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Civil Right

Rights and duties of citizens

• Nation: Group bound together by unified characteristics

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• Nation-state: A clearly defined nation that most people who live

there consider their homeland eg: Japan

Civics and Government

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Four Basic Types of Governments

1.Oligarchy
In an oligarchy, the power resides in a few people at the top; this ruling elite is interested in holding onto or increasing its power.
Twentieth-century South Africa is considered an oligarchy based on race, in that a small number of white people dominated the
majority Black population.

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Rule by the elite class

2.Monarchy
A monarchy is ruled by one person called a monarch, who usually holds his or her lifetime position by divine right or hereditary
succession. In a traditional monarchy, the leader has absolute power. Monarchies range from absolute monarchies, such as the royal
line of kings in pre-Revolution France, to constitutional monarchies, like present day Great Britain, where the monarch holds the
power of tradition as a figurehead or symbol, but the government is actually administered through elected officials.

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1. United Kingdom (UK)

2. Canada
3. Australia
4. New Zealand
5. Jamaica
6. The Bahamas
7. Grenada
8. Papua New Guinea
9. Solomon Islands
10. Tuvalu
11. Saint Lucia
12. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
13. Belize
14. Antigua and Barbuda
15. Saint Kitts and Nevis

3.Dictatorship /military rule, and fascism

A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single leader exercises absolute
power over nearly every aspect of life in a country, including political, social, and
economic issues. The leader, or dictator, is not bound by any rules and can enact or
change laws at will. Elections, if they are permitted, are usually meaningless
because no transfer of power is allowed.

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Rule by the church

4.Democracy
1.Parliamentary democracy—system in which the elected legislators (lawmakers) appoint a
person to be chief of government (e.g., United Kingdom)
2.Presidential democracy—system in which the people elect a president to be the chief of
government and head of state (e.g., United States)
3.Direct democracy—a system in which the people decide on laws and decisions, as opposed to
electing representatives to decide for them (e.g., ancient Athens)
4.Representative democracy—a system in which people elect representatives to make decisions
and create policies (e.g., United Kingdom and United States)

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Republics
In a republic, the people elect representatives who make laws and vote on decisions. Some republics are authoritarian, but most
make laws and run the country according to the wishes of citizens.
The United States is a form of republic called a federal republic. In a federal republic, a lot of government decisions take place at
state level. In the USA, for example, some decisions about health care and education vary from state to state, and others are the
same for the whole nation.

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• Anarchy: Also called “rule of the mob.” Arguably not a form of

government at all

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Types of the Historical and Modern Governments

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Historic Basis for U.S. System

The idea of democracy originated with the Ancient Greeks who spoke of the “rule of the
people.”
The historic basis of the U.S. government came from the British system that limited the king’s
powers and protected individual rights.
The U.S. system evolved from the British idea of a parliamentary democracy to a
representative democracy.
The system of government in the United States is known as
constitutional presidential representative democracy.
U.S. Constitution
What is the supreme law of U.S.?
“The Constitution”
Preamble: Introduction to the Constitution that begins “We the
People…”
The idea of self-government is in the first
Three words of the constitution. What are
these words?

Quiz
1.From 1500 to 1050 BCE, the Chang Dynasty ruled China. The rulers during this period were all from the family, and the power was passed
through their lineage. During this dynasty, members of an elite class were allowed to have slaves and were granted many other privileges.

2. In France, from 1643-1715, King Louis XIV ruled as king.

3. In Rome, the Vatican is ruled by the Pope.

4. Every four years Americans nominate a new President.

5. A _______________ democracy is a form of government in which every citizen votes specifically for the country’s laws.

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6. A small militia has recently taken over a country and is imposing rules and regulations through force. What type of government might this be
considered?

7. What type of government means 'rule by the people'?

8. In a monarchy, how are the leaders chosen?
9. Stalin, Hitler and Saddam Hussein were all examples of _____.
10. In a parliamentary democracy, the executive leader is chosen by __________.
11. A small group of people exercises authoritarian power.
12. The political authority wields absolute and unchallenged power.
13. An Islamic state under Sharia Law is an example of a(n) __________.

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