Egyptian Academy for Engineering and Advanced Technology

Electrical Engineering Department

Department of Electronics and Communications

Dr./ Shimaa Mahdy

[email protected]
Spring 2024
 Types of Amplitude Modulation
(1) Double Sideband with full/large carrier (DSBFC)(DSBLC)
(Ordinary AM): This is the most widely used type of AM
modulation. In fact, all radio channels in the AM band use this
type of modulation.
(2) Suppressed carrier (SC)
(i) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC): This is the same
as the AM modulation above but without the carrier.
(ii) Single Sideband (SSB): In this modulation, only half of the
signal of the DSBSC is used.
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DSBFC or DSBLC

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DSBFC or DSBLC

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Mathematical Representation of an AM wave:
Let the modulating (message/information) signal
Vm(t) =Vm cos (ωm + θm)t
Where:
Vm - The maximum amplitude of the modulating signal (volts),
ωm = 2πfm - Angular frequency of the modulating signal in radian
fm - frequency of the modulating signal in Hertz i.e., Hz.
θm – Initial phase angle of the modulating signal in degrees (θm is zero degree, it can be
ignored)
Vm(t)= Vm cos ωmt ……………………………………………..….(1)

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Mathematical Representation of an AM wave (continue):
Let the Carrier signal (radio frequency)
Vc(t)= Vc cos (ωc + θc)t
Where:
Vc - The maximum amplitude of the carrier signal (volts).
ωc = 2πfc - Angular frequency of the carrier signal in radian
fc - frequency of the carrier signal in Hertz i.e., Hz.
θc – Initial phase angle of the carrier signal in degrees (θc is zero degree, it can be
ignored)
Vc(t)= Vc cos ωct…………………………………..……………..…(2)

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Mathematical Representation of an AM wave (continue):
Therefore we will get a new mathematical expression for a complete amplitude-
modulated signal.
S(t) = VAM(t) = VAM cos ωct ……………………………………………(3)
where VAM is the voltage or amplitude of the AM (Amplitude Modulated) signal.
VAM = Vc + Vm(t)………………………………………….….....……...(4)
Substitute equation (1) with equation (4)
VAM= Vc+ Vm cos ωmt = Vc [1+ Vm/Vc cos ωmt]
Substitute modulation Index (depth of modulation)
m =Vm /Vc
VAM = Vc [1+ m cos ωmt] ………………...........................…...............(5)

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Mathematical Representation of an AM wave (continue):
Substitute equation (5) with equation (3)
S(t) = Vc [1+ m cos ωmt] cos ωct

cos A cos B = ½ (cos (A+B) + cos(A-B))

S(t)= Vc cos ωct + Vc m/2 cos (ωc + ωm)t + Vc m/2 cos (ωc - ωm)t

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AM ENVELOPE
• The shape of the modulated wave (AM) is
called AM envelope which contains all the
frequencies and is used to transfer the
information through the system.
• An increase in the modulating signal
amplitude causes the amplitude of the carrier
to increase.
• Without modulating (i.e. absence of message)
signal, the AM output waveform is simply the
carrier signal (i.e. no change in the amplitude
of the carrier signal)
• The repetition rate of the envelope is equal to
the frequency of the modulating signal
• The shape of the envelope is identical to the
shape of the modulating signal.

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AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
An AM modulator is a nonlinear device. Therefore, nonlinear mixing occurs,
and the output AM envelope is a complex wave made up of a dc voltage, the
carrier frequency, and the sum (fc+fm) and difference (fc-fm ) frequencies.

S(t)= Vc cos ωct + Vc m/2 cos (ωc+ωm)t + Vc m/2 cos (ωc-ωm)t

S(t)= Vc cos 2πfct + Vc m/2 cos 2π(fc+fm)t + Vc m/2 cos 2π(fc-fm)t

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S(t)= Vc cos 2πfct + Vc m/2 cos 2π(fc+fm)t + Vc m/2 cos 2π(fc-fm)t
Thus, Observations made from the AM wave equation are
(The expression for the AM wave shows that it consists of three terms)

(i) The first term represents the carrier signal which is the same as the un-modulated
carrier signal. (Observed that the carrier signal is present even after the modulation
process)
(ii) The second term represents the amplitude-modulated term of the Upper Side
Band (USB) with the (new) amplitude at the frequency of (fc+fm).
(iii) The third term represents the amplitude-modulated term of the Lower Side Band
(LSB) with the (new) amplitude at the frequency of (fc-fm).

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AM Frequency Spectrum
 Sidebands:
• Whenever a carrier is modulated by an information signal, new signals at
different frequencies are generated as part of the process. These new
frequencies are called side frequencies or sidebands.
• The sidebands are occurs in the frequency spectrum directly above and below
the carrier frequency.
• Assuming a carrier frequency of fc and a modulating frequency of fm. the
upper sideband fUSB and lower sideband fLSB are computed as follows:
fUSB = fc+fm
fLSB = fc-fm
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 The bandwidth of AM:
The bandwidth of the AM signal is given by the subtraction of the highest and
the lowest frequency component in the frequency spectrum.
B = fUSB - fLSB = (fc+fm) -(fc-fm)= 2*fm
Where,
B - Bandwidth in hertz fm — Highest modulation frequency in hertz.
Thus bandwidth of AM signal is twice the maximum frequency of the
modulating signal.

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 Modulation Index and Percent Modulation or Coefficient of
Modulation :
The modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change
(modulation) present in an AM waveform.
• In AM wave, the modulation index (m) is defined as the ratio of the maximum
amplitude of the modulating signal to the maximum amplitude of the carrier
signal. (m= Vm/Vc)
% modulation = Vm/Vc*100% = m*100%

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 Modulation Index and Percent Modulation or Coefficient of
Modulation : The modulation index is a number
lying between 0 and l, and it is very
often expressed as a percentage and
called percentage modulation.
(0>m>1)
Modulation Index for Multiple
Modulating Frequencies:
When two or more modulating
signals are modulated by a single
carrier. Then the modulation index is
given by,

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 DEGREE OF MODULATION
The modulating signals are preserved in the envelope of amplitude modulated signal
only if Vm < Vc then m< l.
Where,
Vm = Maximum amplitude of the modulating signal.
Vc = Maximum amplitude of carrier signal.
In AM, there are three degrees of modulation are available. It depends upon the
amplitude of the modulating signal relative to carrier amplitude. (Vm<Vc, Vm=Vc
and Vm>Vc)
 Under modulation, (Vm<Vc)
 Critical modulation (Vm=Vc)
 Over modulation (Vm>Vc)
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 DEGREE OF MODULATION

1) Under Modulation:
• When Vm < Vc then m< l when Here the envelope of amplitude modulated signals
does not reach the zero amplitude axis. Hence the message signal is fully preserved
in the envelope of the AM wave.
• An envelope detector can recover the message signal without any distortion.

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 DEGREE OF MODULATION
2) Critical Modulation:
m = l when Vm = Vc (AM wave with m=l i.e., 100% modulation).
Here the envelope of the modulated signal just reaches the zero amplitude
axis. The message signal remains preserved. An envelope detector can recover
the message signal without any distortion.

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 DEGREE OF MODULATION
3) Over Modulation:
Over-modulation causes severe distortion of the waveform of the message
signal which results in data loss. Over-modulation is one of the reasons why
amplitude modulation is no longer used to transmit high-quality sound
signals. At the transmitter, limiters are included which prevent more than
100% modulation. AM wave with m > 1 i.e., over modulation Vm > Vc.

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 AM POWER DISTRIBUTION:
• An AM wave consists of a carrier and two sidebands.
• The carrier component of the modulated wave has the same amplitude as the
unmodulated carrier.
• The modulated wave contains extra power in the two sideband components.
• The amplitude of the sidebands depends on the modulation index 'm'. Therefore the
total power in the modulated wave will depend on the modulation index also.
The total power in the modulated wave will be
Pt=[carrier power]+ [power in USB] + [power in LSB]
Ptotal = Pc + PUSB + PLSB
𝑉𝑐 2 𝑉𝑈𝑆𝐵2 𝑉𝐿𝑆𝐵2
= + + (rms)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
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 AM POWER DISTRIBUTION:
𝑉𝑐 2 𝑉𝑈𝑆𝐵2 𝑉𝐿𝑆𝐵2
Ptotal = + + (rms)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝑉𝑐
RMS value of Vc =
√2

𝑉𝑐 2
Pc = ( ) /R =Vc2 /2R
√2

PSB = PUSB + PLSB =

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 AM POWER DISTRIBUTION:

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 Multitoned modulation (Modulation by Several Message Signals) :
• More than two message signals are used to change the amplitude of the common
carrier simultaneously.
Example: In TV transmission picture and sound are the two messages used to modulate
the single carrier.

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 Transmission Efficiency (%):
The amount of useful message power present in AM waves is expressed by a
term called transmission efficiency. The transmission efficiency of an AM wave
is the "ratio of the transmitted power which contains the information (i.e., the
total sideband power) to the total transmitted power"
Because AM wave expression contains three components such as carrier, USB,
and LSB. The carrier does not contain any information.

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 Transmission Efficiency (%):
Only 33.3% of energy is used and the remaining power is wasted by the carrier
information along with the sidebands.
The maximum transmission efficiency of the AM is 33.3%. This means, that only
one-third of the total power is carried by the sidebands and the rest two-third is a
waste and is transmitted only for a low-cost reception system.

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Advantages:
 AM has the advantage of being usable with very simple modulators and
demodulators.
 AM is relatively inexpensive.
 AM waves can travel a long distance.
Applications:
 Low-quality form of modulation that is used for commercial broadcasting
of both audio and video signals
 Two-way mobile radio communications such as citizens band (CB) radio.
 Aircraft communications in the VHF frequency range.
Disadvantages:
 Poor performance in the presence of noise.
 Inefficient use of transmitter power.
 It needs larger bandwidth.

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Q1. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of an AM wave is 16 mV and the
minimum peak-to-peak voltage is 4 mV. Calculate the modulation factor.
The solution:
Q2. A carrier of 100V and 1200 kHz is modulated by a 50 V, 1000 Hz sine
wave signal. Find the modulation factor.
The solution:
Q3. An AM wave is represented by the expression :
v = 5 (1 + 0.6 cos 6280 t) sin 211 × 104 t volts
(i) What are the minimum and maximum amplitudes of the AM wave?
(ii) What frequency components are contained in the modulated wave and what is
the amplitude of each component?
Q4. A sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1 MHz and amplitude 100
volts is amplitude modulated by the sinusoidal voltage of frequency 5 kHz
producing 50% modulation. Calculate the frequency and amplitude of
lower and upper sideband terms.
Q5.A carrier wave of frequency 10 MHz and peak value 10V is amplitude
modulated by a 5- kHz sine wave of amplitude 6V. Determine (i) modulation
factor (ii) sideband frequencies and (iii) amplitude of sideband components. Draw
the frequency spectrum.
 Q&A
Thank You

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