22

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-433

Dual Nature of
Radiation and Matter
Numerical

Q.1. An atom absorbs a photon of wavelength 500 nm and

emits another photon of wavelength 600 nm. The net energy
absorbed by the atom in this process is n×10−4 eV. The value of
n is __________. [Assume the atom to be stationary during the
absorption and emission process]
(Take h=6.6×10−34 Js and c=3×108 m/s )

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 13th April Evening Shift

Q.2. A monochromatic light is incident on a hydrogen sample in

ground state. Hydrogen atoms absorb a fraction of light and
subsequently emit radiation of six different wavelengths. The
frequency of incident light is x×1015 Hz. The value of x is
____________.
(Given h =4.25×10−15 eVs )

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 11th April Morning Shift

Q.3. Experimentally it is found that 12.8 eV energy is required to

separate a hydrogen atom into a proton and an electron. So the
orbital radius of the electron in a hydrogen atom
is 9/x×10−10 m. The value of the x is __________.
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 6th April Evening Shift

Answer Key & Explanation

1. Ans. Correct answer is 4125

Explanation
2. Ans. Correct answer is 3
Explanation
When a monochromatic light is incident on hydrogen atoms in
the ground state (n = 1), the hydrogen atoms can absorb energy
and transition to higher energy levels. When the atoms return to
lower energy levels, they emit radiation of different
wavelengths corresponding to the energy differences between
the energy levels.

The energy levels of the hydrogen atom are given by the

formula:

where En is the energy of the nth level and n is the principal

quantum number.

Since the hydrogen atoms emit radiation of six different

wavelengths, there must be six different transitions from the
excited states back to lower energy levels.

The six transitions correspond to the following energy level

changes:

1. From n = 2 to n = 1
2. From n = 3 to n = 1
3. From n = 3 to n = 2
4. From n = 4 to n = 1
5. From n = 4 to n = 2
6. From n = 4 to n = 3
3. Ans. Correct answer is 16
Explanation
 MCQ (Single Correct Answer)

Q.1. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron having kinetic

energy E is γ
. If the kinetic energy of electron becomes E/4, then its de-
Broglie
wavelength will be :
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 15th April Morning Shift

Q.2. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as

Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R

Assertion A : The binding energy per nucleon is practically

independent of the atomic number for nuclei of mass number
in the range 30 to 170 .

Reason R : Nuclear force is short ranged.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer

from the options given below

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 13th April Evening Shift

Q.3. Given below are two statements:

Statement I : Out of microwaves, infrared rays and ultraviolet

rays, ultraviolet rays are the most effective for the emission of
electrons from a metallic surface.

Statement II : Above the threshold frequency, the maximum

kinetic energy of photoelectrons is inversely proportional to the
frequency of the incident light.

In the light of above statements, choose the correct answer

form the options given below

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 13th April Evening Shift

Q.4. he difference between threshold wavelengths for two

metal surfaces A and B having work
function
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 13th April Morning Shift

Q.5. A metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of

wavelength γ, the stopping potential is V0. If the same surface
is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2γ. the stopping
potential becomes Vo/4. The threshold wavelength for this
metallic surface will be
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 11th April Morning Shift

Q.6. The variation of stopping potential (V0) as a function of the

frequency (v) of the incident light for a metal is shown in figure.
The work function of the surface is

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 10th April Evening Shift

Q.7. The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule in a gas at room
temperature (300 K) is λ1. If the temperature of the gas is
increased to 600 K, then the de Broglie wavelength of the same
gas molecule becomes

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 10th April Morning Shift

Q.8. In photo electric effect

A. The photocurrent is proportional to the intensity of the

incident radiation

B. Maximum Kinetic energy with which photoelectrons are

emitted depends on the intensity of incident light.

C. Max. K.E with which photoelectrons are emitted depends on

the frequency of incident light.

D. The emission of photoelectrons require a minimum

threshold intensity of incident radiation.
E. Max. K.E of the photoelectrons is independent of the
frequency of the incident light.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 8th April Evening Shift

Q.9. The waves emitted when a metal target is bombarded with

high energy electrons are
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 8th April Evening Shift

Q.10. The work functions of Aluminium and Gold are 4.1 eV and
and 5.1 eV respectively. The ratio of the slope of the stopping
potential versus frequency plot for Gold to that of Aluminium is

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 6th April Evening Shift

Q.11. The energy levels of an hydrogen atom are shown below.

The transition corresponding to emission of shortest
wavelength is
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 6th April Morning Shift

Q.12. The threshold frequency of a metal is f0. When the light

of frequency 2f0 is incident on the metal plate, the maximum
velocity of photoelectrons is v1. When the frequency of incident
radiation is increased to 5f0, the maximum velocity of
photoelectrons emitted is v2. The ratio of v1 to v2 is :
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 1st February Evening Shift

Q.13. If the two metals A and B are exposed to radiation of

wavelength 350 nm. The work functions of
metals A and B are 4.8eV and 2.2eV. Then choose the correct
option.

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 31st January Evening Shift

Q.14. If a source of electromagnetic radiation having

power 15 kW produces 1016 photons per second, the radiation
belongs to a part of spectrum is.

(Take Planck constant ℎ=6×10−34Js )

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 31st January Morning Shift
Q.15. An electron accelerated through a potential
difference v1 has a de-Broglie wavelength of λ. When the
potential is changed to v2, its de-Broglie wavelength increases
by 50%. The value of (v1/v2) is equal to

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 30th January Evening Shift

Q.16. A small object at rest, absorbs a light pulse of
power 20 mW and duration 300 ns. Assuming speed of light
as 3×108 m/s, the momentum of the object becomes equal to :
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 30th January Morning Shift

Q.17. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission

from a material is 5500 Ao. Photoelectrons will be emitted,
when this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation
from a

A. 75 W infra-red lamp

B. 10 W infra-red lamp

C. 75 W ultra-violet lamp

D. 10 W ultra-violet lamp

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 29th January Morning Shift

Q.18. Given below are two statements :

Statement I : Stopping potential in photoelectric effect does not

depend on the power of the light source.

Statement II : For a given metal, the maximum kinetic energy of

the photoelectron depends on the wavelength of the incident
light.

In the light of above statements, choose the most appropriate

answer from the options given below

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 25th January Evening Shift

Q.19. Electron beam used in an electron microscope, when
accelerated by a voltage of 20 kV, has a de-Broglie wavelength
of λ0. IF the voltage is increased to 40 kV, then the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with the electron beam would be :

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 25th January Morning Shift

Q.20. A photon is emitted in transition from n = 4 to n = 1 level

in hydrogen atom. The corresponding wavelength for this
transition is (given, h = 4 × 10−15 eVs) :
JEE Main 2023 (Online) 24th January Evening Shift
Q.21. From the photoelectric effect experiment, following
observations are made. Identify which of these are correct.

A. The stopping potential depends only on the work function of

the metal.

B. The saturation current increases as the intensity of incident

light increases.

C. The maximum kinetic energy of a photo electron depends on

the intensity of the incident light.

D. Photoelectric effect can be explained using wave theory of

light.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 24th January Morning Shift

 Answer Key & Explanation

1. Ans. (B)
Explanation

2. Ans. (C)
Explanation
The statement about the binding energy per nucleon is true,
and is known as the semi-empirical mass formula. According to
this formula, the binding energy per nucleon for nuclei in the
range of mass numbers 30 to 170 is nearly constant, with a
maximum value around mass number 60.
The statement about nuclear force being short ranged is also
true. The strong nuclear force that binds nucleons together is a
short-range force that acts only over distances of a few
femtometers.

Therefore, both Assertion A and Reason R are true, and Reason

R provides a valid explanation for Assertion A. The correct
answer is:

So, Both Assertion A and Reason R are true, and Reason R is

the correct explanation for Assertion A.
3. Ans. (B)
Explanation
Now let's analyze both statements:

4. Ans. (B)
Explanation
5. Ans. (A)
Explanation
6. Ans. (D)
Explanation

7. Ans. (C)
Explanation
8. Ans. (D)
Explanation
The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of emission of
electrons (or photoelectrons) from the surface of a metal when
it is illuminated by light of sufficient energy. The observations
from the photoelectric effect led to the development of
quantum theory.

According to the principles of the photoelectric effect:

A. The photocurrent (number of photoelectrons ejected per unit

time) is indeed proportional to the intensity of the incident
radiation. More intense light means more photons hitting the
surface and thus more electrons being ejected.
B. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons does not
depend on the intensity of the incident light but rather on its
frequency. Increasing the intensity of light increases the
number of photoelectrons (current) but does not increase their
maximum kinetic energy.

C. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons does

indeed depend on the frequency of the incident light. If the
frequency of the incident light is below a certain threshold
frequency specific to the metal, no photoelectrons are emitted
regardless of the intensity of the light. Above this threshold, the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons increases
linearly with the frequency of the light.

D. The emission of photoelectrons does not require a minimum

threshold intensity of incident radiation, but rather a minimum
threshold frequency.

E. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is not

independent of the frequency of the incident light, but rather
depends on it.

Therefore, only statements A and C are correct.

9. Ans. (D)
Explanation
When a metal target is bombarded with high-energy electrons,
the phenomenon known as X-ray emission occurs. This is due
to the excitation of the inner-shell electrons in the metal atoms
by the high-energy electrons. When these inner-shell electrons
drop back to their original energy levels, they emit energy in the
form of X-ray photons.
10. Ans. (c)
Explanation
11.Ans. (D)
12. Ans. (A)
Explanation
13. Ans. (C)
Explanation

14. Ans. (A)

Explanation

15. Ans. (D)

Explanation
16. Ans. (D)
Explanation

17. Ans. (C)

Explanation
18. Ans. (C)

Explanation

Statement I is correct as stopping potential is independent of

power of light used.

Statement II is correct as maximum kinetic energy of

photoelectron depends on wavelength of light.

19. Ans. (C)

Explanation

20. Ans. (B)

Explanation
21. Ans. (D)

Explanation
 2022
Numerical

Q.1. Nearly 10% of the power of a 110 W light bulb is converted to visible
radiation. The change in average intensities of visible radiation, at a
distance of 1 m from the bulb to a distance of 5 m is a×10−2 W/m2. The
value of 'a' will be _________.

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 29th July Evening Shift

Q.2. A freshly prepared radioactive source of half life 2 hours 30 minutes

emits radiation which is 64 times the permissible safe level. The minimum
time, after which it would be possible to work safely with source, will be
_________ hours.

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 28th July Morning Shift

Q.3. Two lighter nuclei combine to form a comparatively heavier nucleus

by the relation given below:

The binding energies per nucleon for

respectively. The energy released in this process is _______________ MeV.

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 26th July Evening Shift

Q.4. The stopping potential for photoelectrons emitted from a surface

illuminated by light of wavelength 6630 Ao is 0.42 V. If the threshold
frequency is x × 1013 /s, where x is _________ (nearest integer).

(Given, speed light = 3 × 108 m/s, Planck's constant = 6.63 × 10−34 Js)

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 26th June Evening Shift

Q.5. When light of frequency twice the threshold frequency is incident on
the metal plate, the maximum velocity of emitted electron is v1. When the
frequency of incident radiation is increased to five times the threshold
value, the maximum velocity of emitted electron becomes v2. If v2 = x v1, the
value of x will be __________.
JEE Main 2022 (Online) 24th June Morning Shift

Answer Key & Explanation

1. Ans. Correct answer is 84

Explanation

2. Ans. Correct answer is 15

Explanation

3. Ans. Correct answer is 26

Explanation

4. Ans. Correct answer is 35

Explanation

5. Ans. Correct answer is 2

Explanation
 MCQ (Single Correct Answer)

Q.1. The kinetic energy of emitted electron is E when the light incident on
the metal has wavelength λ. To double the kinetic energy, the incident light
must have wavelength:

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 29th July Morning Shift

Q.2. Two streams of photons, possessing energies equal to five and ten
times the work function of metal are incident on the metal surface
successively. The ratio of maximum velocities of the photoelectron
emitted, in the two cases respectively, will be

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 28th July Evening Shift

Q.3. The half life period of a radioactive substance is 60 days. The time
taken for 7/8 th of its original mass to disintegrate will be :

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 28th July Morning Shift

Q.4. With reference to the observations in photo-electric effect, identify the
correct statements from below :

(A) The square of maximum velocity of photoelectrons varies linearly with

frequency of incident light.

(B) The value of saturation current increases on moving the source of light
away from the metal surface.

(C) The maximum kinetic energy of photo-electrons decreases on

decreasing the power of LED (light emitting diode) source of light.

(D) The immediate emission of photo-electrons out of metal surface can

not be explained by particle nature of light/electromagnetic waves.

(E) Existence of threshold wavelength can not be explained by wave nature

of light/ electromagnetic waves.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 27th July Evening Shift

Q.5. An electron (mass m) with an initial velocity is moving

in an electric field where E0 is constant. If at t=0 de
Broglie wavelength is , then its de Broglie wavelength after time t is
given by
JEE Main 2022 (Online) 27th July Morning Shift

Q.6. A metal exposed to light of wavelength 800 nm and and emits

photoelectrons with a certain kinetic energy. The maximum kinetic energy
of photo-electron doubles when light of wavelength 500 nm is used. The
workfunction of the metal is : (Take hc =1230eV−nm ).

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 25th July Morning Shift

Q.7. A source of monochromatic light liberates 9 × 1020 photon per second

with wavelength 600 nm when operated at 400 W. The number of photons
emitted per second with wavelength of 800 nm by the source of
monochromatic light operating at same power will be :

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 30th June Morning Shift

Q.8. The electric field at a point associated with a light wave is given by
E = 200 [sin (6 × 1015)t + sin (9 × 1015)t] Vm−1

Given : h = 4.14 × 10−15 eVs

If this light falls on a metal surface having a work function of 2.50 eV, the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons will be

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 29th June Evening Shift

Q.9. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion A and
the other is labelled as Reason R :

Assertion A : The photoelectric effect does not takes place, if the energy of
the incident radiation is less than the work function of a metal.

Reason R : Kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is zero, if the energy of the

incident radiation is equal to the work function of a metal.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer
from the options given below.

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 29th June Morning Shift

Q.10. The Q-value of a nuclear reaction and kinetic energy of the projectile
particle, Kp are related as :
JEE Main 2022 (Online) 28th June Morning Shift

Q.11. Given below are two statements :

Statement I : In hydrogen atom, the frequency of radiation emitted when an
electron jumps from lower energy orbit (E1) to higher energy orbit (E2), is
given as hf = E1 − E2

Statement II : The jumping of electron from higher energy orbit (E2) to lower
energy orbit (E1) is associated with frequency of radiation given as f =
(E2 − E1)/h

This condition is Bohr's frequency condition.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the
options given below :

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 27th June Evening Shift

Q.12. A metal surface is illuminated by a radiation of wavelength 4500 Ao.

The ejected photo-electron enters a constant magnetic field of 2 mT
making an angle of 90∘ with the magnetic field. If it starts revolving in a
circular path of radius 2 mm, the work function of the metal is
approximately :
JEE Main 2022 (Online) 26th June Evening Shift

Q.13. How many alpha and beta particles are emitted when Uranium
92 U238 decays to lead 82Pb206 ?

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 26th June Morning Shift

Q.14. Given below are two statements :

Statement I : Davisson-Germer experiment establishes the wave nature of
electrons.

Statement II : If electrons have wave nature, they can interfere and show
diffraction.

In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the
option given below :
JEE Main 2022 (Online) 25th June Morning Shift

Q.15. The light of two different frequencies whose photons have energies
3.8 eV and 1.4 eV respectively, illuminate a metallic surface whose work
function is 0.6 eV successively. The ratio of maximum speeds of emitted
electrons for the two frequencies respectively will be :

JEE Main 2022 (Online) 24th June Evening Shift

Q.16. Nucleus A is having mass number 220 and its binding energy per
nucleon is 5.6 MeV. It splits in two fragments 'B' and 'C' of mass numbers
105 and 115. The binding energy of nucleons in 'B' and 'C' is 6.4 MeV per
nucleon. The energy Q released per fission will be :
JEE Main 2022 (Online) 24th June Morning Shift

Answer Key & Explanation

1. Ans. (B)
Explanation

2. Ans. (C)
Explanation
3. Ans. (C)
Explanation

4. Ans. (B)
Explanation

And, threshold wavelength can be explained by particle nature of light.

5. Ans. (D)
Explanation
6. Ans. (C)
Explanation

7. Ans. (A)
Explanation
As we know
8. Ans. (D)
Explanation

9. Ans. (B)
Explanation
When energy of incident radiation is equal to the work function of the
metal, then the KE of photoelectrons would be zero. But this statement
does not comment on the situation when energy is less than the work
function.

10. Ans. (D)

Explanation
Even the particle has to be given kinetic energy greater than magnitude of
Q to maintain momentum conservation.

11. Ans. (D)

Explanation
Radiation is not emitted but absorbed when an electron jumps from low
energy to high energy.

12. Ans. (A)

Explanation

13. Ans. (D)

Explanation
14. Ans. (A)
Explanation
Davisson-Germer experiment is done and establishes the wave nature of
electrons. Interference and diffraction establishes wave nature.

15. Ans. (B)

Explanation

16. Ans. (D)

Explanation
 Numerical
Q.1 The Kα X-ray of molybdenum has wavelength 0.071 nm. If the energy of a molybdenum
atoms with a K electron knocked out is 27.5 keV, the energy of this atom when an L electron is
knocked out will be __________ keV. (Round off to the nearest integer)

27th July Evening Shift 2021

2021
Q.2 A transistor is connected in common emitter circuit configuration, the collector supply
voltage is 10 V and the voltage drop across a resistor of 1000 ΩΩ in the collector circuit is 0.6
V. If the current gain factor (β) is 24, then the base current is _____________ μA. (Round off to the
Nearest Integer)

27th July Morning Shift 2021

Q.3 A radioactive sample has an average life of 30 ms and is decaying. A capacitor of

capacitance 200 μF is first charged and later connected with resistor 'R'. If the ratio of charge
on capacitor to the activity of radioactive sample is fixed with respect to time then the value of
'R' should be _____________ Ω.

27th July Morning Shift 2021

Q.4 A light beam of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a metal having work function of 1.25 eV,
placed in a magnetic field of intensity B. The electrons emitted perpendicular to the magnetic
field B, with maximum kinetic energy are bent into circular are of radius 30 cm. The value of B is
___________ × 10−7 T.

Given hc = 20 × 10−26 J-m, mass of electron = 9 × 10−31 kg

25th July Evening Shift 2021

Q.5 A certain metallic surface is illuminated by monochromatic radiation of wavelength λ. The

stopping potential for photoelectric current for this radiation is 3V0. If the same surface is
illuminated with a radiation of wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is V0. The threshold
wavelength of this surface for photoelectric effect is ____________ λ.

20th July Evening Shift 2021

Q.6 If 2.5 × 10−6 N average force is exerted by a light wave on a non-reflecting surface of 30
cm2 area during 40 minutes of time span, the energy flux of light just before it falls on the
surface is ___________ W/cm2. (Round off to the Nearest Integer)

(Assume complete absorption and normal incidence conditions are there)

17th Mar Morning Shift 2021

Q.7 Two stream of photons, possessing energies equal to twice and ten times the work
function of metal are incident on the metal surface successively. The value of ratio of maximum
velocities of the photoelectrons emitted in the two respective cases is x : y. The value of x is
___________.

26th Feb Evening Shift 2021

Numerical Answer Key

1. Ans. (10)
2. Ans. (25)
3. Ans. (150)
4. Ans. (125)
5. Ans. (4)
6. Ans. (150)
7. Ans. (1)
 Numerical Explanation

Ans 1.

EL = (27.5 − 17.5) keV

= 10 keV

Ans 2.
Ans 3.

C = 200 μF

Since q/N is constant hence

Ans 4. By photoelectric equation

Ans 5.
Ans 6.

I=P×C

Ans 7.
 MCQ (Single Correct Answer)

Q.1 The half life period of radioactive element x is same as the mean life time of
another radioactive element y. Initially they have the same number of atoms. Then :

1st Sep Evening Shift 2021

Q.2 The temperature of an ideal gas in 3-dimensions is 300 K. The corresponding

de-Broglie wavelength of the electron approximately at 300 K, is :
1st Sep Evening Shift 2021

Q.3 Consider two separate ideal gases of electrons and protons having same number
of particles. The temperature of both the gases are same. The ratio of the
uncertainty in determining the position of an electron to that of a proton is
proportional to :-

31st Aug Evening Shift 2021

Q.4 A free electron of 2.6 eV energy collides with a H+ ion. This results in the
formation of a hydrogen atom in the first excited state and a photon is released. Find
the frequency of the emitted photon. (h = 6.6 × 10−34 Js)
31st Aug Evening Shift 2021

Q.5 A monochromatic neon lamp with wavelength of 670.5 nm illuminates a photo-

sensitive material which has a stopping voltage of 0.48 V. What will be the stopping
voltage if the source light is changed with another source of wavelength of 474.6
nm?

27th Aug Evening Shift 2021

Q.6 In a photoelectric experiment, increasing the intensity of incident light :

27th Aug Morning Shift 2021

Q.7 The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle having kinetic energy E is λ. How much
extra energy must be given to this particle so that the de-Broglie wavelength
reduces to 75% of the initial value?

26th Aug Evening Shift 2021

Q.8 In a photoelectric experiment ultraviolet light of wavelength 280 nm is used

with lithium cathode having work function ϕ = 2.5 eV. If the wavelength of incident
light is switched to 400 nm, find out the change in the stopping potential.
(h = 6.63 × 10−34 Js, c = 3 × 108 ms−1)

26th Aug Morning Shift 2021

Q.9 If 'f' denotes the ratio of the number of nuclei decayed (Nd) to the number of
nuclei at t = 0 (N0) then for a collection of radioactive nuclei, the rate of change of 'f'
with respect to time is given as :
[λ is the radioactive decay constant]
27th July Morning Shift 2021

Q.10 When radiation of wavelength λ is incident on a metallic surface, the stopping

potential of ejected photoelectrons is 4.8 V. If the same surface is illuminated by
radiation of double the previous wavelength, then the stopping potential becomes
1.6 V. The threshold wavelength of the metal is :

25th July Evening Shift 2021

Q.11
25th July Morning Shift 2021

Q.12 Some nuclei of a radioactive material are undergoing radioactive decay. The
time gap between the instances when a quarter of the nuclei have decayed and
when half of the nuclei have decayed is given as:
(where λ is the decay constant)

25th July Morning Shift 2021

Q.13 An electron having de-Broglie wavelength λ is incident on a target in a X-ray

tube. Cut-off wavelength of emitted X-ray is :

20th July Evening Shift 2021

Q.14 The radiation corresponding to 3 → 2 transition of a hydrogen atom falls on a
gold surface to generate photoelectrons. The electrons are passed through a
magnetic field of 5 × 10−4 T. Assume that the radius of the largest circular path
followed by these electrons is 7 mm, the work function of the metal is: (Mass of
electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg)
20th July Morning Shift 2021

Q.15 Two identical photocathodes receive the light of frequencies f1 and

f2 respectively. If the velocities of the photo-electrons coming out are v1 and
v2 respectively, then

17th Mar Evening Shift 2021

Q.16 The stopping potential in the context of photoelectric effect depends on the
following property of incident electromagnetic radiation :

16th Mar Morning Shift 2021

Q.17 The recoil speed of a hydrogen atom after it emits a photon in going from n = 5
state to n = 1 state will be :

26th Feb Evening Shift 2021

Q.18 Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: An electron microscope can achieve better resolving power than an
optical microscope.
Reason R: The de Broglie's wavelength of the electrons emitted from an electron gun
is much less than wavelength of visible light.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below:

26th Feb Morning Shift 2021

Q.19 The stopping potential for electrons emitted from a photosensitive surface
illuminated by light of wavelength 491 nm is 0.710 V. When the incident wavelength
is changed to a new value, the stopping potential is 1.43 V. The new wavelength is :
25th Feb Morning Shift 2021

Q.20 The wavelength of the photon emitted by a hydrogen atom when an electron
makes a transition from n = 2 to n = 1 state is :

25th Feb Evening Shift 2021

Q.21 An α particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by a potential difference
of 200V. After this, their de Broglie wavelengths are λα and λp respectively. The

ratio
25th Feb Morning Shift 2021

Q.22 According to Bohr atom model, in which of the following transitions will the
frequency be maximum?

24th Feb Evening Shift 2021

Q.23 Match List - I with List - II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

24th Feb Evening Shift 2021

Q.24 An X-ray tube is operated at 1.24 million volt. The shortest wavelength of the
produced photon will be :

24th Feb Evening Shift 2021

Q.25 Given below are two statements :

Statement I : Two photons having equal linear momenta have equal wavelengths.
Statement II : If the wavelength of photon is decreased, then the momentum and
energy of a photon will also decrease.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below.

MCQ Answer Key

1. Ans. (b) 10. Ans. (b) 19. Ans. (d)

2. Ans. (a) 11. Ans. (d) 20. Ans. (d)
 3. Ans. (c) 12. Ans. (d) 21. Ans. (b)
4. Ans. (c) 13. Ans. (c) 22. Ans. (a)
5. Ans. (b) 14. Ans. (c) 23. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (d) 15. Ans. (d) 24. Ans. (c)
7. Ans. (b) 16. Ans. (b) 25. Ans. (d)
8. Ans. (a) 17. Ans. (d)
9. Ans. (c) 18. Ans. (c)

MCQ Explanation

Ans 1.
Given, (τ1/2)x = (τ)y
Here, τ1/2 = half-life period of radioactive element and τ = mean life period of
radioactive element.
As we know the expression,
Half-life of the radioactive element x,

Mean life of the radioactive element y,

Substituting the values in Eq. (i), we get

Initially they have same number of atoms,

As we know that,

Therefore, y will decay faster than x.

Ans 2.
Given, Planck's constant, h = 6.6 × 10−34 Js
Boltzmann constant, kB = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K
Mass of an electron, me = 9 × 10−31 kg
Temperature of an ideal gas, T = 300 K
As we know that, de-Broglie wavelength,

Here, E is the kinetic energy,

Substituting value of E in Eq. (i), we get

Substituting the given values in the above equation, we get

= 6.26 nm
∴ The corresponding de-Broglie wavelength of an electron approximately at 300 K is
6.26 nm.
Ans 3.

Ans 4.
For every large distance P.E. = 0
& total energy = 2.6 + 0 = 2.6 eV
Finally in first excited state of H atom total energy = −3.4 eV
Loss in total energy = 2.6 − (−3.4) = 6 eV
It is emitted as photon

= 1.45 × 109 Hz
Ans 5.

when λi = 670.5 nm ; Vo = 0.48

when λi = 474.6 nm ; Vo = ?
So,

(2) − (1)

Vo = 0.48 + 0.76
Vo = 1.24 V ≃ 1.25 V
Ans 6.
→ Increasing intensity means number of incident photons are increased.
→ Kinetic energy of ejected electrons depend on the frequency of incident photons,
not the intensity.
Ans 7.
Ans 8.

Ans 9.

Nd = N0 – N

Ans 10.

Using above equation (i) - (ii)

Put in equation (ii)
ϕ = 1.6

Ans 11.
A = λN

N = Number of atoms in 2 mg Au

Ans 12.
Ans 13.

Ans 15.

Subtracting equation (1) by equation (2)

Ans 16. Stopping potential depends on frequency, according to Einstein's

photoelectric equation.

Ans 17. (ΔE) Releases when photon going from n = 5 to n = 1

ΔE = (13.6 − 0.54) eV = 13.06 eV.
Pi = Pf (By linear momentum conservation)
Ans 18.

Since, wavelength of electron is much less than visible light, its resolving power will
be much more.
Ans 19. From the photoelectric effect equation

Subtract equation (i) from equation (ii)

Ans 20.
ΔE = 10.2 eV

= 121.56 nm
≃ 121.8 nm
Ans 21. We know,

Ans 22. Let, nf, ni be the final and initial orbit.

As we know that,
Now, checking for each option, we get

The option (b) has highest value.

∴ Frequency will be maximum for transition n = 2 to n = 1.

Ans 23.
(a) Source of microwave frequency - (ii) Magnetron
(b) Source of infra red frequency - (iv) Vibration of atom and molecules
(c) Source of gamma ray - (i) Radio active decay of nucleus
(d) Source of X-ray - (iii) inner shell electron
Ans 24.
Given, V = 1.24 million volt = 1.24 × 106 volt
Since, energy (E) = eV
where, e is the charge of electron = 1.6 × 10−19 C
∴ E = 1.6 × 10−19 ×× 1.24 × 106 ..... (i)
As we know that,
Here, Planck's constant, h = 6.67 × 10−34 J-s,
c = speed of light in free space, c = 3 × 108 ms−1
Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

= 10−3 nm
Ans 25.

If linear momenta of two photons are equal, then their wavelengths is also equal.
Also, if the wavelength is decreased, then the momentum and energy of photon will
increase.
Hence, option (d) is correct.
25

5. A particle moving with kinetic energy E has de Broglie

Matter Waves, Cathode wavelength l. If energy DE is added to its energy, the
TOPIC 1
and Positive Rays l
wavelength become . Value of DE, is: [9 Jan. 2020 I]
1. An electron, a doubly ionized helium ion (He+ +) and a 2
proton are having the same kinetic energy. The relation (a) E (b) 4E (c) 3E (d) 2E
between their respective de-Broglie wavelengths le, lHe++ 6. An electron of mass m and magnitude of charge |e| initially
and lp is : [Sep. 06, 2020 (I)] at rest gets accelerated by a constant electric field E. The
(a) le > lHe+ + > lp (b) le < lHe+ + = lp rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength of this electron at
time t ignoring relativistic effects is: [9 Jan. 2020 II]
(c) le > lp > lHe+ + (d) le < lp < lHe+ +
2. Assuming the nitrogen molecule is moving with h | e | Et
(a) - (b)
r.m.s.velocity at 400 K, the de-Broglie wavelength of |e|E t h
nitrongen molecule is close to :
h -h
(Given : nitrogen molecule weight : 4.64 × 10–26 kg, Boltzman (c) - (d)
| e | Et | e | Et 2
constant : 1.38 × 10–23 J/K, Planck constant : 6.63 × 10–34 J.s)
r
[Sep. 06, 2020 (II)] 7. An electron (mass m) with initial velocity v = v0iˆ + v0 ˆj is
r
(a) 0.24 Å (b) 0.20 Å in an electric field E = - E0 kˆ. If l 0 is initial de-Broglie
(c) 0.34 Å (d) 0.44 Å wavelength of electron, its de-Broglie wave length at time
m t is given by: [8 Jan. 2020 II]
3. Particle A of mass mA = moving along the x-axis with
2 l0 2
velocity v0 collides elastically with another particle B at l0
(a) (b)
2 2 2
m e E t e2 E02 t 2
rest having mass mB = . If both particles move along 1+ 1+
3 m2 v02 m2 v02
the x-axis after the collision, the change Dl in de-Broglie
wavelength of particle A, in terms of its de-Broglie l0 l0
wavelength (l0) before collision is : [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)] (c) (d)
2
e E t 2 2
e2 E 2t 2
3 5 1+ 2+
(a) Dl = l0 (b) Dl = l0 2 m2 v02 m 2 v02
2 2
8. A particle ‘P’ is formed due to a completely inelastic collision
(c) Dl = 2l 0 (d) Dl = 4l 0 of particles ‘x’ and ‘y’ having de-Broglie wavelengths ‘gx’
4. A particle is moving 5 times as fast as an electron. The and ‘gy’ respectively. If x and y were moving in opposite
ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength of the particle to that of directions, then the de-Broglie wavelength of ‘P’ is:
the electron is 1.878 × 10–4. The mass of the particle is [9 Apr. 2019 II]
close to : [Sep. 02, 2020 (II)]
g xg y g xg y
(a) 4.8 × 10–27 kg (b) 9.1 × 10–31 kg (a) (b) | g - g |
(c) 1.2 × 10–28 kg (d) 9.7 × 10–28 kg gx +g y x y

(c) g x - g y (d) g x + g y
P-434 Physics

9. Two particles move at right angle to each other. Their de lA 2 lA 1

Broglie wavelengths are l1 and l2 respectively. The particles (a) = (b) =
lB 3 lB 2
suffer perfectly inelastic collision. The de Broglie
wavelength l, of the final particle, is given by : lA 1 lA
[8 April 2019 I] (c) = (d) l = 2
lB 3 B
1 1 1 16. A parallel beam of electrons travelling in
(a) = + (b) l = l1l2
l 2
l12 l 22 x-direction falls on a slit of width d (see figure). If after
passing the slit, an electron acquires momentum py in the
l2 + l2 2 1 1 y-direction then for a majority of electrons passing through
(c) l = (d) l = l + l the slit (h is Planck’s constant) : [Online April 10, 2015]
2 1 2
10. A particle A of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is accelerated by a
potential difference of 50v Another particle B of mass ‘4m’
and charge‘q’ is accelerated by a potential differnce of Y
lA
2500V. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength is X
lB

[12 Jan. 2019 I]

(a) 10.00 (b) 0.07
(c) 14.14 (d) 4.47
11. If the deBroglie wavelength of an electron is equal to 10– (a) |Py| d > h (b) |Py| d < h
3 times the wavelength of a photon of frequency 6 × 1014 (c) |Py| d ; h (d) |Py| d > >h
Hz, then the speed of electron is equal to : 17. de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated by a voltage
(Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s) of 50 V is close to (|e| = 1.6 × 10–19 C, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg,
Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10–34J.s h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js) : [Online April 10, 2015]
Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) [11 Jan. 2019 I] (a) 2.4 Å (b) 0.5 Å (c) 1.7 Å (d) 1.2 Å
(a) 1.1 ×106 m/s (b) 1.7 ×106 m/s 18. For which of the following particles will it be most difficult
to experimentally verify the de-Broglie relationship?
(c) 1.8 ×106 m/s (d) 1.45 ×106 m/s
12. In an electron microscope, the resolution that can be [Online April 9, 2014]
achieved is of the order of the wavelength of electrons (a) an electron (b) a proton
used. To resolve a width of 7.5 × 10–12 m, the minimum (c) an a-particle (d) a dust particle
electron energy required is close to:[10 Jan. 2019 I] 19. Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V
(a) 500 keV (b) 100 keV (c) 1 keV (d) 25 keV and protons are accelerated through a potential difference
13. Two electrons are moving with non-relativistic speeds 4 V. The de-Broglie wavelengths are le and lp for electrons
perpendicular to each other. If corresponding de Broglie
le
wavelengths are l1 and l2, their de Broglie wavelength in and protons respectively. The ratio of is given by :
the frame of reference attached to their centre of mass is: lp
[Online April 15, 2018] (given me is mass of electron and mp is mass of proton).
[Online April 23, 2013]
1 1 1
(a) lCM = l1 = l2 (b) = +
l1 l1 l 2 le mp le me
(a) = (b) =
lp me lp mp
2l1l 2 æ l + l2 ö
lCM = lCM = ç 1
(c)
l12 + l 22
(d) ÷ le 1 me mp
è 2 ø le
(c) = (d) =2
14. If the de Broglie wavelengths associated with a proton and l p 2 mp lp me
an a-particle are equal, then the ratio of velocities of the
20. If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, it’s de-
proton and the a-particle will be:[Online April 15, 2018]
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 2 : 1 Broglie wavelength changes by the factor [2005]
15. A particle A of mass m and initial velocity v collides with 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2
m
a particle B of mass which is at rest. The collision is 21. Formation of covalent bonds in compounds exhibits [2002]
2 (a) wave nature of electron
head on, and elastic. The ratio of the de-Broglie (b) particle nature of electron
wavelengths lA to lB after the collision is [2017] (c) both wave and particle nature of electron
(d) none of these
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-435

27. Two sources of light emit X-rays of wavelength 1 nm and

Photon, Photoelectric Effect visible light of wavelength 500 nm, respectively. Both the
TOPIC 2 X-rays and Davisson-Germer sources emit light of the same power 200 W. The ratio of
Experiment the number density of photons of X-rays to the number
density of photons of the visible light of the given
22. A beam of electrons of energy E scatters from a target wavelengths is : [Sep. 03, 2020 (II)]
having atomic spacing of 1Å. The first maximum intensity
1 1
occurs at q = 60º. Then E (in eV) is ______. (a) (b) 250 (c) (d) 500
500 250
(Plank constant h = 6.64 × 10–34 Js, 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J, 28. When radiation of wavelength l is used to illuminate a
electron mass m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) [NA Sep. 05, 2020 (I)] metallic surface, the stopping potential is V. When the
23. The surface of a metal is illuminated alternately with same surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength
photons of energies E1 = 4 eV and E2 = 2.5 eV respectively.
V
The ratio of maximum speeds of the photoelectrons emitted 3l, the stopping potential is . If the theshold
in the two cases is 2. The work function of the metal in (eV) 4
is _______________. [NA Sep. 05, 2020 (II)] wavelength for the metallic surface is nl then value of n
24. Given figure shows few data points in a photo electric will be _________. [NA Sep. 02, 2020 (I)]
effect experiment for a certain metal. The minimum energy 29. Radiation, with wavelength 6561 Å falls on a metal surface
for ejection of electron from its surface is : (Plancks constant to produce photoelectrons. The electrons are made to enter
h = 6.62 × 10–34 J.s) [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)] a uniform magnetic field of 3 × 10–4 T. If the radius of the
largest circular path followed by the electrons is 10 mm,
Y the work function of the metal is close to: [9 Jan. 2020 I]
(a) 1.1 ev (b) 0.8 ev
Vstop (V)

(c) 1.6 ev (d) 1.8 ev

C 30. When photon of energy 4.0 eV strikes the surface of a
(6, V) metal A, the ejected photoelectrons have maximum kinetic
B (5.5, 0) energy TA eV and de-Broglie wavelength lA. The maximum
kinetic energy of photoelectrons liberated from another
A metal B by photon of energy 4.50 eV is TB=(TA–1.5)eV. If
X
5 14
f(10 Hz) the de-Broglie wavelength of these photoelectrons lB =
2lA, then the work function of metal B is:[8 Jan. 2020 I]
(a) 2.27 eV (b) 2.59 eV (a) 4 eV (b) 2 eV
(c) 1.5 eV (d) 3 eV
(c) 1.93 eV (d) 2.10 eV
31. A beam of electromagnetic radiation of intensity
25. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph of stopping
6.4 × 10–5 W/cm 2 is comprised of wavelength, l = 310
potential V versus reciprocal of wavelength obtained is
nm. It falls normally on a metal (work function j = 2eV)
shown in the figure. As the intensity of incident radiation
of surface area of 1 cm 2. If one in 10 3 photons ejects an
is increased : [Sep. 04, 2020 (II)]
electron, total number of electrons ejected in 1 s is 10x .
V (hc = 1240 eVnm, l eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J), then x is _______.
[NA 7 Jan. 2020 I]
32. The stopping potential V0 (in volt) as a function of frequency
(v) for a sodium emitter, is shown in the figure. The work
q function of sodium, from the data plotted in the figure, will be :
1/l
(Given : Planck’s constant (h) = 6.63 × 10–34 Js, electron
(a) Straight line shifts to right charge e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) [12 Apr. 2019 I]
(b) Slope of the straight line get more steep
(c) Straight line shifts to left
(d) Graph does not change
26. When the wavelength of radiation falling on a metal is
changed from 500 nm to 200 nm, the maximum kinetic energy
of the photoelectrons becomes three times larger. The work
function of the metal is close to : [Sep. 03, 2020 (I)]
(a) 0.81 eV (b) 1.02 eV
(c) 0.52 eV (d) 0.61 eV (a) 1.82 eV (b) 1.66 eV (c) 1.95 eV (d) 2.12 eV
P-436 Physics

33. In a photoelectric effect experiment the threshold 40. Surface of certain metal is first illuminated with light of
wavelength of light is 380 nm. If the wavelength of incident wavelength l1 = 350 nm and then, by light of wavelength
light is 260 nm, the maximum kinetic energy of emitted l2 = 540 nm. It is found that the maximum speed of the
electrons will be: photo electrons in the two cases differ by a factor of (2)
The work function of the metal (in eV) is close to:
Given E (in eV) = [10 Apr. 2019 I]
(a) 1.5 eV (b) 3.0 eV (c) 4.5 eV (d) 15.1 eV 1240
(Energy of photon = l in nm eV ) [9 Jan. 2019 I]
34. A 2 mW laser operates at a wavelength of 500 nm. The ( )
number of photons that will be emitted per second is : (a) 1.8 (b) 2.5 (c) 5.6 (d) 1.4
[Given Planck’s constant h= 6.6×10–34 Js, speed of light 41. The magnetic field associated with a light wave is given
c = 3.0×108 m/s] [10 Apr. 2019 II] at the origin by
(a) 5×1015 (b) 1.5×1016 B = B0 [sin(3.14 × 107)ct + sin(6.28 × 107)ct].
(c) 2×1016 (d) 1×1016 If this light falls on a silver plate having a work function
35. The electric field of light wave is given as of 4.7 eV, what will be the maximum kinetic energy of the
r photoelectrons? [9 Jan. 2019 II]
æ 2p x ö N
E = 103 cos ç -7
- 2p ´ 6 ´ 1014 t ÷ x$ (c = 3 × 108 ms–1, h = 6.6 × 10–34J-s)
è 5 ´10 ø C (a) 6.82 eV (b) 12.5 eV
This light falls on a metal plate of work function 2eV. The (c) 8.52 eV (d) 7.72 eV
stopping potential of the photo-electrons is: 42. An electron beam is accelerated by a potential difference V to
hit a metallic target to produce X-rays. It produces continuous
12375 as well as characteristic X-rays.If lmin is the smallest possible
Given, E (in eV) = [9 April 2019 I] wavelength of X-ray in the spectrum, the variation of log lmin
l ( in Å )
(a) 2.0 V (b) 0.72 V (c) 0.48 V (d) 2.48 V with log V is correctly represented in : [2017]
36. When a certain photosensistive surface is illuminated with
monochromatic light of frequency v, the stopping potential (a) (b)
for the photo current is –V 0/2. When the surface is
illuminated by monochromatic light of frequency v/2, the
stoppoing potential is –V0. The threshold frequency for
photoelectric emission is : [12 Jan. 2019 II] (c) (d)

5v 4 3v
(a) (b) v (c) 2 v (d) 43. A Laser light of wavelength 660 nm is used to weld Retina
3 3 2
detachment. If a Laser pulse of width 60 ms and power 0.5
37. In a Frank-Hertz experiment, an electron of energy 5.6 eV kW is used the approximate number of photons in the
passes through mercury vapour and emerges with an pulse are : [Take Planck’s constant h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js]
energy 0.7 eV. The minimum wavelength of photons emitted [Online April 9, 2017]
by mercury atoms is close to : [12 Jan. 2019 II] (a) 10 20 (b) 1018 (c) 1022 (d) 1019
(a) 1700 nm (b) 2020 nm 44. The maximum velocity of the photoelectrons emitted from
(c) 220 nm (d) 250 nm the surface is v when light of frequency n falls on a metal
38. In a photoelectric experiment, the wavelength of the light surface. If the incident frequency is increased to 3n, the
incident on a metal is changed from 300 nm to 400 nm. The maximum velocity of the ejected photoelectrons will be :
decrease in the stopping potential is close to : [Online April 8, 2017]
[11 Jan. 2019 II]
(a) less than 3v (b) v
æ hc ö
çè = 1240 nm-V÷ø (c) more than 3v (d) equal to 3v
e 45. Radiation of wavelength l, is incident on a photocell. The
(a) 0.5 V (b) 1.5 V fastest emitted electron has speed v. If the wavelength is
(c) 1.0 V (d) 2.0 V 3l
39. A metal plate of area 1 × 10–4 m2 is illuminated by a changed to , the speed of the fastest emitted electron
4
radiation of intensity 16 mW/m2. The work function of the
will be: [2016]
metal is 5 eV. The energy of the incident photons is 10 eV
1 1
and only 10% of it produces photo electrons. The number æ 4 ö2 æ 3 ö2
of emitted photo electrons per second and their maximum (a) = vç ÷ (b) = vç ÷
energy, respectively, will be: è3ø è4ø
1 1
[1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J] [10 Jan. 2019 II]
æ 4 ö2 æ 4 ö2
(a) 1014 and 10 eV (b) 1012 and 5 eV (c) > vç ÷ (d) < vç ÷
(c) 1011 and 5 eV (d) 1010 and 5 eV è3ø è3ø
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-437

46. A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by 50. A photon of wavelength l is scattered from an electron,
which was at rest. The wavelength shift Dl is three times
l
monochromatic light of wavelengths l and . If the of l and the angle of scattering q is 60°. The angle at which
2 the electron recoiled is f. The value of tan f is : (electron
maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons in speed is much smaller than the speed of light)
the second case is 3 times that in the first case, the work [Online April 11, 2014]
function of the surface is : [Online April 10, 2016] (a) 0.16 (b) 0.22 (c) 0.25 (d) 0.28
hc hc 51. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The
(a) (b)
2l l wavelength l of the light falling on the cathode is gradually
hc 3hc changed. The plate current I of the photocell varies as
(c) (d) follows : [2013]
3l l
47. When photons of wavelength l1 are incident on an isolated
I I
sphere, the corresponding stopping potential is found to
be V. When photons of wavelength l2 are used, the
corresponding stopping potential was thrice that of the (a) (b)
above value. If light of wavelength l3 is used then find the
stopping potential for this case : [Online April 9, 2016] O l O l
hc é 1 1 1ù I I
(a) ê + - ú
e ë l 3 l 2 l1 û
hc é 1 1 1ù (c) (d)
(b) ê + - ú
e ë l3 2l 2 l1 û
O l O l
hc é 1 1 1ù 52. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, a student plots
(c) ê - - ú stopping potential V0 against reciprocal of the wavelength
e ë l 3 l 2 l1 û
l of the incident light for two different metals A and B.
hc é 1 1 3 ù These are shown in the figure. [Online April 25, 2013]
(d) ê + - ú
e ë l3 2l 2 2l1 û
48. Match List - I (Fundamental Experiment) with List - II (its
V0 Metal A
conclusion) and select the correct option from the choices
Metal B
given below the list: [2015]
Lis t-I Lis t-II
A . Fran ck-Hertz (i) Particle n atu re of
Exp eriment ligh t
B. Pho to -electric (ii) Dis crete en erg y 1/l
experimen t levels of atom Looking at the graphs, you can most appropriately say
C. Davis on -Germer (iii) W av e natu re o f that:
experimen t electro n
(a) Work function of metal B is greater than that of metal A
(iv ) Structu re o f ato m (b) For light of certain wavelength falling on both metal,
(a) (A)-(ii); (B)-(i); (C)-(iii) maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from A
(b) (A)-(iv); (B)-(iii); (C)-(ii) will be greater than those emitted from B.
(c) (A)-(i); (B)-(iv); (C)-(iii) (c) Work function of metal A is greater than that of metal B
(d) (A)-(ii); (B)-(iv); (C)-(iii) (d) Students data is not correct
49. A beam of light has two wavelengths of 4972Å and 6216Å 53. A copper ball of radius 1 cm and work function 4.47eV is
with a total intensity of 3.6 × 10 –3 Wm –2 equally irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 2500 Å.
distributed among the two wavelengths. The beam falls The effect of irradiation results in the emission of electrons
normally on an area of 1 cm2 of a clean metallic surface from the ball. Further the ball will acquire charge and due
of work function 2.3 eV. Assume that there is no loss of to this there will be a finite value of the potential on the ball.
light by reflection and that each capable photon ejects The charge acquired by the ball is :
one electron. The number of photoelectrons liberated in [Online April 25, 2013]
2s is approximately: [Online April 12, 2014] (a) 5.5×10–13C (b) 7.5 × 10–13C
(a) 6 × 1011 (b) 9 × 1011 (c) 4.5 × 10–12C (d) 2.5 × 10–11C
(c) 11 × 1011 (d) 15 × 1011
P-438 Physics

54. This equation has statement 1 and statement 2. Of the four (a) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true, Statement –
choices given after the statements, choose the one that 2 is the correct explanation of Statement – 1.
describes the two statements. (b) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true, Statement
Statement 1: Davisson-Germer experiment established the – 2 is not the correct explanation of Statement – 1.
wave nature of electrons. (c) Statement – 1 is false, Statement – 2 is true.
Statement 2 : If electrons have wave nature, they can (d) Statement – 1 is true, Statement – 2 is false.
interfere and show diffraction. [2012] 58. Statement -1 : When ultraviolet light is incident on a
(a) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true. photocell, its stopping potential is V0 and the maximum
(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is Kmax .When the
(c) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement ultraviolet light is replaced by X-rays, both V0 and Kmax
2 is the correct explanation of statement 1 increase.
(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is Statement -2 : Photoelectrons are emitted with speeds
not the correct explanation of Statement 1 ranging from zero to a maximum value because of the
55. Photoelectrons are ejected from a metal when light of range of frequencies present in the incident light. [2010]
frequency u falls on it. Pick out the wrong statement from (a) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true ; Statement
the following. [Online May 26, 2012] -2 is the correct explanation of Statement -1.
(a) No electrons are emitted if u is less than (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement
W/h, where W is the work function of the metal -2 is not the correct explanation of Statement -1
(b) The ejection of the photoelectrons is instantaneous. (c) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(d) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(c) The maximum energy of the photoelectrons is hu.
59. The surface of a metal is illuminted with the light of 400
(d) The maximum energy of the photoelectrons is nm. The kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons was
independent of the intensity of the light. found to be 1.68 eV. The work function of the metal is :
56. This question has Statement 1 and Statement 2. Of the (hc = 1240 eV.nm) [2009]
four choices given after the Statements, choose the one (a) 1.41 eV (b) 1.51 eV
that best describes the two Statements. (c) 1.68 eV (d) 3.09 eV
Statement 1: A metallic surface is irradiated by a Directions: Question No. 60 and 61 are based on the following
monochromatic light of frequency u > u0 (the threshold paragraph.
frequency). If the incident frequency is now doubled, the Wave property of electrons implies that they will show diffraction
photocurrent and the maximum kinetic energy are also effects. Davisson and Germer demonstrated this by diffracting
doubled. electrons from crystals. The law governing the diffraction from
Statement 2: The maximum kinetic energy of a crystal is obtained by requiring that electron waves reflected
photoelectrons emitted from a surface is linearly from the planes of atoms in a crystal interfere constructively
dependent on the frequency of the incident light. The (see figure).
photocurrent depends only on the intensity of the incident
light. [Online May 19, 2012]
(a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement
Inco m g
2 is the correct explanation of Statement 1. Electr ing i Outgoin s
n
(b) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true. ons Electro
(c) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false. d
(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement
2 is not the correct explanation of Statement 1.
57. This question has Statement – 1 and Statement – 2. Of the Crystal plane
four choices given after the statements, choose the one 60. Electrons accelerated by potential V are diffracted from a
that best describes the two statements. [2011] crystal. If d = 1Å and i = 30°, V should be about [2008]
Statement – 1: A metallic surface is irradiated by a (h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
monochromatic light of frequency v > v0 (the threshold (a) 2000 V (b) 50 V (c) 500 V (d) 1000 V
frequency). The maximum kinetic energy and the stopping
potential are Kmax and V0 respectively. If the frequency 61. If a strong diffraction peak is observed when electrons are
incident on the surface is doubled, both the Kmax and V0 incident at an angle ‘i’ from the normal to the crystal planes
are also doubled. with distance ‘d’ between them (see figure), de Broglie
Statement – 2 : The maximum kinetic energy and the wavelength ldB of electrons can be calculated by the
stopping potential of photoelectrons emitted from a relationship ( n is an integer) [2008]
surface are linearly dependent on the frequency of incident (a) d sin i = nldB (b) 2d cos i = nldB
light.
(c) 2d sin i = nldB (d) d cos i = nldB
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-439

62. Photon of frequency n has a momentum associated with (c) increase by a factor of 2
it. If c is the velocity of light, the momentum is [2007] (d) decrease by a factor of 2
(a) hn / c (b) n /c (c) h n c (d) hn / c2 67. A radiation of energy E falls normally on a perfectly
63. The threshold frequency for a metallic surface corresponds reflecting surface. The momentum transferred to the surface
to an energy of 6.2 eV and the stopping potential for a is [2004]
radiation incident on this surface is 5 V. The incident (a) Ec (b) 2 E / c (c) E / c (d) E / c 2
radiation lies in [2006] 68. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the plot
(a) ultra-violet region (b) infra-red region of the kinetic energy of the emitted photo electrons from a
(c) visible region (d) X-ray region metal Versus the frequency, of the incident radiation gives
64. The time taken by a photoelectron to come out after the a straight line whose slope [2004]
photon strikes is approximately [2006] (a) depends both on the intensity of the radiation and
(a) 10–4 s (b) 10–10 s (c) 10–16 s (d) 10–1 s the metal used
65. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The (b) depends on the intensity of the radiation
wavelength l of the light falling on the cathode is gradually (c) depends on the nature of the metal used
changed. The plate current I of the photocell varies as (d) is the same for the all metals and independent of the
follows [2006] intensity of the radiation
69. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. The longest
wavelength of light that can cause photoelectron emission
from this substance is approximately [2004]
(a) I (b) I
(a) 310 nm (b) 400 nm (c) 540 nm (d) 220 nm
70. Two identical photocathodes receive light of frequencies
f1 and f2. If the velocites of the photo electrons (of mass
O l O l
m) coming out are respectively v1 and v2, then [2003]
2h
(a) v12 - v2 2 = ( f - f2 )
m 1
I I 1/ 2
é 2h ù
(c) (d) (b) v1 + v2 = ê ( f1 + f 2 )ú
ëm û
O l
(c) v 2 + v 2 = 2 h ( f + f )
O l
1 2
66. A photocell is illuminated by a small bright source placed m 1 2
1/ 2
1 é 2h ù
1 m away. When the same source of light is placed m (d) v1 - v2 = ê ( f1 - f 2 )ú
2 ëm û
away, the number of electrons emitted by photocathode 71. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3 eV and 4.5 eV
would [2005] respectively. Then the ratio of the wavelengths is nearest
(a) increase by a factor of 4 to [2002]
(b) decrease by a factor of 4 (a) 1 : 2 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
P-440 Physics

h h h h 10h
1. (c) de-Broglie wavelength, l = = lf = = Þ lf =
P 2 m(KE) mAV0 m V mV0
´ 0
1 2 5
\l µ
m 10h 2h
\ Dl = l f - l0 = -
As mHe++ > mP > me mV0 mV0

l He++ > l P > l e or l e > l P > l He++ 8h 2h

Þ Dl = Þ Dl = 4 ´
mv0 mv0
3kT
2. (a) Rms speed of gas molecule, Vrms = \Dl = 4l 0
m
4. (d) de Broglie wavelength
h h h h
de Broglie wavelength, l = = l= Þm=
p 2mk mv lv

h h h 1
\l = = = Clearly, m µ
1 3 3mkT lv
2
2 m ´ mVrms m ´ kT If l and v be the wavelength and velocity of electron and
2 2
l' and v' be the wavelength and velocity of the particle
Substituting the respective values we get then
6.63 ´ 10-34 m' vl 1 1
l= = 0.24Å Þ = = ´ ´ 10 -4
m v ' l ' 5 1.878
3 ´ 4.64 ´ 10 -26 ´ 1.38 ´ 10 -13 ´ 400
3. (d) Þ m = 9.7 ´ 10 -28 kg

(m/2) (m/3) (m/2) 5. (c) As per question, when KE of particle E, wavelength l

VB
V0 and when KE becomes E + DE wavelength becomes l/2
A B (rest) (A) VA (B) (m/3) h
Before collision After collision Using, l =
2mKE
Applying momentum conservation
l h
m m m m =
´ V0 + ´ (0) = VA + VB 2 2m ( KE + DE )
2 3 2 3

V0 VA VB l KE + DE
= = + ...(i) Þ =
2 2 3 l/2 KE
Since, collision is elastic KE + DE
Þ4=
V - VA KE
e =1 = B Þ V0 = VB - VA ...(ii) Þ 4KE – KE = DE
V0
\ DE = 3 KE = 3 E
V0
On solving equations (i) and (ii) : VA = eE
5 6. (d) Acceleration of electron in electric field, a =
m
Now, de-Broglie wavelength of A before collision : Using equation
h h 2h v = u + at
l0 = = Þ l0 =
mAV0 æ m ö mV0 eE
ç ÷ V0 Þ v =0+ t
è2ø m
Final de-Broglie wavelength :
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-441

8. (b) P1 – P2 = (P1 + P2) = P

eEt
Þ v= ..... (i)
m 1
As P µ
De-broglie wavelength l is given by l

h h 1 1 1
l= = [using (i)] or - =
mv æ eEt ö lx l y l
mç ÷
è m ø
l y - lx 1
h or =
Þ l= lxl y l
eEt
Differentiating w.r.t. t 9. (a) From the de-Broglie relation,
h
æ h ö p1 =
dç ÷ dl -h l1
dl eEt ø Þ =
= è dt eEt 2
dt dt h
p2 =
l2
7. (c) Given, Initial velocity, u = v0iˆ + v0 ˆj
Momentum of the final particle (pf) is given by
qE0 eE0
Acceleration, a = = \ pf = p12 + p22
m m
Using v = u + at
h h2 h 2
eE Þ = +
v = v0 iˆ + v0 ˆj + 0 tkˆ l l12 l 22
m

2 1 1 1
r æ eE t ö Þ = +
\ | v | = 2v02 + ç 0 ÷ l 2
l12 l 22
è m ø
10. (c) de Broglie wavelength (l) is given by
h K = qV
de-Broglie wavelength, l = p
l=
h
p
=
h
2mK
=
h
2mqV
Q p = 2mK ( )
h
Þl= (Q p = mv)
mv Substituting the values we get

h lA 2m B q B VB 4m.q.2500
\ = =
Initial wavelength, l 0 = lB 2m A q A VA m.q.50
mv0 2
Final wavelength, = 2 50 = 2 ´ 7.07 = 14.14
h 11. (d) de-Broglie wavelength,
l=
2
m 2v 2 æ eE t ö
0 +ç 0 ÷ h æ 3 ´ 108 ö é cù
è m ø l= = 10-3 ç ÷ êëQ l =
mv è 6 ´ 1014 ø v úû
l 1
= 6.63 ´ 10-34 ´ 6 ´ 1014
l0 2 v=
æ eE0 t ö 9.1 ´ 10-31 ´ 3 ´ 105
1+ ç ÷÷
ç 2mv
è 0 ø v = 1.45 × 106 m/s

l0 h
Þl= 12. (d) Using, l = {given: l = 7.5 × 10–12}
e 2 E02t 2 p
1+
2m 2 v02 h
ÞP=
l
P-442 Physics

Minimum energy required, m 4

´ u
ìï 6.6 ´ 10–34 üï
2 l A PB 2 3 =2
\ = =
í –12 ý l B PA 4
P2 ( h / l )
2 m´
îï 7.5 ´10 þï 3
KE = = = J = 25keV
2m 2m 2 ´ 9.1 ´ 10 –31 16. (a) From Bragg’s equation
d sin q = l
h ˆ h ˆ
13. (c) Momentum (p) of each electron i and j l
l1 l2 sin q = <1 \ l<d
d
Velocity of centre of mass
h é h ù
h ˆ h ˆ <d
Vcm = i+ j (Q p = mv) | py | êQ l = ú
2ml1 2ml 2 êë | p y | úû
Velocity of 1st particle about centre of mass \ h < | py | d
h ˆ h ˆ 17. (c) de-Broglie wavelength,
V1cm = i- j
2ml1 2ml 2 h h h
l= = =
P mv 2mqV
h 2l1l 2 æ hö
l cm =
2 2
= çèQ l = p ÷ø 6.6 ´ 10 –34
h h l12 + l 22 or, l =
+
4l12 4l 22 2 ´ 9.1 ´ 10 –31 ´ 1.6 ´10 –19 ´ 50
= 1.7 Å
14. (c) According to question, lp = la
18. (d) Among the given par ticles most difficult to
h h experimentally verify the de-broglie relationship is for a
Using, l = =
p mv dust particle.
19. (d) Energy in joule (E)
h h = charge × potential diff. in volt
So, =
m p ´ v p ma ´ va Eelectron = qeV and Eproton = qp 4V

vp h h
ma 4m p de-Broglie wavelength l = =
Þ = = P 2mE
va mp mp
(Q mass of a-particle is 4 times of mass of proton) h h
le = lP =
vp 4 2me eV and 2mP e4V (Q qe = qP)
So, = ; i.e., 4 :1
va 1 h
m le 2m e eV 2m P e4V mP
15. (d) From question, mA = M; mB = \ = = =2
2 lP h 2me eV me
uA = V uB = 0 2m P e4V
Let after collision velocity of A = V1 and
velocity of B = V2 20. (d) de-Broglie wavelength,
Applying law of conservation of momentum, h h
l= = .... (i)
æ mö p mv
mu = mv1 + ç ÷ v2
è2ø 1 2
but K.E = mv
or, 24 = 2v1 + v2 ....(i) 2
By law of collision
(mv )2
v -v Þ K.E =
e= 2 1 2m
u-0
or, u = v2 – v1 ....(ii) Þ mv = 2m K . E
[Q collision is elastic, e = 1] h
using eqns (i) and (ii) l=
2m K . E
4 4
v1 = and v 2 = u
3 3 1
\ lµ
h K. E
de-Broglie wavelength l =
p l
So, if K.E. is doubled, wavelength becomes
2
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-443

21. (a) Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons 25. (d) According to Einstein's photoelectric equation
with different compounds. Formation of covalent bond is
K max = hv - f0
best explained by molecular orbital theory.
22. (50) hc
Þ eVs = - f0
From Bragg's equation 2d sin q = l and de-Broglie l
h h hc f 0
wavelength, l = = Þ Vs = -
P 2mE le e
where l = wavelength of incident light
f0 = work function
Vs = stopping potential
d
Comparing the above equation with y = mx + c, we get
q q
hc
h slope =
2d sin q = l = e
2mE Increasing the frequency of incident radiation has no effect
on work function and frequency. So, graph will not change.
3 6.6 ´ 10 -34
Þ 2 ´ 10 -10 ´ = hc
2 2mE 26. (d) Using equation, = -f
l
[Q q = 60° and d = 1Å = 1 ´ 10 -10 m ]
hc hc
KEmax = -f= -f ...(1)
1 6.64 ´ 10 2 -48 l 500
\E = ´ ; 50 eV
2 9.1 ´ 10 -31 ´ 3 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19 hc
Again, 3 KEmax = -f ...(2)
23. 2 200
From the Einstein's photoelectric equation Dividing equation (2) by (1),
Energy of photon
hc
= Kinetic energy of photoelectrons + Work function 3KEmax 3 200 - f
Þ Kinetic energy = Energy of Photon – Work Function = =
KEmax 1 hc
Let f0 be the work function of metal and v1 and v2 be the -f
500
velocity of photoelectrons. Using Einstein's photoelectric
equation we have Putting the value of hc = 1237.5 and solving we get, work
function, f = 0.61 eV.
1 2 27. (a) Given,
mv1 = 4 - f 0 ...(i)
2
Wavelength of X-rays, l1 = 1 nm = 1 × 10 –9 m
1 2
mv2 = 2.5 - f0 ...(ii)
2 Wavelength of visible light, l 2 = 500 × 10 –9 m
1 2
mv1 4 - f0
The number of photons emitted per second from a source
Þ 2 = of monochromatic radiation of wavelength l and power P
1 2 2.5 - f0
mv2 is given as
2
4 - f0 P P Pl c
Þ (2)2 = Þ 10 - 4f 0 = 4 - f0 n= = = ( QE = hn and n = )
2.5 - f 0 E hn hc l

f0 = 2eV
Þ Clearly n µ l

24. (a) Graph of Vs and f given at B (5.5, 0) n1 l1 1

Þ = =
Minimum energy for ejection of electron n2 l 2 500
= Work function (f). 28. (9)
hV When radiation of wavelength A, lA is used to illuminate,
f = hV joule or f = eV (for V = 0) stopping potential VA = V
e
hc
6.62 ´ 10 -34 ´ 5.5 ´ 1014 = f + eV ...(i)
\f = eV = 2.27 eV l
1.6 ´ 10 -19
P-444 Physics

When radiation of wavelength B, lB is used to illuminate, On solving we get, TA = 2 eV

\ KEB = TA – 1.5 = 2 – 1.5 = 0.5 eV
V
stopping potential, VB = \ Work function of metal B is
4 fB = EB – KEB = 4.5 – 0.5 = 4 eV
hc eV 31. (11.00) Energy of proton
= f+ ...(ii)
3l 4 hc 1240
E= = = 4eV > 2eV [= f]
From eq. (i) – (ii), l 310
hc æ 1 ö 3 (so emission of photoelectron will take place)
ç1 - ÷ = eV = 4 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 6.4 × 10–19 joule
l è 3ø 4
6.4 ´ 10 –5 ´ 1
hc 2 3 8 hc N= = 1014
Þ = eV Þ eV = 4 ´ 6.4 ´ 10 –19
l 3 4 9 l
No. of photoelectrons emitted per second
hc 8 hc
=f+ 1014 11
l 9 l = = 10 (Q 1 in 103 photons ejects an electron)
103
hc hc \ Value of X = 11.00
\f = = , so, n = 9.
9l nl 32. (b) f0 = 4 × 1014 Hz
29. (a) Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation, W0 = hf0 = 6.63 × 10–34 × (4 × 1014) J
E = w0 + KEmax
(6.63 ´ 10 -34 ) ´ (4 ´ 1014 )
Þ w0 = KEmax – E =
1.6 ´10-19
p2
p = 2mKE Þ KE = = 1.66 eV
2m 33. (a) KEmax= E – f0
p (where E = energy of incident light f0 = work function)
r= Þ p = reB
eB hc hc
= -
l l0
r 2 e2 B 2 12420
K max = KEmax = - w0
2m l é 1 1 ù
= 1237 ê - ú
ë 260 380 û
12420 r 2 eB 2
Þ w0 = - ( In eV ) =
1237 ´120
= 1.5eV
6561 2m
380 ´ 260

= 1.89 ( eV ) -
(10-4 )(1.6 ´10-19 ) 9 ´105 34. (a) Energy of photon (E) is given by
hc
2 ´ 9.07 ´10-31 E=
l

= 1.89 ( eV ) -
(10-4 )(1.6 ´10-19 ) 9 ´105 Number of photons of wavelength l emitted in t second
from laser of power P is given by
2 ´ 9.07 ´10-31 Pt l
= (1.89 – 0.79) eV= 1.1 eV n=
hc
30. (a) de-Broglie wavelength (l),
h 2´ l 2 ´ 10 -3 ´ 5 ´ 10-7
Þn=
Momentum, mv = = p = 2m ( KE ) hc
=
2 ´ 10-25
(Q t = 1S)
l
Þ n = 5 × 1015
h 1 35. (c) Here w = 2p ×6 × 1014 or f = 6 × 1014 Hz
\l = Þ lµ
2mKE KE
C 3 ´108
Wavelength l = = = 0.5 ´10-6 m = 5000Ao
lA KB TA –1.5 f 6 ´1014
\ = = (as given)
lB KA TA
12374
Now E = = 2.48 eV
lA 1 5000
Also, l = 2 Using E = w + eVs
B
2.48 = 2 + eVs or Vs = 0.48 V
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-445

36. (BONUS)
4 hc hc 1 æ 4 1ö
Þ - = 3f Þ f = hc ç - ÷
12375 l 2 l1 3 è l 2 l1 ø
37. (d) Using, wavelength, l =
DE
1 æ 4 ´ 350 - 540 ö
= ´ 1240 ç
or, l =
12375
; 250nm 3 è 350 ´ 540 ÷ø = 1.8 eV
4.9
38. (c) Let f = work function of the metal, 41. (d) According to question, there are two EM waves with
different frequency,
hc B1 = B0 sin (p × 107c)t
=f+ eV1 ......(i)
l1 and B2 = B0 sin (2p × 107c)t
To get maximum kinetic energy we take the photon with
higher frequency
hc
=f+ eV2 ......(ii) w
l2 using, B = B0 sin wt and w = 2 pv Þv =
2p
Sutracting (ii) from (i) we get 10 7
B1 = B0sin (p × 107c)t Þ v1 = ´c
æ1 1ö 2
hc ç – ÷ = e(V1 – V2 ) 7
B2 = B0sin (2p × 10 c)t Þ v2 = 10 c 7
è l1 l 2 ø where c is speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s
é ù Clearly, v2 > v1
ê ll = 300nm ú so KE of photoelectron will be maximum for photon of
ê ú higher energy.
hc æ l – l1 ö ê l 2 = 400nm ú v2= 107c Hz
Þ V1 – V2 = ç 2
e è l1·l 2 ÷ø ê hc ú hv = f + KEmax
ê =1240nm – V ú
ëe û energy of photon
Eph = hv = 6.6 × 10–34 × 107 × 3 × 109
æ 100nm ö Eph = 6.6 × 3× 10–19J
= (1240 nm – v) ç
è 300 nm ´ 400nm ÷ø
6.6 ´ 3´10 –19
= 1.03 V » 1V = eV =12.375eV
1.6 ´10 –19
nE KEmax = Eph–f
39. (c) using, intensity I =
At
= 12.375 – 4.7 = 7.675 eV » 7.7 eV
n = no. of photoelectrons
hc
42. (c) In X-ray tube, l min =
æ n ö 10 ´1.6 ´10
–19
n eV
Þ16´10 –3 = ç ÷ ´ or, = 1012
ètø 10–4 t æ hc ö
In l min = In ç ÷ - InV
è eø
So, effective number of photoelectrons ejected per unit
time = 1012 × 10/100 = 1011 Clearly, log lmin versus log V graph
40. (a) From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, slope is negative hence option (c) correctly depicts.
43. (a) Given, l = 660 nm, Power = 0.5 kW, t = 60 ms
hc 1
f + m ( 2v)
2
nhc plt
l1 = 2
....(i)
Power P = Þn=
lt hc
hc 1 2 660 ´ 10-9 ´ 60 ´ 10-3
and l = f + mv ....(ii) = 0.5 ´ 103 ´
2 2 6.6 ´ 10 -34 ´ 3 ´ 108
= 100 × 1018 = 1020
As per question, maximum speed of photoelectrons in
two cases differ by a factor 2 44. (c) As the metal surface is same, work function (f) is
same for both the case.
From eqn. (i) & (ii)
Initially KEmax = nh – f ..... (i)
hc After increase
-f KE'max = 3 nh – f .... (ii)
l hc 4hc
Þ 1 = 4Þ -f= - 4f
hc l l2 For work function f – not to be –ve or zero, v' > 3v
-f 1
l2
P-446 Physics

45. (c)
c
h
1
– hn0 = mv
2 3.6 ´ 10-3
2 =
l 2
4 hc 1 = 1.8 × 10–3 Wm–2
\ - hn0 = mv¢ 2
3 l 2 work function f = hv
4 4 hc
n - n0 n - n0 =
v¢2 l
\ = 3 \ v¢ = v 3
v2 n - n0 n - n0
=
(6.62 ´10-34 )(3 ´108 )
4 l
\ v¢ > v
3 3
12.4 ´ 10
46. (a) From Einstein's photoelectric equation = ev
l
hc for different wavelengths
K . E .l = - f ...(i)
l
(for monochromatic light of wavelength l) 12.4 ´ 103 12.4 ´ 103
f1 = = = 2.493 eV = 3.984 × 10–19 J
where f is work function l1 4972
hc
K . E .l /2 = -f ...(ii) 12.4 ´ 103 12.4 ´ 103
l/2 f2 = = = 1.994 eV = 3.184 × 10–19
(for monochromatic light of wavelength l/2) l2 6216
From question, J
hc æ hc ö Work function for metallic surface f = 2.3 eV (given)
K . E.l /2 = 3( K . E .l ) Þ - f = 3ç - f÷ f2 < f
l/2 è l ø
Therefore, f2 will not contribute in this process.
2hc hc Now, no. of electrons per m2-s = no. of photons per m2-s
- f = 3 - 3f
l l
1.8 ´ 10-3
hc hc no. of electrons per m2-s = ´ 10-4
Þ 2f = \ f= 3.984 ´ 10-19
l 2l
47. (None)
From Einstein's photoelectric equation, we have
(Q1 cm 2
)
= 10-4 m 2 = 0.45 × 1012
So, the number of photo electrons liberated in 2 sec.
hc hc
= + eV ...(1) = 0.45 × 1012 × 2
l1 l 0 = 9 × 1011
hc hc 50. (b)
= + eV ...(2) 51. (d) As l is increased, there will be a value of l above
l 2 l0
which photoelectrons will be cease to come out so
hc hc photocurrent will become zero. Hence (d) is correct answer.
= + 3eV ' ...(3)
l3 l 0 hc
From equation (1) & (2) 52. (d) - f = eV0
l
3 2 1
- = hc f
2l1 2l 2 l 0 v0 = -
el e
hc é 3 1 ù For metal A For metal B
- hc ê - ú = eV '
l1 2
ë 1 l 2 l 2û fA 1 fB 1
= =
hc l hc l
hc é 1 3 1 ù
ê - + ú=V' 1
e ë l3 2l1 2l 2 û
As the value of (increasing and decreasing) is not
48. (a) Frank-Hertz experiment - Discrete energy levels of l
specified hence we cannot say that which metal has
atom, Photoelectric effect - Particle nature of light. comparatively greater or lesser work function (f).
Davison - Germer experiment - wave nature of electron.
53. (a)
49. (b) Given, l1 = 4972Å 54. (a) Davisson Germer experiment showed that electron
and l 2 = 6216Å beams can undergo diffraction when passed through
atomic crystal. This established wave nature of electron
and I = 3.6 ´ 10 -3 Wm -2 as waves can exhibit interference and diffraction.
Intensity associated with each wavelength
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter P-447

55. (c) According to photo-electric equation : h h h

K.Emax = hv – hv0 (Work function) l= = =
p 2mK.E 2meV
Some sort of energy is used in ejecting the
photoelectrons. nh
56. (b) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
\ = 2d cos i
2meV
depends upon frequency on incident light and photo Squaring both side
current depends upon intensity of incident light.
57. (c) By Einstein photoelectric equation, n 2h 2
= 4d 2 cos2 i
Kmax = eV0 = hv – hv0 2meV
For first order interference n = 1
When v is doubled, Kmax and V0 become more than double.
2
58. (d) We know that h
\V =
eV0 = Kmax = hn – f 8med 2 cos 2 i
where, f is the work function. (6.6 ´ 10 -34 )2
=
X-rays have higher frequency (v) than ultraviolet rays. 8 ´ 9.1´ 10 -31
´1.6 ´10 -19 ´ (10 -10 ) 2 ´ cos 2 30
Therefore as v increases K.E and V0 both increases. = 50 V
The kinetic energy ranges from zero to maximum because 61. (b) For constructive interference,
of loss of energy due to subsequent collisions before
2d cos i = nldB
getting ejected.
62. (a) Energy of a photon of frequency n is given by
59. (a) Wavelength of incident light, l = 400 nm hc = 1240
E = hn .
eV.nm
Also, E = mc2, mc2 = hn
K.E = 1.68 eV
hn hn
Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation Þ mc = Þ p=
c c
hc 63. (a) Work function, f = 6.2 eV = 6.2 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
- W = K .E
l Stopping potential, V = 5 volt
hc From the Einstein’s photoelectric equation
ÞW= - K .E
l hc
- f = eV0
1240 l
ÞW= - 1.68 hc
400 Þl=
= 3.1 – 1.68 f + eV0
-34
= 1.41 eV 6.6 ´ 10 ´ 3 ´ 108 -7
= -19
m » 10
60. (b) The path difference between the rays APB and CQD 1.6 ´ 10 (6.2 + 5)
is This range lies in ultra violet range.
Dx = MQ + QN = d cos i + d cos i 64. (b) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous
Dx = 2d cos i process without any apparent time lag. It is known that
A emission starts in the time of the order of 10–9 second. So,
B the approximate time taken by a photoelectron to come
C D out after the photon strikes is 10–10 second.
65. (b) As l decreases, y increases and hence the speed of
i photoelectron increases. The chances of photo electron
to meet the anode increases and hence photo electric
d P current increases.
M i N
2
Q Iær ö 1 I1
66. (a) I µ 2; =ç 2÷ =
For constructive interference the path difference is integral r I 2 è r1 ø 4
multiple of wavelength
I 2 ® 4 times I1
\ nl = 2d cos i
When intensity becomes 4 times, no. of photoelectrons
From de-broglie concept emitted would increase by 4 times, since number of electrons
Wavelength, emitted per second is directly proportional to intensity.
P-448 Physics

E 1 2
67. (b) Momentum of photon of energy E is = hf1 - W = mv ....(i)
c 2 1
When a photon hits a perfectly reflecting surface, it reflects Using Einstein’s photo electric equation for another
black in opposite direction with same energy and photodiode we get,
momentum. 1 2
hf 2 - W = mv2 ....(ii)
E æ –E ö 2E 2
\ Change in momentum = –ç ÷ = Subtracting (ii) from (i) we get
C è C ø C
This is equal to momentum transferred to the surface. 1 2 1 2
(hf1 – W) – (hf2 – W) = mv1 - mv2
68. (d) From the Einstein photoelectric equation K.E. = hn – f 2 2
Here, f = work function of metal m 2 2
\ h ( f1 - f 2 ) = ( v1 - v2 )
h = Plank's constant 2
slope of graph of K.E. & n is h (Plank’s constant) which is 2 h
\ v12 - v 22 = ( f1 - f 2 )
same for all metals. m
71. (c) We know that work function,
69. (a) Work function of metal (f) is given by
hC
hc E = hu =
f= l
l where
hc h = Planck’s constant
Þ l= C = velocity of light
f
l = wavelength of light
6.63 ´ 10-34 ´ 3 ´108 E l
Þ l= = 310 nm \ Na = Cu
4 ´ 1.6 ´ 10–19 ECu l Na
70. (a) Let work function be W and v1 and v2 be the velocity
l Na E Cu 4.5 2
of electrons for frequencies f1 and f 2. Þ = = »
l Cu E Na 2.3 1
Using Einstein’s photo electric equation for one
photodiode, we get