Grammar (Group 4)

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Grammar

Group 4
What is grammar?

The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences


in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences
in a language and ruleout all the ungrammatical sequences

Example : boys the lucky lucky boys the

01
Part of speech
Nouns : People, objects, creatures, places, qualities, phenomena, and
abstract idea

Article : Words used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those
things

Adjective : Used with nouns to provide more information about the


things referred to

Verbs : Used to refer various kinds of action and states involving people
and things in events
Part of speech
Adverbs : Used with verbs to provide more information about actions,
states and events

Preposition : Used with nouns in phrases providing information about


time, place, and other connections involving actions and things

Pronoun : Words used in place of noun phrases, typically referring to


people and things already known

Conjunction : used to make connections and indicate relationships


between events
Agreement

Example : Cathy loves her dog

This agreement is partially The sentence is also in the active


based on the category of voice, describing what Cathy
number, whether the noun is does.An alternative would be
singular or plural.It is based on the passive voice, which can be
the category of person, which used to describe what happens
covers the distinctions of first to Cathy, as in Cathy is loved by
person, second person and third her dog or just Cathy is loved.
person.
Grammatical Gender
Natural gender is based on sex (male and female),
grammatical gender is based on the type of noun
(masculine and feminine) and is not tied to sex.

Nouns are classified according to their gender class


and, typically, articles and adjectives have different
forms to “agree with” the gender of the noun.
Traditional Analysis
Each of the Latin verb forms is different, according to the
categories of person and number, yet the English verb forms are
mostly the same. The forms for the Latin verb amare (“to love”)
are listed on the right.
The prescriptive approach

Structure of a language as a certain people thinks it


should be used.
It is quite another thing to go on to claim that the
structure of English sentences should be like the
structure of sentences in Latin.
The prescriptive approach
The examples of prescriptive rules for English sentences are:

You must not split an infinitive.


You must not end a sentence with a preposition.
Never begin a sentence with "and"
The prescriptive approach

Example :

Me and my family (incorrect sentence)


My family and I (correct sentence)
2 Mei 2024

Captain Kirk’s infinitive*

Split infinitive is a
The infinitive sentence that
in English has places another
the form to + word (usually an
the base form adverb) between
"to" and the verb
of the verb.
in the infinitive.
2 Mei 2024

Example sentence of a
split infitive :

“He wanted *to boldly go* where


no one had gone before”

the adverb "boldly" is placed between


"to" and the verb "go".
A typical feature of the use of English that speakers
and writers regularly produce forms such as :
To boldly go
To solemnly swear
To never ever say goodbye
The Descriptive Approach

An approach to grammar that is based on a description


of the structures actually used in a language, not what
should be used, in contrast to the prespective approach
Structural Analysis

A situation in which a single phrase or sentence has two


(or more) different underlying structures and
interpretations.
It's main concern is to investigate the distribution of
forms in a languages.
The use of "test-frames (empty slots and then try to put
all forms at that place)" it also the part of structural
1. The_____makes a lot of noise.
2. I heard a _____ yesterday
There are a lot of from that can fit into these slots
For examples car, cat, bird, radio, child, etc.
1. _____ makes a lot of noise.
2. I heard _____ yesterday

Now, the other forms such it, the cat, cathy, the car,
the bird, the professor with cockney accent and many
more
The label for this category is "noun phrase"
Constituent Analysis
A grammatical analysis of how small constituents (or
components) go together to form larger constituents in
sentences
"An old man brought a shotgun to the wedding"
We can look at these nine constinuent at word levels such as an
(article), old (adjective), man (noun), brought (verb), etc but
how they are combined at phrase level
An old man brought brought a shotgun to to the
We don't consider such combunation as phrase in English.
Constituent Analysis
More likely, we form a folowing combination for
phrase
an old man, a shotgun which are noun phrase
(NP)
to the wedding, which is a prepositional phrase
(PP)
and brought a shotgun, which is a verb phrase
(VP)
Constituent Analysis
Labelled and Bracketed Analysis

First step is to put brackets around each constituent on both


sides.
Word level [the] . [dog] . [Loved] . [the] and [girl]
Phrase level
Sentence level
Labelled and Bracketed Analysis

We can than label each constituent using this abbreviated


grammatical terms :
Art = article
N = noun
NP = noun phrase
V = verb
VP = verb phrase
S = sentence
Labelled and Bracketed Analysis
Hierarchical Organisation
The analysis of constituens in a sentence
showing which constituents are higher than
and contain other constituents
Sentennce is higher than phrase level
➡️ Phrase are higher than words 11
Gaelic Sentences

This sentence would be translated in English as:


"The boy saw the black dog". But in Gaelic,the verb
comes first, then the subject, then the object.
Gaelic Sentences
Thank You

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