mid=19C43F000571FE700
D6C19C43F000571FE700D6C&&FORM=VDRVRV
 TEMPERATURE-EMISSION DEPENDENCE
Three lines you should know. These lines show you
how much the temperature might go up in the future
if emissions grow a lot (that’s the high line), if they grow
less (lower), and if we start removing more carbon than
we emit (negative). (KNMI Climate Explorer)

INCOME-ENERGY DEPENDENCE
Income and energy use go hand in hand.
David MacKay showed me a chart like this
one plotting energy consumption and
income per person. The connection is
unmistakable. (IEA; World Bank)
 COVID 19-CLIMATE ACTION LINK
• The pandemic in 2020 vs climate change in 2030
• We can determine the degree by which a worldwide pandemic affects the
global mortality rate by averaging data from the 1918 Spanish flu and the
COVID-19 pandemic over the course of a century. Every year, there are
approximately 14 deaths per 100,000 individuals.
• What does this mean in terms of climate change? Increases in global
temperatures are expected to elevate worldwide mortality rates by the same
amount by the middle of the century—14 fatalities per 100,000. If emissions
growth continues at its current rate, climate change could result in 75 more
fatalities per 100,000 people by the end of the century.
• Therefore, climate change might be just as harmful as COVID-19 by mid-
century, and five times as dangerous by 2100.
• “We now have five times the number of recorded weather disasters than we
had in 1970 and they are seven times more costly. Even the most developed
countries have become vulnerable”, said the UN chief.
• The Covid recovery efforts should be aligned with national climate change and
air quality strategies to reduce risks from cascading climate hazards, and gain
health co-benefits.
 Evolution of International Agreements

• Climate Action Evolution-I

• Sustainable?? 1972 Stockholm > IPCC 1988> 1992 Rio Earth (CBDR discussion
• The sustainable development includes- started)> 1994 UNFCCC born > 1997 Kyoto (COP3)- climate is
biggest problem> 2015 Paris Agreement (NDCs, Agenda 2030)
• sustainable economic development IPCC -1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
• equitable social environment and and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and they
underlie negotiations at the UN Climate Conference
• sustainable natural and built environment
• If one looks at the official definition it can be seen
from Brundtland report of 1987 (our common future),
that outlines- meeting the needs of present without
compromising future generation i.e., something on
the lines of intergenerational equity.
 Climate Action Evolution-II-COP

• CoP-climate (mitigate adaptation awareness) under aegis of UNFCCC-

stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere -
Anthropocentric to ecocentric
• 1995 COP 1
• 1997, the famous Kyoto Protocol
• 2002 COP 8 technology transfer focus
• 2015 COP21 limit global warming to well below 2, preferably at 1.5 degrees
Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.’
• 2021 COP 26- resilient infra; resilient infra; $100bn in climate finance per
year by 2020 (developed); Paris Rulebook
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had won the
Peace Nobel in 2007, an acknowledgement of its efforts in creating
awareness for the fight against climate change.
 Climate Action Evolution-III -Climate Finance

• Convention (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement call for financial
assistance.
• In accordance with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective
capabilities”
• Theme -to transfers of public resources from developed to developing countries
• UNFCCC MANDATE LED to ….
• the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has acted as the financial mechanisms operating
institution.
• Copenhagen Accord: Parties agreed for a “goal” for the world to raise $100 billion per year
by 2020, from “a wide variety of sources”, to help developing countries cut carbon emissions
(mitigation) and adaptation
• COP 16 (2010): Parties established the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and in 2011 (COP 17) also
designated it as an operating entity of the financial mechanism.
• Establishment of special funds: Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Least Developed
Countries Fund (LDCF), both managed by the GEF; and the Adaptation Fund (AF) under the
Kyoto Protocol in 2001
• Way forward-
• Net Zero to Net minus is India's stand for developed (and developed want India to commit
to net zero).
• Goals to commitments should be emphasized
 LOOP: Climate change > GHG emissions> CO2e >
Reasons (electricity factor> mitigate)

• Challenges of green electricity:

• Intermittency
• Size
• Capital investment
• Risk: breaks in electricity supply
• Safety: Chernobyl Bhopal Fukushima
• Unfavorable Policies: tax rules to environmental regulations
• Outdated laws: climate change not in 1986 Acts
• election cycle
• energy innovation
• No Global cooperation
• The U.S. withdrawal from the 2015 Paris Agreement—a step that
President-elect Joe Biden reversed—only illustrates that it’s as hard to
maintain global compacts as it is to create them in the first place.
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Sustainable+%26+clean+energy&ru=%2fvideos%2fsearch%3fq%3dSu
stainable%2b%2526%2bclean%2benergy%26FORM%3dHDRSC3&view=detail&mid=67991EA03A1B89ABEDB0
67991EA03A1B89ABEDB0&rvsmid=6593ED04E3978F29553B6593ED04E3978F29553B&FORM=VDQVAP
 Renewable Energy Source

• Societies around the world are on the verge of a profound and urgent
necessary transformation in the way they produce and use energy.
• This shift is moving the world away from the consumption of fossil fuels
(which cause climate change and other environmental and social
challenges) toward cleaner, renewable forms of energy.
• Despite the growing development and the interest in RES, some economic
sectors such as energy production, transportation, and industry still suffer
from releasing a large number of CO2 emissions caused by the use of
fossil fuels .
• These emissions disturb the global climate by the rise in temperature and
water level in some areas and the increase of meteorological phenomena.
 Renewable Energy contd….

• Millions of people around the world already use renewable energy to

generate electricity, heat and cool buildings, cook and provide mobility.
Renewable energy is market-ready and price competitive with conventional
sources in many jurisdictions, and met about 19% of the world’s final
energy demand in 2014.
• Around the world, communities, islands, and cities have found that making
the transition to 100% renewable energy is largely a matter of political will
and that the required technologies already are at hand.
• An increasing number of governments at all levels and on all continents are
setting ambitious targets for renewable energy, with an ever-growing
number of jurisdictions aiming for 100% renewables.
• The rapid deployment of renewable energy has been driven mainly by a
wide range of objectives (drivers),which include advancing economic
development , improving energy security, enhancing energy access and
mitigating climate change.