ECE 113 Lecture 10:

Network Analysis
References: Pozar, Chapter 4.
Vendelin, Pavio, Rohde, Microwave Circuit Design, Chapter 4, 2ed.

13 Nov 2019
2s1617 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS Revision March 20171
 Where are we so far?
• Systems Level Approach
• We know how communication systems interact with
each other and how to determine the design
specifications of our communication system.

• Link Budget Analysis

• Transmitter bandwidth and SNR
• Receiver sensitivity and selectivity

• Cascaded Noise and Distortion

• Noise Figure, Noise Temperature
• Distortion due to Nonlinearities: Harmonics, Spurs, IMD
• Dynamic Range

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 2

 Where are we so far?
• Basic Communication Block

• Resonant Circuits, Filters

• Selectivity, Bandwidth
• Mixers
• Modulation/demodulation, nonlinearity
• Still need to learn how to design of: Amplifiers, Oscillator
• And also how to interconnect each blocks (Matching networks)
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 3
 Design Approach so far..
• Resonant Circuits, Filters, Mixers
• Analyze each circuit and the role of components in the design
• Parameters change for different topology
• Circuit intensive – solve manually current and voltages

• No easy way to predict performance when connecting

these blocks

• Instead of viewing interconnected circuits as a new type

of circuit, we can instead look at it as a cascade of
networks.

• Each block can be considered as a network.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 4

 We are familiar with…
➢Circuits at LOW frequencies

• Circuit dimensions are small relative to wavelength

(λ = c/f)
o e.g. @ f = 100 kHz , λ ≈ 3 km

• Treat as interconnection of lumped passive/active

elements

• Voltages and Currents defined at any point in the circuit

o Use KCL, KVL, and Ohm’s Law to analyze these circuits

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 5

 For RF/Microwave Circuits…
Measurement of total voltage and/or current is
difficult (or almost impossible)

• Circuit dimension is comparable to wavelength

o e.g. @ f = 1 GHz , λ ≈ 30 cm

• Measurements require clearly defined terminal

pairs

• Complete circuit analysis requires solving

Maxwell’s Equations

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 6

 At high frequencies…
It is more convenient to express our circuits
(networks) in terms of traveling waves (incident
and reflected waves)
OUR GOAL:
Convert representation in terms of
traveling waves to conventional low
frequency models

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 7

 N-Port Network Parameters
• Once traveling wave voltages and currents
have been defined at various points in an
RF/Microwave network, we are able to relate
these terminal or “port” quantities to each
other

• This results in a matrix description of our N-

port network

• Useful when we discuss high-frequency

representations of our active networks

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 N-Port Network
𝑉2 = 𝑉2+ + 𝑉2−
𝑉3 = 𝑉3+ + 𝑉3−

𝑉1 = 𝑉1+ + 𝑉1−

𝑉4 = 𝑉4+ + 𝑉4−

𝑉𝑁 = 𝑉𝑁+ + 𝑉𝑁−
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 N-Port Parameters
• Consider an arbitrary N-port network
• At a specified port, a terminal plane is usually
defined, w/ equivalent incident and reflected
voltages/currents
• Terminal Planes are important in providing a phase
reference for the voltage/current waves
• At the Nth terminal, the total voltage and
current is given by:

𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛+ + 𝑉𝑛−
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+ − 𝐼𝑛−

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 Z-Parameters
• The impedance matrix [Z] of an RF/Microwave
network relates the total voltages and currents:

• In matrix notation: 𝑉 𝑁×1 = 𝑍 𝑁×𝑁 𝐼 𝑁×1

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 Z-Parameters
• The elements of the Z-matrix Zij can be
evaluated:

• Drive port j with current Ij, open circuit all

other ports, and measure the open circuit
voltage at port i.
• AKA: “open circuit impedance parameters”
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 12
 Y-Parameters
• The admittance matrix [Y] of an RF/Microwave
network relates the total voltages and currents:

• In matrix notation:

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 Y-Parameters
• The elements of the Y-matrix Yij can be
evaluated:

• Drive port j with voltage Vj, short circuit all

other ports, and measure the short circuit
current at port i.

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 Y and Z Parameters
• Elements of the Y and Z matrices are complex

• Z and Y matrices are inverses of each other: [Y] =

[Z]-1

• For an N-port network, Y and Z matrices are NxN

in size
• N2 independent quantities that characterize an arbitrary
N-port network

• No. of independent parameters are reduced for

special cases
• Reciprocal and Lossless networks

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 Reciprocal Network
A reciprocal network is a network that does not
contain any non-reciprocal (or non-linear) media
such as Ferrites, Plasmas, Active Devices

• Results in a symmetric matrix

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 Lossless Network
A lossless network is a network with no elements
that introduce… loss (conductive losses, etc)

• Results in a purely imaginary matrix

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 Reflection Coefficient
• Relates incident and reflected waves at a
certain point of the circuit
• Given the characteristic impedance 𝑍0 , the
reflection coefficient of a load impedance 𝑍𝐿 is
given by
𝑉 − 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ= +=
𝑉 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

• 𝑉 + (phasor) is the incident wave (going into)

• 𝑉 − (phasor) is the reflected wave (going away)
• Total voltage across 𝑍𝐿 is (𝑉 + +𝑉 − )
• When is 𝑉 − zero?

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 Characteristic impedance?
• “The impedance of a circuit that, when
connected to the output terminals of
a uniform transmission line of arbitrary
length, causes the line to appear infinitely
long. Note 1: A uniform line terminated in its
characteristic impedance will have no
standing waves, no reflections from the end,
and a constant ratio of voltage to current at a
given frequency at every point on the line.”

[Federal Standard 1037C]

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 19

 Characteristic impedance?

Image reproduced from http://www.techplayon.com/characteristics-impedance-rf-transmission-

lines-kept-50-ohms/
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 20
 The Scattering* Parameters
• For high frequencies, it is more natural to work
with forward and reverse propagating waves

• The scattering parameters (S-parameters) relate

the incident and reflected voltages/currents in
an N-port network

• Provides a complete description of the network

as seen at its N-ports

*Scattering = incident, reflected, and transmitted waves

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 21
 Reflection and Zo Analogy

Image reproduced from: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-007-electromagnetic-energy-from-

motors-to-lasers-spring-2011/lecture-notes/MIT6_007S11_lec29.pdf

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 22

 The Scattering* Parameters
• For high frequencies, it is more natural to work
with forward and reverse propagating waves

• The scattering parameters (S-parameters) relate

the incident and reflected voltages/currents in
an N-port network

• Provides a complete description of the network

as seen at its N-ports

*Scattering = incident, reflected, and transmitted waves

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 23
 N-Port Network
𝑉2 = 𝑉2+ + 𝑉2− 𝑉3 = 𝑉3+ + 𝑉3−

𝑉1 = 𝑉1+ + 𝑉1− 𝑉4 = 𝑉4+ + 𝑉4−

𝑉𝑁 = 𝑉𝑁+ + 𝑉𝑁−

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 𝑺-Parameters
• The scattering matrix or the [S] matrix is
defined in terms of the incident (Vn+) and
reflected (Vn-) as:

• In matrix form:

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 25

 𝑺-Parameters
• The elements of the S-matrix sij can be
evaluated:

• sij is found by driving port j with an incident

voltage Vj+ and measuring the reflected
voltage Vi- coming out of port i

• How do we set Vk+ = 0 for k ≠ j?

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 𝑺-Parameters
• Vk+ = 0 holds when the ports are terminated
with characteristic impedance Z0

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 N-Port Network Parameters
• Defined ports/terminals for phase reference
• Z parameters (open condition)
• Y parameters (short condition)
• Reciprocal network
• Lossless network
• Reflection coefficient
• Characteristic impedance
• S-parameters (matched condition)

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 28

 𝑺-Parameters: Example

• Find the 𝑆-parameters of the circuit below. The

characteristic impedance Zo = 50 ohms.

−
𝑉𝑖
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = +อ
𝑉𝑗 +
𝑉𝑘 =0 for 𝑘≠𝑗
Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

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 𝑺-Parameters: Example
• Solving for 𝑆11 ,
𝑉1−
𝑆11 = +ቤ
𝑉1 𝑉 + =0 for 𝑘≠1
𝑘
𝑍𝑖𝑛1 = 50 + 8.56 ∥ 141.8 + 8.56 = 50.00 Ω
𝑉1− 𝑍𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑍0 50 − 50
𝑆11 = + = Γ1 = = =0
𝑉1 𝑍𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑍0 50 + 50

𝑽+𝟏
𝑽−
𝟏

Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

𝑍0 = 50 Ω
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 30
 𝑺-Parameters: Example
• Solving for 𝑆22 ,
𝑉2−
𝑆22 = +ቤ
𝑉2 𝑉 + =0 for 𝑘≠2
𝑘

𝑆22 = 𝑆11 = 0

𝑽+
𝟐
𝑽−
𝟐

𝑍0 = 50 Ω
Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

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 𝑺-Parameters: Example
• Solving for 𝑆21 ,
𝑉2−
𝑆21 = +ቤ
𝑉1 𝑉 + =0 for 𝑘≠1
𝑘
𝑉2+ = 0 → 𝑉2 = 𝑉2−
𝑉1− = 0 → 𝑉1 = 𝑉1+
matched = no reflections at
driving port
𝑉1+ 𝑉2+

𝑉1− 𝑉2−

𝑍0 = 50 Ω

Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 32

 𝑺-Parameters: Example

• Solving for 𝑆21 ,

50 + 8.56 ∥ 141.8 50
𝑉2− = 𝑉1+
50 + 8.56 ∥ 141.8 + 8.56 50 + 8.56
𝑉2−
𝑉1+
𝑆21 = + = 0.707 = 𝑆12 𝑉2+
𝑉1
𝑉1− 𝑉2−

𝑍0 = 50 Ω

Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 33

 𝑺-Parameters: Example
• Consolidating 𝑆 ,
0 0.707
𝑆 =
0.707 0
• This network is 3-dB attenuator and is a reciprocal
network

Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 34

 Special Properties of S-Matrix for
Reciprocal and Lossless Networks
• For a Reciprocal Network, the [S] matrix is
symmetric:

[S ] = [S ] T

• For a Lossless Network, the [S] matrix is unitary:

N

s =1 for all i = j
*
s
k =1
ki kj [ S ][ S ]H = [ S ]H [ S ] = I
N H
−conjugate transpose
s =0 for i  j
*
s
k =1
ki kj
I − identity matrix

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 35

 𝑺-Parameters: Example
• Find the 𝑆-parameters of the circuit below. The
characteristic impedance Zo = 50 ohms.

𝑉𝑖−
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = + อ
𝑉𝑗
𝑉𝑘+ =0 for 𝑘≠𝑗

Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 36

 𝑺-Parameters: Example
• SOLUTION:
• Only need to solve two s-parameter, why?

𝑉𝑖−
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = + อ
𝑉𝑗
𝑉𝑘+ =0 for 𝑘≠𝑗

Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 37

 𝑺-Parameters: Example
0 0.5 0.5
• S = 0.5 0 0.5
0.5 0.5 0
• AKA: Power Divider

• Function: when an incoming signal from any port enters, the

two output signals going out of the output ports have _____
the power of the incoming signal.
• EQUAL POWER SPLIT

• Gain[loss] (in dB) = [-]20 log (0.5) = -[+]6 dB from one port
to another
• Power absorbed by the circuit:
Pin = Pin/4 + Pin/4 +Pabs, Pabs = Pin/2
Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 4th ed. p. 179.

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 38

 𝟑-Port Parameters
Special property:

• For all three ports, the rows and column always

add up to unity for S parameters and zero for
Y parameters.

• Above is generally true for simple networks

• Some exceptions : Wilkinson power divider,
adding a resistor to ground, and so on.

Vendelin, Pavio, Rohde, Chapter 4

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 39

 𝟑-Port Y-Parameters
𝑦11 𝑦12 𝑦13
𝑌 = 𝑦21 𝑦22 𝑦23
𝑦31 𝑦32 𝑦33
• 1 – emitter, 2 – collector, 3 - base
• For transistors, these can be used to find the
2-port Y parameters of different configurations.
𝑦11 𝑦12
𝑌𝐶𝐸 = 𝑦
21 𝑦22
𝑦33 𝑦32
𝑌𝐶𝐵 = 𝑦
23 𝑦22
𝑦11 𝑦13
𝑌𝐶𝐶 = 𝑦
Vendelin, Pavio, Rohde, Chapter 4
31 𝑦33
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 40
 Two-Port Networks
• Specialized Case of N-port Networks

• Parameter Matrices formed are 2x2

• Most RF/Microwave networks are cascaded

two-port networks

• Other network representations that only apply

for two-port networks: Transmission (ABCD)
Parameters

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 41

 ABCD Parameters

• Note that I2 is directed going out of Port 2

• Different from conventional two-port representations
where current is going into the port
• Current exiting Port 2 will be the current entering Port
1 of next network
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 42
 ABCD Parameters

V1   A B  V2 
 I  = C D   I 
 1   2 
• Equivalent ABCD parameters of cascaded 2-
port networks is the matrix multiplication of
ABCD matrices
o Makes it easy to get equivalent ABCD parameters for
cascaded networks

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 43

 ABCD Parameters
• Given the ff. cascaded two-port networks

 A1 B1   A2 B2 
C  C D2 
 1 D1   2

V1   A1 B1  V2  V2   A2 B2  V3 

 I  = C     I  = C   
 1  1 D1   I 2   2  2 D2   I 3 

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 44

 ABCD Parameters
• Combining the two matrix equations

V1   A1 B1   A2 B2  V3 
 I  = C     
 1  1 D1  C2 D2   I 3 

V1   A1 A2 + B1C2 A1 B2 + B1 D2  V3 

 I  = C A + D C   
C1 B2 + D1 D2   I 3 
 1  1 2 1 2

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 Example (ABCD Parameters)
• Find the ABCD Parameters of a series impedance
element Z

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 46

 For A:
V1   A B  V2 
 I  = C D   I 
 1   2 

• If I2 = 0, no current flows through the series

impedance, therefore no voltage drop across Z
• V1 = V2
∴A=1
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 47
 For B:
V1   A B  V2 
 I  = C D   I 
 1   2 

• Since Port 2 is short circuited, I2 is equal to the

current flowing through Z
• I1 = I2 = V1/Z

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 48

 For C:
V1   A B  V2 
 I  = C D   I 
 1   2 

• Since I2 = 0, then I1 = 0
∴C = 0

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 49

 For D:
V1   A B  V2 
 I  = C D   I 
 1   2 

• Again, I1 = I2

∴D = 1

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 50

 Example (ABCD Parameters)
• The ABCD Parameters of a series impedance Z:

 A =1 B = Z
C = 0 D = 1 
 
• ABCD Parameters of common circuit
configurations can be derived in a similar way
• Once derived, a complex circuit can be considered as a
cascade of such common circuit configurations

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 51

 ABCD Parameters of Simple Circuits

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 ABCD Parameters of Simple Circuits

• From these common circuit elements, we can derive the ABCD

Parameters of more complex circuit configurations.

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 Exercise on ABCD Parameters
• Derive ABCD Parameters of a PI-Network
illustrated below

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 54

 Answers
• Cascade of series Z1, a shunt 1/Z2, and series Z3

 Z1 Z1 Z 2 
 A = 1 + B = Z1 + Z 2 + 
Z3 Z3
 
 C= 1 Z2 
D = 1+
 Z3 Z3 
13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 55
 Conversion Between Parameters
• 2-Port parameters relate voltages and currents
at the ports of the network

• One 2-Port Network can be represented by any

of the different parameters discussed
previously

• It is POSSIBLE to transform from one

parameter set to another
• Convenient when cascading networks represented
by parameters other than ABCD Parameters

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 56

 Conversion from S to ABCD
Parameters

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 Conversion from ABCD to S Parameters

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 58

 Use of Conversion Between Parameters
• Most of the circuits for high frequencies are
expressed in terms of their S-parameters

• Most of these complex circuits can be considered

as a cascade of several 2 port networks

• Conversion from S to ABCD and ABCD to S makes

analysis of these circuits easier

• Long process of analyzing complex circuits is

reduced to conversion from S to ABCD, matrix
multiplication, and conversion back from ABCD
to S parameters

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 59

 Other 2-Port Network
Parameter Conversion Tables

• They are in the books!

Pozar 3rd Ed., Page 187

or

Pozar 4th Ed., Page 192

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 60

 Reference

[1] D. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering 4th Ed.,”

(Chapter 4 pp. 165 – 194)
[2] G. Vendelin, A. Pavio, U. Rohde,
”Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear
and Nonlinear Techniques 2nd Ed.,”
(Chapter 4 pp. 192-199, pp.210-213)

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 61

 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute (EEEI)
College of Engineering
University of the Philippines - Diliman

Visit upwireless.ph
REVISED BY MA’AM GEMS
R
ADOPTED FROM SIR RAMI’S SLIDES

13 Nov 2019 ECE 113: COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS 62