Lab 4

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GAZİANTEP ÜNİVERSİTESİ

AE 204 FLUID MECHANICS


BERNOULLI EXPERIMENT / EXP4
LAB REPORT 4

Sumbitted by;
Batuhan ÇAĞLAYAN 202902011036
Zeynep BİLGİN 222902011012
Muhammed TETİK 202902011022
Musab İYİMUTAF 202901011009
Melih UZUN 202902011003
Enes KAYA 202902011008
Kadir BIÇAKÇI 202902011030
Ecem ÇEVİRGEN 182901011006

Submitted To: Res. Asst. Mustafa VARKİ


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Lecturer: Asst. Dr. Begüm KÜTÜK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF
CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................
.........
1. How is Bernoulli’s equation expressed?..........................................................3
2. Objective............................................................................................................4
3. Theory................................................................................................................4-5
4. Prosedure...........................................................................................................5
5. Necessary Plots..................................................................................................5-6-7
6. Sample Calculations..........................................................................................7-8-9
7. Result.................................................................................................................10-11-12
8. Discussion on result, errors and graphs .........................................................12-13
9. Conclusion......................................................................................................... 13
10. Distribution of duties........................................................................................ 14
11. References ......................................................................................................... 14

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HOW İS BERNOULLİ’S EQUATİON EXPRESSED?

Bernoulli's law states that this is the case.

The total mechanical energy of the fluid's motion (summing the gravitational potential energy
of the bulge, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid's
motion) is constant.

Bernoulli's principle is based on the law of energy conservation.

Bernoulli's law of the fittest

Bernoulli's equation is the formula for the pressure, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential
energy of a liquid in a container.

The formula for Bernoulli's principle is as follows:

The pressure exerted by the liquid is p, its velocity is v, its density is ρ, and its height is h.

Bernoulli's equation provides a useful description of the ratio of pressure, velocity and
altitude.

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OBJECTİVE
The experiment aims to validate the Bernoulli Equation by utilizing a venturi meter to observe
fluid elevation in the tube across various flow rates and explore the reasons for discrepancies
between theory and practical observations. This experiment involves setting up a venturi
meter apparatus, adjusting flow rates, measuring fluid levels in the tube, and comparing the
results with theoretical predictions. By conducting this experiment, researchers can analyze
the factors influencing fluid flow behavior and gain insights into the practical applications of
the Bernoulli Equation in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, the experiment provides a hands-
on opportunity for students to understand the principles of fluid dynamics and the significance
of experimental validation in scientific investigations.

THEORY
The Bernoulli equation, which establishes a connection between pressure, velocity, and
elevation in regions of steady, incompressible flow with minimal frictional forces, has
emerged as a fundamental tool in fluid mechanics due to its simplicity and effectiveness.By
deriving the Bernoulli equation through the application of the conservation of linear
momentum principle, we can appreciate its utility in analyzing fluid dynamics and its
significance in various engineering applications.This equation serves as a cornerstone in
understanding the behavior of fluids in motion and has been instrumental in numerous fluid
flow analyses and designs.

Furthermore, exploring the limitations of the Bernoulli equation sheds light on the conditions
under which it may not accurately represent real-world fluid flow scenarios.By recognizing
these limitations, researchers and engineers can make informed decisions when applying the
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Bernoulli equation in practical situations, ensuring that the results obtained align with the
expected outcomes. Understanding both the strengths and weaknesses of the Bernoulli
equation is essential for developing a comprehensive grasp of fluid mechanics and its
applications in diverse fields.

PROCEDURE
1. Keep the bypass port open and begin the pump and then slowly shut the port down.
2. The water will begin to flow through the flow channel. The volume in the Piezometer's
tubes will begin to increase.
3. Open the tank's valve and change the position of the head in the Piezometer to a consistent
position.
4. Take the measurement of heads at every location and also assist in the discharge of the
measuring container.
5. Changing the volume and repeating the process.

NECCESARY PLOTS
Experimental system has some essential items needed for the experimental use. It features a
large capacity airflow system, a plenum chamber, multi-tube monometer and Bernoulli
Investigation duct.
The Airflow System has been specifically designed to allow students to investigate a wide
range of and low speed air flow phenomena and fundamental aerodynamics. Airflow System
base unit consists of a large capacity variable speed centrifugal fan with a separate
aerodynamically designed plenum chamber containing multiple screens, flow straightener
and acceleration section. The fan and plenum chamber are connected by a length of flexible
hose and this allows the two components to be arranged in a variety of convenient locations
either at bench or floor level.
A large number of optional ducts may be attached to the plenum discharge that allow
investigation of airflow on the positive side of the fan.
In addition, there are additional optional items that attach to the suction or intake side of the
fan.
The ability to utilise both the intake and discharge sides of the fan, together with a
continuously expanding range of optional accessories makes the Airflow System a very
flexible and cost effective unit.

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General experimental setup of Airflow System:
1. Fan; 2. Fan Speed Control; 3. RCCB & MCB Box;
4. Fan Outlet; 5. Fan Inlet; 6. RCCB; 7. MCB

General experimental setup of Plenum Chamber: 8. Plenum Chamber; 9. Plenum Discharge;


10. Plenum Inlet Multi-tube Manometer has been designed for operation with the Airflow
System. However as a 16 tube manometer it may equally be used in any application that is
within its pressure range. Last apparatus for the experimental setup is Bernoulli investigation
duct.

General experimental setup of Multi-Tube Manometer: 1. Manometer Tube Couplings; 2.


Side Clamps; 3. Angle Indicator; 4. Rubber Feet; 5. Manometer Tubes; 6. Reservoir Tapping;
7. Reservoir; 8. Reservoir Clamp; 9. Reservoir Track; 10. Marker
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General experimental setup of Multi-
Tube Manometer: 1. Position
Measuring Scale; 2. Profile Retaining
Nuts; 3. Duct Profiles; 4. Mounting
Nuts; 5. Pitot-Static Tube; 6. Locking
Nut; 7. Static Pressure Tapping; 8.
Total Pressure tapping

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

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RESULT
The equation of Bernoulli's principle states that, as the area of the tubes' cross section
increases, the velocity of the point will decrease and the distance traveled will increase. If the
capillary tubes were numbered from A to G, point A would have the highest elevation and D
would have the lowest elevation due to the area of their cross sections. We can state that, as
the volume of water increases, the manometer's heights increase from this experiment.

Static Pressures (kPa)


Data No
A B C D E F G
1 2,16 2,06 1,77 0,59 1,32 1,57 1,67
2 2,45 2,31 1,92 0,74 1,47 1,67 1,87

3 2,80 2,70 2,35 1,08 1,82 2,11 2,35

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Velocities (m/s)
Data No
A B C D E F G

1 0,0378 0,0528 0,0925 0,555 0,123 0,0693 0,0489

2 0,035 0,0496 0,0897 0,46 0,116 0,0686 0,046

3 0,0321 0,0443 0,0763 0,332 0,0989 0,0567 0,0381

Dynamic Pressures (kPa)


Data No
A B C D E F G

1 0,00071 0,00139 0,0427 0,154 0,00756 0,0024 0,00119

2 0,00061 0,00123 0,004 0,1058 0,00672 0,00237 0,00105

3 0,00052 0,00098 0,00291 0,0551 0,00489 0,0016 0,00073

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Data No Total Pressures (kPa)

1 11,346
2 12,444
3 15,276

DISCUSSION ON RESULT , ERRORS AND GRAPH


In our laboratory, for this experiment, we used the Bernoulli experiment set to observe the
variation in the height of a fluid at different flow rates. To facilitate this observation, we
utilized a venturi meter. Fr this experiment water was chosen as the observation fluid.By
opening the water valve, we established a flow of water into the experimental setup. The
shape of the venturi meter, shown in the picture below, enabled us to observe the behavior of
fluid at different velocities and pressures.

This setup allowed us to measure the height of the fluid column at various flow rates,
providing valuable insights into the relationship between flow velocity and pressure in the
fluid.
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 In the experiment, water levels are
positioned similar to the shape
shown on the side. These water
level values depens on shape of
the venturimeter used.

We observed the different height values indicated by the manometers at three different flow
rates provided to us. Based on this information, we calculated various properties of the fluid,
such as static pressure, dynamic pressure, velocity, and total pressure.
1. Static Pressure (Ps): It represents the pressure of the fluid when it is not in motion.
2. Dynamic Pressure (Pd): It is the pressure resulting from the movement of the fluid.
Dynamic pressure is directly proportional to the density and velocity of the fluid.
3. Velocity (V): It denotes the speed of the fluid.
4. Total Pressure (Pt): It is the sum of the fluid's motion and static pressure. Bernoulli's
equation states that the total pressure is constant.

CONCLUSİON
Aim and goal of this Bernoulli test was to speak about the conduct of perfect and real fluid
and on the idea of the test end result it may be concluded that the experiment become
successful due to the fact there is distinction in measured and theoretical values. This is due to
the friction losses within the real fluid; ideal fluid does no longer have friction losses. From
the experiment it can be conclude that with lower in location of glide there may be an boom in
velocity and reduce within the waft of the fluid.

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DISTRIBUTION OF DUTİES

Melih UZUN
 Objective
Batuhan ÇAĞLAYAN
 Theory
Muhammed TETİK
 Procedure
Kadir BIÇAKCI
 Neccesary Plots
Ecem ÇEVİRGEN
 Sample calculation
Enes KAYA
 Result
Zeynep BİLGİN
 Discussion on result , errors and graph
Musab İYİMUTAF
 Conclusion

REFERENCES:
https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/bernoullis-equation.png
https://byjus.com/physics/bernoullis-principle/#:~:text=Bernoulli’s%20equation%20formula
%20is%20a,the%20height%20of%20the%20container
https://veillette.github.io/physics-book/contents/ch12BernoullisEquation.html
https://mavink.com/explore/Bernoulli-Formel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx5pKl4siyM

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