MR of SP's Assignment On 2205
MR of SP's Assignment On 2205
MR of SP's Assignment On 2205
Electromagnetics is a branch of physics that deals with the electromagnetic force that occurs
between electrically charged particles³. The electromagnetic force is one of the four
fundamental forces of nature and is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and
molecules².
Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between
particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge². These
forces combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can
accelerate other charged particles².
An electromagnet, a key concept in electromagnetics, can be defined as a magnet which
functions on electricity¹. Unlike a permanent magnet, the strength of an electromagnet can be
changed by changing the amount of electric current that flows through it¹. If the current flow is
cut, the property of magnetism ceases to exist¹. Electromagnets are made out of a coil of wire,
and this effect can be strengthened by winding a wire tightly around a powerful core made of
magnetic material, such as iron¹.
Electromagnetism plays a crucial role in modern technology, including electrical energy
production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection;
fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and
mechanical motors and actuators.
The four fundamental field quantities in the electromagnetic model and their units are:
1. **Electric Field (E)**: The electric field is a vector field that associates to each point in space
the force per unit of charge experienced by a test charge placed at that point. The SI unit of
electric field strength is **volt per meter (V/m)**¹.
2. **Electric Displacement Field (D)**: The electric displacement field is a vector field that
appears in Maxwell's equations. It accounts for the effects of free and bound charge within
materials. The SI unit of electric displacement field is **coulomb per square meter (C/m²)**¹.
3. **Magnetic Field (H)**: The magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic
influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. The SI unit of
magnetic field strength is **ampere per meter (A/m)**¹.
4. **Magnetic Flux Density (B)**: The magnetic flux density is a vector field described as the
density of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux
density is **tesla (T)**¹.
2(a)
where,
(\kappa) is the dielectric constant,
(\epsilon) is the permittivity of the substance,
(\epsilon_0) is the permittivity of free space.
3-11.1
2(c)
3(a)
3(b)
3-8
4(b)
TABLE 6-1
5(c)
Here are the differences between conduction current and convection current:
7(a)
4-3
7(b)
7-2.1
7(c)
EXAMPLE 4-2
8(a)
8(b)
EXAMPLE 3-5
8(c)
9(a)
9(c)
EXAMPLE 5-1
10(a)
EXAMPLE 7-3
13(b)
6-4
14(a)
In electromagnetics, polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field vector as an
electromagnetic wave propagates through space¹²³. It describes the direction in which the
electric field oscillates relative to the direction of wave propagation¹²³.
There are three primary types of polarization that electromagnetic waves can exhibit¹:
1. **Linear Polarization:** The electric field vector oscillates along a single plane perpendicular
to the direction of propagation¹. This is the simplest form of polarization¹.
2. **Circular Polarization:** The electric field vector rotates in a circular motion while
maintaining a constant magnitude¹. In this case, the electric field vector traces a circle around
the axis of propagation as the wave moves forward¹.
3. **Elliptical Polarization:** The electric field vector traces an ellipse around the axis of
propagation¹. This is the most general form of polarization and includes both linear and circular
polarizations as special cases, depending on the orientation of the electric field and its phase
difference¹.
The polarization of an electromagnetic wave can be mathematically described using complex
notation to represent the electric field vector E in terms of its orthogonal components¹:
**Linear Polarization:**
A wave is said to exhibit linear polarization if the direction of the electric field vector does not
vary with either time or position²⁴⁵. Linear polarization arises when the source of the wave is
linearly polarized². A common example is the wave radiated by a straight wire antenna, such as
a dipole or a monopole². Mathematically, a wave is linearly polarized when the phase angles are
equal⁵. This represents a wave polarized at an angle with respect to the x axis⁵.
**Circular Polarization:**
In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in
which, at each point, the electromagnetic field of the wave has a constant magnitude and is
rotating at a constant rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave¹. Circular
polarization occurs when the two orthogonal electric field component vectors are of equal
magnitude and are out of phase by exactly 90°, or one-quarter wavelength¹³. A circularly
polarized wave can rotate in one of two possible senses: right-handed circular polarization
(RHCP) in which the electric field vector rotates in a right-hand sense with respect to the
direction of propagation, and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) in which the vector
rotates in a left-hand sense¹.
The Brewster angle, also known as the polarizing angle, is a specific angle of incidence at which
light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric
surface, with no reflection¹. When unpolarized light is incident at this angle, the light that is
reflected from the surface is therefore perfectly polarized¹. This is why it is often referred to as
the "polarizing angle"¹²³.
The reason it is called a polarizing angle is that when light strikes the surface at this specific
angle, the reflected light becomes polarized⁴. This phenomenon is used in various optical
devices, such as polarizing filters and sunglasses, to reduce glare and improve image clarity by
selectively filtering out polarized light⁴. The term “polarizing angle” comes from this fact².
In summary, the Brewster angle is called the polarizing angle because light that reflects from a
surface at this angle is entirely polarized³. This makes the Brewster angle very useful in many
areas of optics.
14(c)
EXAMPLE 7-13
15(a)