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This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) and AM modulators. It contains the following key points: 1. AM modulators are devices that generate amplitude-modulated waves. Common modulator circuits use vacuum tubes or electronic devices like diodes, transistors, and FETs. 2. Modulators are divided into linear and non-linear types based on their operating mode, and into low-level and high-level types based on the power level of modulation. 3. Common linear modulator types include transistor modulators like collector, base, and emitter modulators. Non-linear modulators include square law and product modulators. 4. AM detection recovers the information signal by

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15 views36 pages

Lec 4

This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) and AM modulators. It contains the following key points: 1. AM modulators are devices that generate amplitude-modulated waves. Common modulator circuits use vacuum tubes or electronic devices like diodes, transistors, and FETs. 2. Modulators are divided into linear and non-linear types based on their operating mode, and into low-level and high-level types based on the power level of modulation. 3. Common linear modulator types include transistor modulators like collector, base, and emitter modulators. Non-linear modulators include square law and product modulators. 4. AM detection recovers the information signal by

Uploaded by

os2012004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Egyptian Academy for Engineering and Advanced Technology

Electrical Engineering Department


Department of Electronics and Communications

Dr./ Shimaa Mahdy


[email protected]
Spring 2024
AM Modulators
• The device that generates an amplitude-modulated wave is called AM modulator.
• A variety of modulator circuits that employ vacuum tubes or electronic devices(diode,
transistor, BJT, FET) to produce amplitude-modulated waves
 Depending upon the mode(linear and nonlinear) in which the device is operated, the
amplitude modulator is divided into two types
1. Linear Modulator or large-scale modulator.
2. Non-linear modulators are small signal modulators.
 Based on the power level at which modulation is carried out, we have two types
1. Low-level modulation: Modulation is carried out at a low power level.
2. High-level modulation: Modulation is carried out at a high power level.

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What are linear and non-linear modulation?
Linear modulations are characterized by a bandwidth amplitude B which is equal to the
modulation signal. Non-linear modulation act as a nonlinear system: the bandwidth of the
modulated signal is wider and can be alternated in terms of a ratio between two spectral
components for the modulating signal.

DSB-FC
(Frequency Domain)
(linear modulation)

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Frequency Spectrum of AM wave

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Frequency Spectrum of AM wave

Summary:

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Linear modulators or large-scale modulators:
A device having linear V-I characteristics, i.e. they are operated in a linear region
what is transfer characteristics is called a linear modulator.
They are divided into two types
1. Transistor modulator
2. Switching modulator

Non-linear modulator or small signal modulator:


They are divided into three types
1. Square Law modulator
2. Product modulator
3. Balanced modulator
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Transistor modulator
Modulation can be achieved in transistor RF power amplifier stages. The
modulating signal can be conveniently supplied on any of the three terminals of
the device, emitter, base, or collector. Accordingly, the type of modulator will be
called
1. Collector modulator
2. Base modulator
3. Emitter modulator

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BJT collector Modulator
The diode modulator circuit doesn't provide amplification and hence it can be
used for low-power applications. However, amplifying devices like transistors
and FET can be provided amplification and can be used for high-power
applications each one of them can be used for the generation of amplitude
modulation by varying their gain parameters in accordance with the modulating
signal. A very popular, so cute used for this purpose is the collector modulator.

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BJT collector Modulator

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BJT collector Modulator
• The RF drive is a carrier signal.
• It is applied to the base of the transistor. The modulating signal is passed through the
power amplifier and applied to the collector through a low-frequency transformer.
This voltage is shown as Vm(t) in the figure. This modulating voltage is in series with
the supply voltage Vcc. Hence the collector voltage becomes Vcc`=Vcc+Vm(t).
• The tuned LC circuit associated tuned transformer on the collector receives the AM
signal.
• Thus AM signal is produced across the LC circuit at the collector.
• RF bypass capacitor prevents the carrier from flowing through the output transformer
T1.

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Square Law Modulator
 The modulating signal and carrier are connected in series with each other and their
sum V1(t) is applied at the input of the non-linear device, such as a diode,
transistor, etc.
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION
 The process of extracting the information-bearing signal from the modulated bandpass
signal is known as demodulation or detection. To recover the low-frequency baseband
signal, the received signal is first rectified and then filtered as depicted.
1. Diode detectors
 This is a simplest form of AM demodulator.
 It requires just a diode along with a capacitor to remove the high-frequency
components.
 It suffers from a number of disadvantages, but its performance is more than
adequate for most applications including broadcast receivers where cost is a
significant driver.
2. Synchronous detection
 This detector offers a higher level of performance.
 The cost is high because of the use of more components.

There are two types of AM detectors:


1. Envelope detector

2. Square Law detectors or nonlinear detectors (Assignment)


Envelope detector:
The envelope demodulator is a simple
and very efficient device that is suitable
for the detection of a narrowband AM
signal. A narrowband AM wave is one in
which the carrier frequency fc is much
higher as compared to the bandwidth of
the modulating signal.
Envelope detector:

• This condition can be satisfied for avoiding distortion.


• From this the time-constant RC cannot be kept too high or too low.
Distortions in the envelope detector output
There are two types of distortions that can occur in the detector output. they are
1. Diagonal clipping (RC is very Low)
2. Negative peak clipping (RC is very high )
DSBSC Block Diagram

multiplier

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Amplitude modulation (DSB-SC)
Mathematical representation of AM
Let modulating signal Vm(t)=Vm cosωmt ……..(1)
Vm= Amplitude or voltage of message signal
ω m= Frequency of message signal
Carrier signal Vc(t)=Vc cos ωct ………………(2)
Vc= Amplitude or voltage of carrier signal
ω c= frequency of carrier signal
Multiplying (1) and (2) by-product modulator, modulated DSB-SC signal is generated
V(t)= Vm(t)* Vc(t)
= Vm cos ωmt* Vc cos ωct
= Vm Vc cos ωmt cos ωct
Apply cos A cos B = 1/2[cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)]
Then VDSB-sc(t)= VmVc/2 [cos(ωc + ωm)t + cos(ωc - ωm)t ] ……(3) 27
DSBSC

Bandwidth= upper side band - lower side band


=fc+fm-(fc-fm)= 2fm 28
TD vs FD

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Q&A
Thank You

36

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