Mathematics in the Modern World

Unit 1: THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Unit 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Set Theory

Unit 3: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Logic

Unit 4: MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE

Simple and Compound Interests

Unit 5: STATISTICS
The Nature of Statistics

Unit 1: THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Mathematics
It is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas, related structures,
shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes.

Theoretical, Practical, Process of Thinking, A Language, An Art

Where can we find Mathematics?

 objects we create
 works of art
 in the nature that surrounds us
 landscapes and species of plants and animals including the human species
 structure of buildings
 trade and fashion
 tool in the advancement of science and technology
 fields of Engineering, Biology, Philosophy and Arts
 ever-present in research, poems and songs

Symmetry
the quality of having parts that match each other, especially in a way that is attractive, or
similarity of shape or contents

Bilateral Symmetry
A condition in which the right and left sides of an item are mirrors of one another.
Rotational Symmetry
Also known as radial symmetry in Geometry; a figure is rotated around a center point and it
still appears exactly as it did before the rotation.

Patterns
Are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs.

We see patterns every day from the layout of our floor tiles, the design of skyscrapers, and the
way we tie our shoelaces. It helps in identifying relationships and finding logical connections to
form generalizations and make predictions.

Sequence
 an itemized collection of elements in which repetitions of any sort are allowed
 Is a list of items/objects which have been arranged in a sequential way
 Example:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …
Finite and Infinite Sequence
A sequence is finite if it has a limited number of terms and infinite if it does not.

Finite sequence:
{4,8,12,16,…,64}
4 first term and the last term is 64

Infinite sequence:
{4,8,12,16,20,24,…}
4 first term and the last term “...” means it goes on forever
UNIT 1: Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Arithmetic Sequences and Series

Arithmetic Sequence
- is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of
the sequence is constant.

Formula:

where:

Example:

Given: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, …

Find :
A. common difference
d = a2 - a1
B. nth term
C. if 10 is the correct 5th term
D. 8th term
Solution :
A. d = a2-a1
=4-2
d=2

B.

= 2 + (n - 1)2
= 2+2n-2
an = 2n

C.

a5 = 2 + (5 - 1)2
a5 = 10
Arithmetic Series
- the sum of an arithmetic sequence

Formula:

where:

Example:

Given: a1 = 42 an = 146 n = 14

Find:
sum of the Arithmetic sequence on the 14th term

Solution:

= 14/2 (42 + 46)

= 14/2 (188)

S14 = 1,316
Geometric Sequences and Series

Geometric Sequence
 Is a sequence of numbers that follows a pattern where the next term is found by
multiplying by a constant called the common ratio (r).

Formula:

where:

Example:

Given: a1 = 2 r=3

Find:
first five terms

Solution:

a2 = (2) (3) ²⁻¹

=6

a3 = (2) (3) ³⁻¹

= 18

a4 = (2) (3) ⁴⁻¹

= 54

a5 = (2) (3) ⁵⁻¹

= 162

Therefore: 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, …

Geometric Series
- the sum of the terms, provided that the absolute value of ‘r’ is less than 1

Formula:

where:

Example:

Given: a1 = 4 r=2 n = 12

Find:
the sum of Geometric Series

Solution:

= 4 (1 - 2¹²)
1-2

= 4 (1 - 4,096)
-1

S₁₂ = 16, 380

Fibonacci Numbers
- commonly denoted Fn, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that each number is
the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1. That is,

F0=0, F1=1, and Fn= Fn-1+Fn-2 for n>1

Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it:

 the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1),

 the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2),
 the 5 is (2+3),
 and so on!
Example:
Given:
F1=6 and F2=3,
Find:
list the first 8 terms of this Fibonacci-type sequence
Solution:
F1 = 6 (Given)
 F2 = 3 (Given)
 F3 = F2 + F1
 =3+6
 =9
 F4 = F3 + F2
=9+3
= 12
 F5 = F4 + F3
= 12 + 9
= 21
 F6 = F5 + F4
 = 21 + 12
 = 33
 F7 = F6 + F5
 = 33 + 21
 = 54
 F8 = F7 + F6
 = 54 + 33
 = 87
Therefore:
6, 3, 9, 12, 21, 33, 54, 87
UNIT 2: SET THEORY

SET is a collection of well-defined objects

collection of elements

Symbols:
elements – objects belonging to a set
capital letters – used to denote sets
small letters – elements of sets

{ } – braces to enclosed a set

∈ – epsilon; membership in a set

- non-membership

SUBSET – is a set whose elements are all members of another set

symbol:

"⊆" - "is a subset of"

"⊂" - "is a proper subset of"

{ } - empty set is a subset of every set

Example:
Given: A = {1,2,4}
B = {1,2,4}
C = {1,2,3,4,5}
Find:
Relationship between set A and B? set B and C?

Solution:
A ⊆ B or “A is a subset of B” because every element in A is ALSO in B

B ⊂ C or “B is a proper subset of C” because every element in B is also in C BUT there

is at least one element in C is NOT in B
KINDS OF SETS
1. FINITE SET - countable numbers of members
A = {1,2,3}

2. INFINITE SET - number of elements in a set is not countable

A = {1,2,3, …)

3. EMPTY OR NULL SET - a set that has no element

{ } or Ø
4. UNIVERSAL SET – a fixed set that contains all sets under discussion , symbol “U”

Cardinality of a set n ( ) – number of elements

A = {1,2,3,4,5}
n(A) = 5
METHODS IN DESCRIBING A SET

a. ROSTER / LIST METHOD – the elements are enumerated, separated by commas, and
enclosed by braces

Example: the set A of counting numbers less than 5

A = {1,2,3,4,5}

b. RULE METHOD – a method whose elements are not listed individually

- the membership in the set is defined by stating a descriptive phrase that

gives the common properties of the elements
Example: the set A of counting numbers less than 5
A = {x|x is a counting number less than 5}

SYMBOLS
A={x|x} - more standard and widely accepted notation for defining sets in mathematics
- "A is the set of all x such that x,"
Example:

"A={x | x is a prime number}"

mean that the set "A" consists of all prime numbers

A={x:x} - less conventional and might be considered somewhat informal

- "A" with elements "x," where "x" satisfies some condition or rule that you
would specify after the colon ":"
Example:

"A={x:x is a positive integer}"

mean that the set "A" consists of all positive integers
OPERATIONS OF SETS

1. Union of Sets
2. Intersection of Sets

3. Complement of a Set
4. Set Difference

5. Cartesian Product
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EQUAL AND EQUIVALENT SET
Equal Set - if all elements of a set A are in set B; vice versa
- SAME
- symbol ‘ = ‘
- A = B “set A is equal to set B” or same B = A

Example:
A = {2, 3, 5}
B = {5, 2, 3}

Solution:
A =B or “set A and B are equal sets”

Equivalent Set - if the contain the same number of elements

- SAME NUMBER

- symbol ‘ ⇔ ‘
- “set A and set B contain the same number of elements”

Example:
A = {p,q,r}
B = {2,3,4}

Solution:
A⇔B or “set A and set B are equivalent sets”
VENN DIAGRAM
- are named after British logician John Venn
- depict how items relate to each other within a particular “universe”
or segment
- show relationships even if a set is empty
- is an illustration that uses circles to show the relationships and things or
Finite groups of things
- circles that overlap have a commonality while circles that do not overlap
do not share those traits

3 6 9
5
2 10 8 11
1
7
U

1. A U B =

2. A ∩ B =

3. U =

4. A’ =
5. A – B =
 12
9 8
10
5 6
4
7
U

______________ 6. How many likes to watch drama movies?

______________ 7. How many likes both drama and comedy?

______________ 8. How many do not watch any movies?

______________ 9. How many likes to watch all three movies?

______________ 10. How many people participated in the survey?