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Section 125

This document discusses equations for lines and planes in 3D space. It introduces vector and parametric equations for lines, and explains how to find the intersection between a line and plane. The document also covers planes, discussing normal vectors and scalar equations for planes. It provides examples of finding equations to represent lines and planes, and calculating distances between planes and intersections. Cylinders and quadratic surfaces are also briefly covered with examples of graphing common quadratic surfaces.

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aalrjl08
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24 views78 pages

Section 125

This document discusses equations for lines and planes in 3D space. It introduces vector and parametric equations for lines, and explains how to find the intersection between a line and plane. The document also covers planes, discussing normal vectors and scalar equations for planes. It provides examples of finding equations to represent lines and planes, and calculating distances between planes and intersections. Cylinders and quadratic surfaces are also briefly covered with examples of graphing common quadratic surfaces.

Uploaded by

aalrjl08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 12 : Vectors and The Geometry of Space


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Chapter 12 : Vectors and The Geometry of Space

12.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

12.2 Vectors

12.3 The Dot Product

12.4 The Cross Product

12.5 Equations of Lines and Planes

12.6 Cylinders and Quadratic Surfaces


3

12.5 Equations of Lines and Planes

Objectives :

 Introduce the equation of a line in 3D

 Introduce the equation of a plane in 3D


4

Equation of a Line

A line L in R3 is determined by a point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) on L and

the direction of L.

Let P (x, y, z) be a point on L and let r0 and r be the position


−−→
vectors of P0 and P . If a is the vector P0 P , then the triangle
law gives
r = r0 + a
5

Equation of a Line

Since a and v are parallel, i.e. a = tv. the vector equation of L

If v = (a, b, c), the vector equation gives three scalar equations

These equations are called parametric equations of the line L

through the point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and parallel to the vector

v = (a, b, c)
6

Example 1

(a) Find a vector equation and parametric equations of the


line that passes through the point (5, 1, 3) and is parallel to
i + 4j − 2k

(b) Find two other points on the line.


7
8

Symmetric Equations of a Line

If v = (a, b, c) is the direction vector of a line L, the numbers

a, b, c are called direction numbers.


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Another way of describing a line L is by eliminating the

parameter t.

These equations are called symmetric equations of L.


10

Example 2

(a) Find parametric equations and symmetric equations of


the line that passes through the points A(2, 4, −3) and
B(3, −1, 1).

(b) At what point does this line intersect the xy-plane.


11

Equation of the Line Segment


12

Example 3

Show that the lines L1 and L2 with parametric equations

x = 1 + t, y = −2 + 3t, z =4−t
x = 2s, y = 3 + s, z = −3 + 4s
are skew lines, that is they do not intersect and are not
parallel.
13

Planes

A plane is determined by a point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) in the plane


and vector n that is orthogonal to the plane. The vector n is
called a normal vector.
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Planes

Let P (x, y, z) be point in the plane and let r0 and r be the

position vectors of P0 and P . Then the vector r − r0 is


−−→
represented by P0 P .

The normal vector n is orthogonal to r − r0 .

This equation is called a vector equation of the plane.


15

Planes

If n = (a, b, c) and r = (x, y, z) and r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ), then

This equation is the scalar equation of the plane through

P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) with normal vector n = (a, b, c).

Another way to write this equation is


16

Example 4

Find an equation of the plane through the point (2, 4, −1)

with normal vector n = (2, 3, 4). Find the intercepts.


17

Example 5

Find an equation of the plane that passes through the

points P (1, 3, 2), Q(3, −1, 6) and R(5, 2, 0)


18

Example 6

Find the point at which the line with parametric equation

x = 2 + 3t, y = −4t and z = 5 + t


intersects the plane 4x + 5y − 2z = 18.
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Parallel Planes

Two planes are parallel if their normal vectors are parallel.

If two planes are not parallel, then they intersect in a


straight line.

The angle between the two planes is the acute angle between
their normal vectors.
20

Example 7

(a) Find the angle between the planes

x + y + z = 1 and x − 2y + 3z = 1
(b) Find symmetric equation for the line of intersection of the
two planes.
22

Example 8

Find a formula for the distance D from a point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )


to the plane

ax + by + cz + d = 0
23
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Example 9

Find the distance between the parallel planes

10x + 2y − 2z = 5 and 5x + y − z = 1
25

Example 10

Find the distance between these two skew lines

L1 : x = 1 + t, y = −2 + 3t z = 4 − t
L2 : x = 2s, y = 3 + s, z = −3 + 4s
26
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Keywords to remember

 Vector equation of a line


 Parametric equation of line
 Symmetric equation of a line
 Skew Lines
 Direction numbers
 Normal vector
 Vector equation of a plane
 Scalar equation of a plane
28

12.6 Cylinders and Quadratic Surfaces

Objectives :

 Investigate other types of surfaces

 Identify some quadratic surfaces


29

Example 1

Sketch the graph of z = x2


30

Example 2

Sketch the graphs of x2 + y 2 = 1 and y 2 + z 2 = 1


31

Example 3

Sketch the graph of


2 2
y z
x2 + + =1
9 4
32

Quadratic Surfaces

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