Cellular

TRANS PORT
-By Aryan
 About Cell Membrane
Membrane is Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of phospholipids.
• Phosphate head is polar (water loving)​.
• Fatty acid tails non-polar (water fearing)​.
• Proteins embedded in membrane.

Cell membranes have pores (holes) in

it​.
• Selectively permeable: Allows
some molecules in and keeps other
molecules out​.
- The movement of a substance
across the cell membrane is known as
cell transport. ​
 The substance can move either in or out of the cells. There are various molecules
that pass through the plasma membrane or the cell membrane. The plasma
membrane is highly selective in nature i.e. it allows only certain substances to pass
through while restricting the passage of others.
​
This regulation ensures that the cell can function properly, respond to its
environment, and maintain a stable and balanced internal state—known as
homeostasis.​

A concentration gradient is the term used to refer to a difference in concentration

of molecules.
- When molecules move from a high to a low concentration, they move down the
concentration gradient. It does not require energy and is referred to as passive
transport.
- When molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, they
are said to be moving against the concentration gradient. This requires energy and is
referred to as active transport.​
 Types of Cellular Transport

1. Passive Transport ​
(Cell‫‏‬doesn’t ‫‏‬use ‫‏‬energy)​

- Diffusion ​
- Facilitated Diffusion ​
- Osmosis ​
​
2. Active Transport​
(Cell does use energy )​

- Primary active transport

- Secondary active transport
 Passive Transport​
• cell uses no energy ​
• molecules move randomly ​
• Molecules spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. ​
• (High Low)​
1. Diffusion ​
• Diffusion: random movement of particles from an
area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. (High to Low) ​
• Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly
spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules
will still move around but stay spread out.
 ​
Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific
2. Facilitated Diffusion particles through carrier proteins found
in the membrane.​
- Carrier Proteins are specific – they‫"‏‬select"
only certain molecules to cross the
membrane .​
- Transports larger or charged molecules.
-Transport ions from high concentration to
low concentration ​
- Transport ions such as Sodium (Na +)
Potassium(K +), Calcium(Ca 2+), and
Chloride(Cl -).
- Because ions are not soluble in Lipids, they
cannot diffuse across the bilayer. ​
- Ion channels will open and close in order to
allow specific molecules to cross the
 3. Osmosis
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane • Water
moves from high to low concentrations

Water is polar so it has a hard time passing

through the hydrophobic region of the lipid
bilayer. The cell membrane has protein
channels called aquaporins that allow the
diffusion of water in and out of the cell.
This is called osmosis. Water will diffuse to
the side of the membrane that has the most
negative water potential.
 Active Transport
•cell uses energy ​
•actively moves molecules to where they are needed ​
•Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration​
•(Low High)​

Hydrolysis of ATP:
ATP consists of ribose, adenine, and three
phosphate groups.
It is synthesised from ADP and Pi by ATP
synthase in a condensation reaction.
It is broken down by ATP hydrolase in a
hydrolysis reaction. This releases energy
from a high energy phosphate bond.
Active Transport
- Primary active transport
TYPES
- Secondary active transport

1. Primary active transport:

Primary active transport is a type of active transport that directly uses energy,
usually derived from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to pump
molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This process
is essential for maintaining specific concentration gradients of ions and molecules
inside and outside the cell, which is crucial for various cellular functions.
 ATP-dependent ion transporter types
Based on the transport mechanism as well as genetic and structural homology, there
are considered four classes of ATP-dependent ion pumps:

1. P-class pumps
2. F-class pumps
3. V-class pumps
4. ABC superfamily

The P-, F- and V-classes only

transport ions, while the ABC
superfamily also transports small
molecules.
 P-class ion pumps
The functional mechanism of these pumps is the phosphorylation of the α (alpha)
subunit by the ATP, which will induce a change in its conformation and making
transport possible.

The most important Example: Na+/ K+-ATPase

Location: is present in cell membranes of most animal cells.

Function: is responsible for maintaining the Na+ and K+ concentration differences

across the cell membrane (osmotic stability), for establishing a negative electrical
voltage inside the cell (bioelectricity), for secondary active transport and also
provides the suitable environment for the metabolic pathways occur.
Mechanism of action:
1- The binding of 3 Na+ and
2- The subsequent phosphorylation by ATP of the cytoplasmic face of the pump induce
the protein to undergo a conformational change that
3- Transfers the 3 Na+ across the membrane and releases it on the outside.
4- Then, the binding of 2 K+ on the extracellular surface and
5- The subsequent dephosphorylation return the protein to its original conformation,
which
6- Transfers the 2 K+ across the membrane and releases it into the cytosol.
V-class ion pumps
V-class pumps pumps exclusively
protons. Unlike P-class ion pumps, the
V-class H+ ATPases are not
phosphorylated and dephosphorylated
during proton transport, thus a
phosphorylated protein is not an
intermediate in transport.
V-class H+ pump
Location: it is present in animal lysosomal
and endosomal membranes and plant
vacuole membranes.
Function: it is responsible for maintaining a
lower pH inside the organelles than in the
surrounding cytosol, which is important for
the activity of the lysosomal and endosomal
enzymes.
 - transport H+ ions to make the lumen or inside of
the lysosome acidic (pH 4.5 - 5.0)​
- many of these pumps are paired with Cl- channels
to offset the electrical gradient that is produced by
pumping H+ across the membrane.​
-As H+ is transported into the lysosome Cl- flows in
to keep a balance. ​
-If Cl- doesn't flow in then there is rapid build up of
potential (charge) across the membrane which
would block the further transport of H+.​
- This would occur long before the lumen becomes
acidic because not that many ions need to be
transported to produce the voltage potential.​
-Other pumps like the H+/K+ ATPase pump (a P-class
pump) transport H+ out and at the same time K+ in
to make sure there is no voltage potential created.​
 F-class ion pumps
Location: is found in bacterial plasma
membranes, in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Function: it has an important role in ATP
synthesis, and so can also be called ATP
synthase.
This process takes place in the mitochondria, where
ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial
membrane.Though, whilst the F-ATP synthase
generates ATP by utilizing a proton gradient, the V-
class ATPase is responsible for generating a proton
gradient at the expense of ATP, generating pH
values as low as 1.
Proton Transport:
Protons are actively transported from an area of low concentration (matrix or
stroma) to an area of high concentration (intermembrane space or thylakoid
lumen) across the membrane.
 F0 Subunit and Proton Channel:
The F0 subunit of the ATPase contains a proton channel formed by a ring of c-subunits. Protons move
through this channel in response to the concentration gradient, inducing a rotational motion in the c-
subunit ring.
Rotation of C-Subunit Ring:
The rotation of the c-subunit ring is a key step that is directly connected to proton transport.
Transmission of Rotation:
The rotational motion of the c-subunit ring is transmitted through a central stalk, connecting the F0
subunit to the F1 subunit.
Rotation of γ Subunit:
The central stalk transfers the rotational energy to the γ subunit in the F1 subunit, causing it to rotate.
Conformational Changes in F1 Subunit:
The rotation of the γ subunit induces conformational changes in the α3β3 hexamer of the F1 subunit.
ATP Synthesis:
The conformational changes in the F1 subunit facilitate the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate (Pi) at the three catalytic sites on the β subunits.
Release of ATP:
ATP is released from the catalytic sites, and the F1 subunit is ready for another round of ATP synthesis.
Connection to Proton Transport:
The synthesis of ATP is directly linked to the movement of protons across the membrane. The energy
derived from the proton motive force (created by proton transport) is used to power the rotational motion
and conformational changes necessary for ATP synthesis.
 ABC superfamily
It is also known as ATP-binding
cassette. Each ABC protein is
specific for a single substrate or
group of related substrates. All
ABC transport proteins contain
4 core domains: 2
transmembrane (T) domains,
and 2 cytosolic ATP-binding (A)
domains.
Substrate Binding:
The ABC transporter binds to its specific
substrate on one side of the membrane. This
can be inside the cell (influx transporters) or
outside the cell (efflux transporters),
depending on the transporter's role
 .
ATP Binding:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) binds to the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of the transporter. Each
ABC transporter typically consists of two NBDs.
ATP Hydrolysis:
Upon ATP binding, the NBDs undergo conformational changes that lead to the hydrolysis of ATP into
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process provides the energy necessary
for the transporter's function.
Conformational Changes:
The energy released from ATP hydrolysis drives conformational changes in the transporter protein.
These changes result in the alternating access mechanism, where the transporter alternates between
inward-facing and outward-facing conformations.
Substrate Translocation:
As a result of the conformational changes, the substrate is translocated across the membrane to the
opposite side. This movement can occur against a concentration gradient, making ABC transporters
primary active transporters.
Release of Substrate:
Once the substrate is transported to the other side of the membrane, it is released from the
transporter protein.
Resetting to Resting State:
After substrate release, the transporter returns to its resting state, ready to bind another substrate
molecule and undergo another transport cycle.
 Secondary Active Transport
Secondary active transport, is transport of molecules across the cell membrane utilizing
energy in other forms than ATP. The energy is derived indirectly by using the
concentration or electrochemical gradient generated by a primary active transporter.
Secondary Active Transport

Cotransport Countertransport

transports two molecules together Antiport or countertransport is an

at the same time across the cell exchanger which transports two
membrane. Symport and antiport molecules in opposite directions at the
are two types of cotransport same time.
depending on the direction of
molecules move.
Uniport Symport Antiport

A single molecule is Two molecules are Two molecules are

transported transported transported

The direction of Two molecules Two molecules

transport is either transported in the transported in the
inside or outside same direction opposite direction

Sodium-glucose
symport is present Sodium-calcium antiport
GLUT1 is a glucose in the lining of the is present in the cardiac
transporter present small intestine. Two muscle cells. Three
in the membrane of sodium ions and sodium ions and one
erythrocytes. Helps one glucose calcium ion are
in taking up glucose. molecule are transported in the
transported into the opposite direction.
enterocyte cells.