Digital Circuit and Logic

Design

Chapter 12
Microcomputer and
Microprocessor
Computer
Programmable machine designed to sequentially
and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic
or logical operations. The particular sequence of
operations can be changed readily, allowing the
computer to solve more than one kind of problem.

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Computer Type
Mainframe (www.top500.org)
Sunway TaihuLight 93.86 PFLOPS,
RaiseOS
10M cores Sunway SW26010, 1PB,
15.3MW
Mini computer
Micro computer ( PC / Mac )
– Tower,Desktop,Notebook,Ultraboo
k
Tablet (iPad, Galaxy Tab)
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) ->
Smartphone
Embedded System (Raspberry PI,
Arduino)
Microcontroller (ARM, AVR, ESP32)
D-Wave 2x Quantum Computer
15.9kW
3
Microcomputer
– Apple II (1977, MOS6502-
8 bit home computer)

– IBM PC (1981, x86

architecture)
– Apple Macintosh
(Motorola 68000 -> Intel
x64)

4
PC - Personal Computer

5
Apple Macintosh

6
Evolution of Intel® Microprocessor

1971: Intel uP 4004 2017: Intel Core i9-7980XE

Used for calculator (Extreme Edition)
2,300 transistors 1.4 billions transistors 165W
400 –740 kHz x64 18 cores 2.6 GHz
4-bit word size 24MB cache
16-pin DIP package LGA socket

7
Moore's Law

Processor speed increases 2x Disk size increases 2x every year

every 18 months

8
x86/x64 CPUs
8086/8088 NEC V20
x86
80186/80286
80386/80486 AMD386 / AMD486
IA-32 Pentium AMD K5/K6
Celeron Athlon
Xeon Opteron
Core i3, i5, i7 8th Gen Ryzen
IA-64 or (986), i9 AMD-FX, Athlon X4
x64 Pentium Sempron
Celeron AMD APU
Atom

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Unit of Measurement in Computer System
Name Abbr Factor SI size
Kilo k 210 = 1,024 103 = 1,000
Mega M 220 = 1,048,576 106 = 1,000,000
Giga G 230 = 1,073,741,824 109 = 1,000,000,000
Tera T 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 1012 = 1,000,000,000,000
Peta P 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624 1015 = 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exa E 260 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1018 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Zetta Z 270 = 1021 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Yotta Y 280 = 1024 =
1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Ex. A 1 TB harddisk
Manufacturer uses TB in SI unit, so the harddisk has 1,000,000,000,000 B
capacity
MS Windows uses TB as 240 , so the Windows can see the harddisk around 909
GB

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Basic block diagram of a computer system

11
CPU - Central Processing Unit
– ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
The ALU performs computational functions
such as Add, Subtract, AND, OR, Compare,
Increment, and Decrement.
– Control Logic
The control logic decodes and executes the
program. It also controls the memory, input, and
output operation of the microprocessor
– Registers
The registers (fast memory, local to CPU) use
to store temporary data and instructions

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Microprocessor
Very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI) that uses the architecture of the
general-purpose digital computer.
Microprocessors are based on the Von Neumann model of a stored
program computer
The stored program computer, a microprocessor’s program is stored in
memory along with its data

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Dual-core processor

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Main Components of a Micro Computer
Microprocessor Main Memory
System bus

230
Instruction
I/O Module Instruction
Instruction
…
6
5
Data
Data
Data
1
0

buffer

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Memory
The communication between microprocessor and memory
has 3 types of signals (buses).
– Address bus – determines the location of memory
– Data bus – carries the contents of the location
– Control bus – governs the information transfer
The width of the address bus determines the size of memory.
(how many location)
The width of the data bus determines the size of content.
(how many bits can each location store)
Control
bus
R/W
Enable Memory
Address Data
bus bus 16
A31:0 D15:0
Memory, Registers, and ALU

CPU ALU

Memory
Registers

Address Data Address Data

bus bus bus bus
A31:0 D15:0 A31:0 D15:0
Control Control
bus bus

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Polled I/O configuration

18
Interrupt-driven I/O configuration

19
Memory I/O transfer handled by the CPU and
DMA

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The interconnection of microprocessor-based system

21
x86/x64 Main board

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Embedded System

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Memory
-Primary Memory or Main Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory (Non-volatile)
RAM – Random Access Memory (volatile)
NVRAM - Non-volatile Random-Access Memory

-Secondary Memory or Storage Memory

Magnetic Tape
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
Thumb Drive

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RAM - Random Access Memory
SRAM – Static RAM

DRAM – Dynamic RAM

In development
T-RAM Thyristor RAM
Z-RAM Zero-capacitor RAM

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Dynamic RAM
oSDRAM
oDDR SDRAM
oDDR2
oDDR3
oDDR4
oECC (Error-Correcting Code)

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ROM

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NVRAM
• Flash memory (Toshiba)
• Solid-state storage

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NAND Flash Memory
• Reads and writes in sequential mode, handling data in
small, block sizes (“pages”).
• Commonly found in SSD, audio and video Flash media
devices, cell phones (for data storage) and other devices
where data is generally written or read sequentially.
• Less expensive than NOR Flash memory, and can
accommodate more storage capacity in the same die size.

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NOR Flash Memory
- Provides high-speed random-access capabilities.
- Allows the retrieval of data as small as a single byte. NOR
Flash excels in applications where data is randomly retrieved
or written. NOR Flash is most often found built into cellular
phones (to store the phone’s operating system)

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Display Card

Nvidia
AMD(ATI)

VGA / S-Video / DVI

GPU - Graphics
Processing Unit

APU - Accelerated
Processing Unit
AMD Fusion
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Output Unit
– CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
– LCD
– CCFL(Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp)
– LED
– OLED
– e-Ink
– Printer
– Dot-Matrix / Inkjet / Thermal / Laser
– Plotter
– Loud speaker (7.1 surround sound)

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Input Unit
– Trackball
– Microphone
– Touch screen panel
– Digitizer
– Tablet

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Network Interface Cards - NICs

34
Interface Unit
– EIA-232 (230kbps) / Centronics (1Mbps)
– USB 2.0 (Hi-Speed 480Mbps)
– USB 3.1(10Gbps)
– FireWire or i-Link (IEEE 1394) 400-3200Mbps
– Intel Thunderbolt (10Gbps)

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Computer system with USB interfacing

36
Interface Unit
– PATAor IDE ( Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)
– UDMA6 (133 MBs)

– SATA I (1.5), II (3.0), III (6.0Gbps)

– eSATA (2.4Gbps)

– SAS (Serial Attached SCSI 4.8Gbps) / Parallel SCSI

(2.5Gbps)
– Fiber Channel (6.8Gbps)
– HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
– HDBaseT
– HDMI 1.4 (10Gbps)

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Secondary Memory / Storage Memory
Magnetic Tape
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
Thumb Drive

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Hard Disk Drive (14TB)

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Solid-State Drive
– WD 2TB

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Optical Disc Drive - ODD
– CD-ROM / DVD
– Blu-Ray Disc (25/50GB)
– BDXL (100/128 GB)

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Storage Trend

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Feature Phone vs Smart Phone

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HP Tablet, Nexus, iPad, DeX

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