Types of Forces:

Field force: The forces in which contact between two objects is not necessary.
Ex:- Gravitational force, Electrostatic force.
Contact force: Two bodies in contact exert equal and opposite forces on
each other. If the contact is frictionless, the contact force is perpendicular to the
common surface and known as normal reaction. If, however the objects are in
rough contact and move (or have a tendency to move) relative to each other
without losing contact then frictional force arise which oppose such motion
• Attachment to another body : Tension in a string and spring force
( F= Kx) come in this group.

Free body Diagram:- A free body diagram (FBD) consists of a

diagrammatic representation of a single body or a sub-system of bodies isolated
from its surroundings showing all the forces acting on it.
Ex:- Three blocks A, B and C are placed one over the other as shown in figure. Draw
free body diagrams of all the three blocks.
Ex:- A block of mass m is attached with two strings as shown in figure. Draw the free
body diagram of the block.
 Equilibrium:-Forces which have zero resultant and zero turning effect will not
cause any change in the motion of the object to which they are applied. Such forces (and
the object) are said to be in equilibrium.

Resolution of a force-When a force is replaced by an equivalent set of

components, it is said to be resolved.

Ex:- Resolve a weight of 10 N in two directions which are parallel and perpendicular to
a slope inclined at 30° to the horizontal.
Ex:- Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F = 8N which makes an angle of 45°
with the horizontal.

Ex:- A body is supported on a rough plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal by a string
attached to the body and held at an angle of 30° to the plane. Draw a diagram showing
the forces acting on the body and resolve each of these forces (a) horizontally and
vertically, (b) parallel and perpendicular to the plane.
Equilibrium of concurrent coplanar forces:- If an object is in equilibrium
under two or more concurrent coplanar forces the algebraic sum of the components of
forces in any two mutually perpendicular directions OX and OY should be zero.

Ex:-Write down the components of four forcesF1 ,F2 ,F3 andF4 along ox and oy
directions as shown in Fig.
Ex:-. The 50 kg homogeneous smooth sphere rests on the 30° incline A and against the
smooth vertical wall B. Calculate the contact forces at A and B.
 Newton’s Laws of Motion:-
1. A body continues in its initial state of rest or motion with uniform velocity unless
acted on by an unbalanced external force.

2. Rate of change of momentum.

3. Forces always occur in pairs. If body A exerts a force on body B, an equal but
opposite force is exerted by body B on body A.

Ex:-Three blocks of masses 3 kg, 2 kg and 1 kg are placed side by side on a smooth
surface as shown in figure. A horizontal force of 12 N is applied on 3 kg block. Find
the net force on 2 kg block.
Ex:-In the arrangement shown in figure. The strings are light and inextensible.
The surface over which blocks are placed is smooth. Find
(a) the acceleration of each block, (b) the tension in each string.
Ex:-In the system shown in figure all surfaces are smooth. String is massless and
inextensible. Find acceleration a of the system and tension T in the string.
(g = 10 m/s^2 )
 Pseudo Force:- To understand Pseudo force we must know about frame of reference.
1. Inertial frame of reference:-A non-accelerating frame of reference is called an
inertial frame of reference. A frame of reference moving with a constant velocity is
an inertial frame of reference.
2. Non-Inertial frame of reference:-An accelerating frame of reference is called a
non-inertial frame of reference.
Ex:- A rotating frame of reference.
Suppose a child is standing inside an accelerating lift. From ground frame of
reference this child appears to be accelerating but from lift (non-inertial) frame of
reference child appears to be at rest. To justify this changed condition of motion,
from equations point of view we have to apply a pseudo force.
Ex:- All surfaces are smooth in following figure. Find F, such that block remains
stationary with respect to wedge.
Friction:-
1. It is the tangential component of net contact force (F) acting between two
bodies in contact.
2. It starts acting when there is tendency of relative motion or actual relative
motion between two body.
3. Like any other force of nature friction force also makes a pair of equal and
opposite forces acting on two different bodies.
Ex:-Suppose a block of mass 1 kg is placed over a rough surface and a
horizontal force F is applied on the block as shown in figure. Now, let us see
what are the values of force of friction f and acceleration of the block a if the
force F is gradually increased. Given that µs = 0.5, µk = 0.4 and g = 10m s2 / .
Angle of Friction(C) :- At a point of rough contact, where slipping is about to
occur, the two forces acting on each object are the normal reaction N and
frictional force µN. The resultant of these two forces is F and it makes an angle
C with the normal reaction.
Ex:- A particle of mass 1 kg rests on rough contact with a plane inclined at 30°
to the horizontal and is just about to slip. Find the coefficient of friction
between the plane and the particle.
Ex:- In the adjoining figure, the coefficient of friction between wedge (of mass
M) and block (of mass m) is µ. Find the minimum horizontal force F required to
keep the block stationary with respect to wedge.
Ex:-In the figure shown, angle of repose is 45°. Find force of friction, net force
and acceleration of the block when
a. C =30°
b. C =45°
c. C =60°
Dynamics of circular motion:-
normally we resolve the forces acting on the particle in two directions:
(i) tangential
(ii) Radial
In tangential direction, net force on the particle is mat and in radial direction
net force is mar .
For uniform circular motion tangential force is zero . Hence,
Death well or Rotor:-
Motion of car on banked road:-