The document discusses the basic components and principles of communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The key components of any communication system are a source that generates a message, a transmitter that encodes and sends the message over a channel, a receiver that decodes the message, and a destination that utilizes the information. It then describes analog communication systems and the essential parts of transmitters, channels, and receivers. Finally, it provides examples of analog signals like radio frequencies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analog signals.
The document discusses the basic components and principles of communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The key components of any communication system are a source that generates a message, a transmitter that encodes and sends the message over a channel, a receiver that decodes the message, and a destination that utilizes the information. It then describes analog communication systems and the essential parts of transmitters, channels, and receivers. Finally, it provides examples of analog signals like radio frequencies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analog signals.
The document discusses the basic components and principles of communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The key components of any communication system are a source that generates a message, a transmitter that encodes and sends the message over a channel, a receiver that decodes the message, and a destination that utilizes the information. It then describes analog communication systems and the essential parts of transmitters, channels, and receivers. Finally, it provides examples of analog signals like radio frequencies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analog signals.
The document discusses the basic components and principles of communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The key components of any communication system are a source that generates a message, a transmitter that encodes and sends the message over a channel, a receiver that decodes the message, and a destination that utilizes the information. It then describes analog communication systems and the essential parts of transmitters, channels, and receivers. Finally, it provides examples of analog signals like radio frequencies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analog signals.
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Handout # 1: Introduction to Communications System
What is Communication? Communications is the ability to send and receive messages. Communication is the process of exchanging information. The basic components of a communication system are: Source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination (user of information) People to people People to machine Machine to people Machine to machine Messages are intended to: Inform – newspapers, TV news casts Educate – texts, video, DVD’s, internet. Persuade - advertising Control – machines and tools such as Computer * An example of communications used to control is traffic signals and sensors that are used to send messages to the traffic signals. Analog Communication System Definition Analog Communication system is a collection of elements which works together to establish an analog communication bridge between the sender (transmitter) and receiver.
Essential parts of communication system
Any system which provides communication (sends, receives, and process information) consists of three essential parts: sender, receiver and channel as shown in the below.
THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The following figure shows a commonly used model for a single-link communication system. Regardless of the particular application and configuration, all information transmission systems invariably involve three major subsystems - a transmitter, the channel, and a receiver.
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 1|Page
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Input Transducer The wide variety of possible sources of information results in many different forms for message. Regardless of their exact form, messages may be categorized as analog or digital. The message produced by a source must be converted by a transducer to a form suitable for the particular type of communication system employed. For example, in electrical communications, speech waves are converted by a microphone to voltage variations. Such a converted message is referred to as the message signal. Therefore, a signal can be interpreted as the variation of a quantity, often a voltage or current, with time.
Common Examples: Microphone Camera Keyboard
Transmitter The purpose of the transmitter is to couple the message to the channel. Modulation is the systematic variation of some attribute of the carrier, such as amplitude, phase, or frequency, in accordance with a function of the message signal.
There are several reasons for using a carrier and modulating it. (1) for ease of radiation (2) to reduce noise and interference (3) for channel assignment (4) for multiplexing or transmission of several messages over a single channel (5) to overcome equipment limitations.
*In addition to modulation, other primary functions performed by the transmitter are filtering, amplification, and coupling the modulated signal to the channel (for example, through an antenna or other appropriate device).
Channel (Medium) The channel can have many different forms; the most familiar, perhaps, is the channel that exists between the transmitting antenna of a commercial radio station and the receiving antenna of a radio. In this channel, the transmitted signal propagates through the atmosphere, or free space, to the receiving antenna.
Receiver The receiver’s function is to extract the desired message from the received signal at the channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for the output transducer. Although amplification may be one of the first operations performed by the receiver, especially in radio communications, where the received signal may be extremely weak, the main function of the receiver is to demodulate the received signal.
Output Transducer The output transducer completes the communication system. This device converts the electrical signal at its input into the form desired by the system user. Perhaps the most common output transducer is a loudspeaker or ear phone.
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 2|P a ge
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Common Examples: Speaker Monitor
Historical Background: Telegraph 1844, Samuel Morse, “What hath God wrought” transmitted by Morse’s electric telegraph Washington D.C ~ Baltimore, Maryland Morse code: variable-length code (a dot, a dash, a letter space, a word space)
Radio 1864, James Clerk Maxwell Formulated the electromagnetic theory of light Predicted the existence of radio waves 1887, Heinrich Hertz The existence of radio waves was confirmed experimentally 1894, Oliver Lodge Demo: wireless communication over a relatively short distance (150 yards) 1901, Guglielmo Marconi Demo: wireless communication over a long distance (1700 miles) 1906, Reginald Fessenden Conducting the first radio broadcast 1918, Edwin H. Armstrong Invented the superheterodyne radio receiver 1933, Edwin H. Armstrong Demonstrated another modulation scheme (Frequency modulation)
Common Examples of Communications System
#1: FM Radio A radio DJ (message source) speaks (input message) into a microphone (input transducer) which converts the sound into an electrical signal (input signal). The electrical signal is then modified by an FM modulator to convert it to FM radio frequencies, and then transmitted from the radio station antenna (transmitter). The FM signal travels over the air (channel) where it may be modified by environmental disturbances (noise).
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 3|Page
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
The signal is then received at the antenna of your radio (receiver) where it is modified again to bring the electrical signal back to the baseband frequency. The electrical signal runs through the radio’s speakers (transducer) which vibrate and you (message destination) can hear what the DJ said (output message).
#2: Sending a Text Message
You (message source) have a message you want to send to a friend (input message). You type the message into your cell phone (input transducer), and your message get turned into 1s and 0s of electronic data (input message). The 1s and 0s are modulated by the transmitter/antenna (transmitter) on your phone and turned into an electromagnetic signal (transmitted signal). The electromagnetic signal is received at the antenna of the cellular network base station (receiver), and converted back into 1s and 0s (output signal) The output signal then gets sent over the cellular network to the base station nearest your friend (this whole system could also be modeled using the fundamental model too) and the process is reversed to send the message from the base station to your friend.
Elements of a Transmission System
Transmitter Connecting cable or waveguide Antennas Receiver Power Supply, Grounding and Lightning Protection
Types of Signals Signals are classified into various types based on their characteristics. However, they are mainly classified into two types: Analog signals and Digital signals.
Analog signal Voltage – the force which moves an electrical current against resistance Waveform – the shape of the signal (sinewave, triangular, square, sawtooth, rectangular) derived from its amplitude and frequency over a fixed time. Amplitude (volume) – the maximum value of a signal, measured from its average state Frequency (pitch) – the number of cycles produced in a second – measured in Hertz (Hz).
Analog signal is a continuous signal whose characteristics (amplitude, voltage or frequency) changes continuously over a period of time. For example, in an analog audio signal, the voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. Some examples of analog signals are light signals, electrical signals, human speech signals, and mechanical signals. In an electrical signal, the current, voltage or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information.
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 4|P a ge
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Analog signals are used to send information from one place to another place. Analog signals use some medium to transfer the information from one place to another place. For example, electrical signals use copper cables as the medium to send information from one place to another place; similarly, human speech signals uses air as the medium to send information from one place to another place. Analog signals are generally denoted by sine waves. In practice, the analog signal experiences noise and distortion in the process of sending information from transmitter to receiver.
Examples of Analog Signal:
Human Voice (Ear recognises sounds 20KHz or less) AM Radio – 540KHz to 160KHz FM Radio – 88MHz to 108MHz
Analog Signals: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages to using analog signals, including analog signal processing (ASP) and communication systems, include the following: Analog signals are easier to process. Analog signals best suited for audio and video transmission. Analog signals are much higher density, and can present more refined information. Analog signals use less bandwidth than digital signals. Analog signals provide a more accurate representation of changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. Analog communication systems are less sensitive in terms of electrical tolerance.
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 5|Page
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Disadvantages to using analog signals, including analog signal processing (ASP) and communication systems, include the following: Data transmission at long distances may result in undesirable signal disturbances. Analog signals are prone to generation loss. Analog signals are subject to noise and distortion, as opposed to digital signals which have much higher immunity. Analog signals are generally lower quality signals than digital signals.
Digital signal
Digital Signal Terminologies
Information Source Discrete output values e.g., Keyboard Analog signal source such as output of a microphone Character Member of an alphanumeric/symbol (A to Z, 0 to 9) Characters can be mapped into a sequence of binary digits using one of the standardized codes such as: Binary/Octal/Decimal/Hexa-decimal ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Digital signal is a non-continuous electrical signal, which is used to convey (send, receive, and process) information between the sender and receiver. In digital signal, the original information (analog information) is converted into a string of bits (digital information) before being transmitted.
A collection of elements which works together to convey (send, receive, and process) information between the sender and receiver in digital form is called digital communication system. For example, computers are digital in nature. They send, receive, store and process information in binary form that can be combination of 0s and 1s.
Data Representation in Communication Systems
Data can be represented in a communication system in any manner desired or required. The only necessity is that the sender and the receiver of the message both use the same method. In general, there are two broad classes for representing data in electronic communication systems: analog communication and digital communication
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 6|P a ge
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Digital Signals: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages to using digital signals, including digital signal processing (DSP) and communication systems, include the following:
Digital signals can convey information with less noise, distortion, and interference. Digital circuits can be reproduced easily in mass quantities at comparatively low costs. Digital signal processing is more flexible because DSP operations can be altered using digitally programmable systems. Digital signal processing is more secure because digital information can be easily encrypted and compressed. Digital systems are more accurate, and the probability of error occurrence can be reduced by employing error detection and correction codes. Digital signals can be easily stored on any magnetic media or optical media using semiconductor chips. Digital signals can be transmitted over long distances.
Disadvantages to using digital signals, including digital signal processing (DSP) and communication systems, include the following:
A higher bandwidth is required for digital communication when compared to analog
transmission of the same information. DSP processes the signal at high speeds, and comprises more top internal hardware resources. This results in higher power dissipation compared to analog signal processing, which includes passive components that consume less energy. Digital systems and processing are typically more complex.
Modes of transmission: SIMPLEX/SX (a receive only system) One is assigned the transmitter and the other is assigned the receiver. TV and Radio Broadcasting Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor can only give the output.
Duplex Transmission I -Half Duplex/HDX Transmission: only one can transmit at a time. Walkie-talkie
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 7|Page
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
II - Full Duplex Transmission (FDX)
Full Duplex/FDX Transmission: both can transmit simultaneously Ex. Telephone System
Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both direction is required all the time. The capacity of the channel, however must be divided between the two directions.
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION: Serial Transmission In serial transmission, bits are transmitted sequentially mouse Serial: one wire, one bit per clock period
Engr. Maureen R. Moral, PECE 8|Page
Handout in ECE 5-Principles of Communications College of Engineering, LSPU SPCC
Transmission Order: Bits & Bytes
In serial mode, when sending bits, which bit should be sent across the medium first?
Parallel Transmission In parallel transmission, bits are transmitted through separate lines simultaneously faster than serial, but not as efficient after 15 feet printer and some scanners
Parallel N bits per second on N wires Parallel is faster than serial Used for short distances (up to 6 meters)
