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CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
QUARTER 4 - Chemistry and Medicine
Week 2 Module 2

Medicine, Definition, Classification

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Consumer Chemistry – Grade 9 Special Science Class Elective Subject
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Medicine, Definition, Classification
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer / Compiler: MA. ANTONIETA V. GALINATO, Teacher III, Ramon Duterte MNHS

Content and Language Editors:

ENGR. ZENAIDA C. GRAPA, PhD., MT II – Talamban NHS
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 What I Need to Know

Hello there! Welcome to the second module of this quarter that deals with medicines,
its definition and classification. Before moving forward, please be guided with what’s
waiting for you ahead!
After going through this module you are expected to:
1. define medicine;
2. compare and contrast drugs and medicines;
3. classify medicines;
4. recommend the proper use of medicines; and
5. explain the importance of medicine

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Write the letter of your chosen answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. What is it that includes nurses, doctors, and various specialists and covers
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical research, and many
other aspects of health?
A. clinic B. hospital C. medicine D. physician
2. Which of the following involves the use of drugs or surgery, often supported
by counseling and lifestyle measures?
A. Alternative B. Chinese medicine C. Complementary D. Conventional
3. Who assesses the individual, with the aim of diagnosing, treating, and
preventing disease using knowledge learned from training, research, and
experiences, and clinical judgment?
A. architect B. engineer C. nurse D. physician
4. What treatment can help improve strength and flexibility in people who have
a condition that affects their musculoskeletal system?
A. Physical therapy C. Psychotherapy
B. Occupational therapy D. Speech therapy
5. What field looks at how drugs or medicines are used?
A. biomedical B. clinical practice C. clinical trials D. medication
6. Which of the following refers to how drug or medicine affects or influences
the cells of an organism?
A. chemical structure C. molecular targets
B. Drug action D. pharmacological effect
7. When do drugs be called medicine?
A. diagnosis C. treatment or prevention of a disease
B. therapeutically active D. A, B and C
8. Who accidentally discovered penicillin?
A. Alexander Fleming C. Louis Agassiz
B. George Beadle D. Werner Arber

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 9. What is the type of medicine when active part of the medicine is contained
inside a plastic shell that dissolves slowly in the stomach?
A. capsule B. drops C. syrup D. tablet
10. In what part of our body is Intravenous or IV injections injected?
A. into a vein C. into a muscle
B. spinal cord D. under the surface of the skin
11. Why do researchers carry out investigations in clinical researches?
A. what can treat or prevent them
B. to find out which diseases are present and why they occur
C. A only
D. A and B
12. Who are NOT considered clinician?
A. doctor B. nurse C. psychotherapist D. researcher
13. Which of the following area of science seeks ways to prevent and treat
diseases that lead to illness or death.?
A. surgery B. psychotherapy C. clinical research D. biomedical research
14. Which of the following is considered as topical medicine?
A. face powder B. lotion C. shampoo D. soap
15. How does one find out if a therapy, often a drug, is safe and effective to use
when treating a specific condition?
A. clinician B. clinical trial C. clinical study D. clinical research

What’s in
Activity 1
4 Pics 1 Word
Directions: Guess the word that describes the 4 pictures in each group. Refer to the
given letters as hint of the correct word. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. 2. 3.

https://heavy.com/4-pics-1-word

O D O T C R M C A Y P A H R
D G R U

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 What’s New

Activity 2
Fix me!

Use the clues to fill in the words. Words can go across or down. Letters
are shared when the words intersect.

Drugs doctor medicine medicines nurse allopathic

ACROSS
3.physician
5. drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions

DOWN
1.Conventional modern medicine
2. substances other than food that change the state or structure of
mind and body
4. the field of health and healing

What is It
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 Medicine is the field of health and healing. It includes nurses, doctors, and
various specialists. It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical
research, and many other aspects of health. Medicine aims to promote and maintain
health and well-being.
Conventional modern medicine is sometimes called allopathic medicine. It
involves the use of drugs or surgery, often supported by counseling and lifestyle
measures.
Alternative and complementary types of medicine include acupuncture,
homeopathy, herbal medicine, art therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, and many
more.
Comparison Between Medicine and Drug

The terms “drug” and medicine “are often mistakenly used as two similar
terms. However, in the strictest sense, the two have different meanings of definitions,
and they can serve different purposes.
It is just the government or the law that dictates that these two have a thin
line of separation. It is not the dictionary that gives their distinct definitions but the
terms of its legality and social perception. As defined by law, medicines have
negligible toxicities while drugs are habit-forming substances that may lead to some
serious adverse effects even though it is still initially used to cure diseases.
The term “drug” nowadays is linked more to specific kinds of medications
including stimulants, hallucinogens, and narcotics. With this, it is safe to say that
drugs are those substances that have some form of stimulating effect and have the
potential for addiction when used in an abusive way. Some of these drugs are very
easy to administer like adding them to your regular drink. Using these kinds of
substances is also therapeutic to some extent.
“Drug“is taken from the French term “ drogue.” It is a substance that can
induce what’s called a form of stupefaction because it stupefies one’s line of thought
and state of mental well-being. This is the reason why those taking drugs in an
uncontrolled manner are called drug addicts. They take in these substances
regularly. A person who sells illegally addictive drugs is known as drug peddler.
On the other hand, medicine is recognized as any preparation that is meant
for treating or preventing illnesses. In the past, this term is limited only to the
preparations administered orally. Nowadays, it has taken on a broader scope.
In another sense, medicine is a field of study that is concerned about the
clinical diagnoses, treating diseases, as well as preventing the occurrence of such.
Professionals who’ve graduated in the field of medicine and who’ve officially passed
the medical board exam are called M.D.’s (medical doctor) or physician. This person
is an expert in prescribing and administering the right kind of medications to the
ailing patient. Contrary to drugs, medicine in general is something that won’t lead to
addiction. Thus, it doesn’t stupefy the mind. The term is actually of Latin origin
medicina.
To summarize : 1) Drugs can stupefy the mind unlike medicines ; 2) Drugs have
the potential of addiction while medicines ( in the general sense ) don’t lead to such;
3) The term “ drugs” ( either for therapeutic or non-therapeutic purposes ) is
nowadays thought to have a more negative connotation; 4) Drugs are substances
that can still cure diseases to some extent but can have severe adverse effects if used

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more than what’s necessary; and 5) Medicine can be a field of study whose graduates
are called physicians or M.D.’s.
Fields of medicine

Modern medicine has many fields and aspects. Here are some of them.

Clinical practice
A clinician works with patients in a health setting.
A clinician is a health worker who works directly with patients in a hospital or other
healthcare setting. Nurses, doctors, psychotherapists, and other specialists are all
clinicians. Not all medical specialists are clinicians. Researchers and laboratory
workers are not clinicians because they do not work with patients. The physician
assesses the individual, with the aim of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease
using knowledge learned from training, research, and experiences, and clinical
judgment
Biomedical research
This area of science seeks ways to prevent and treat diseases that lead to
illness or death. Biomedical scientists use biotechnology techniques to study
biological processes and diseases. They aim to develop successful treatments and
cures. Biomedical research requires careful experimentation, development, and
evaluation. It involves biologists, chemists, doctors, pharmacologists, and others.
Medications
This field looks at drugs or medicines and how to use them. Doctors and other
health professionals use medications in the medical diagnosis, treatment, cure, and
prevention of disease.
Surgery
Surgical procedures are necessary for diagnosing and treating some types of
disease, malformation, and injury. They use instrumental and manual means rather
than medication. A surgeon may carry out a surgical procedure to remove or replace
diseased tissue or organs, or they may use surgery to remove tissue for biopsy.
Sometimes, they remove unwanted tissue and then send it for diagnosis.
Medical devices
Health professionals use a wide range of instruments to diagnose and treat a
disease or other condition, to prevent a worsening of symptoms, to replace a damaged
part — such as a hip or a knee — and so on. Medical devices range from test tubes
to sophisticated scanning machines.

Alternative and complementary medicine

Alternative medicine-People use a different option from the conventional one,
such as using relaxation measures to improve headaches, rather than pain relief
medication.

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 Complementary medicine -People add another treatment option to a main
treatment. For example, they may use relaxation as well as pain relief medication for
a headache. Alternative and complementary therapies are often based on traditional
knowledge, rather than scientific evidence or clinical trials.
Examples include homeopathy, acupuncture, ayurveda, naturopathic
medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine.
Ayurveda is an ancient healing art and a form of alternative medicine. This
includes any practice that aims to heal but is not part of conventional medicine.
Techniques range widely. They include the use of herbs, manipulation of “channels”
in the body, relaxation, and so on.
Clinical research
Researchers carry out investigations to find out which diseases are present,
why they occur, what can treat or prevent them, what makes them more likely to
happen, and many other aspects of health. Clinical trials are one aspect of clinical
research. They aim to find out if a therapy — often a drug — is safe and effective to
use when treating a specific condition.
The most effective way to demonstrate the effectiveness of a drug or technique
is to carry out a double-blind, random, long-term, large clinical human study. In this
type of study, researchers compare the effect of a therapy or drug in with either a
placebo, no treatment, or another therapy or drug.

Psychotherapy
Counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and other forms of “talking
cure” can be helpful for people with conditions that affect their mental health,
ranging from depression to stress to chronic pain.
Physical and occupational therapy
These treatments do not involve medication, although a person may use
medication alongside them.
Physical therapy can help improve strength and flexibility in people who have
a condition that affects their musculoskeletal system.
Occupational therapy can teach people new and better ways to do things
physically. A person who has had a stroke, for example, may benefit from learning
again how to walk, using techniques that perhaps they did not use before.Other
fields of medicine include pharmacology and pharmacy, nursing, speech therapy,
medical practice management, and many more.

Classification of Drugs

Classification of drugs can be based on:

A. Pharmacological Effect
How a drug or medicine affects or influences the cells of an organism is
referred to as the pharmacological effect. Different types of drugs have various
pharmacological effects on an organism.

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 For example, an analgesic reduces pain while an anti-inflammatory drug
reduces the inflammation of the body. Thus, drugs can be classified based on the
pharmacological effect
B. Drug Action
Different drugs act differently i.e., each drug has its own way of generating a
response called drug action. Drug action is more specified according to how it
generates a response. For example, there are lots of medicines to treat hypertension,
but each type of drug has different drug actions.

C. Chemical Structure
This is a common classification of drugs. Generally, drugs that have the same
drug action and pharmacological effect have a basic skeletal structure and a minute
variation in the branching.
D. Molecular Targets
Drugs target the macromolecules inside the body to generate a biological
response. Such macromolecules are called target molecules or drug targets. Drugs
that have the same mechanism of action will have the same target. This basis for the
classification of drugs is more helpful during clinical trials.
Drugs are any chemical substances that affect/alter the physiology when
taken into a living system. When a drug is therapeutically active and is used for the
diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, it is called medicine. It is the drug
interactions with macromolecules inside the body that generate a biological
response.
E. Therapeutic Classification
Used for similar effect may not have similar chemical makeup.
Examples: Antihypertensives, Antibiotics

F. Allopathic Drugs
The term "Allopathy" refers to the principle of curing a disease by
administering substances that produce the opposite effect of the disease when given
to a healthy human. Non-Prescription Drugs or Over-the-Counter drugs are
considered allopathic drugs, which can be purchased from a pharmacy without the
prescription of a doctor.

The table below shows allopathic drugs, its uses and types

Table 1. Allopathic drugs, Uses, and Types

Allopathic drug Use Type

Reduce the swelling and
cream, ointment,
relieve the discomfort of
Anti-Hemorrhoid suppository
hemorrhoids
Helps in preventing infections
caused by bacteria that get
Topical Antibiotics cream, ointment
into minor cuts, scrapes, and
burns

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 Cough Prevent or stop coughing
Liquid, capsule, tablet
Suppressants
Help clear up pimples, black
Anti-acne drugs heads, white heads, and Ointment, cream
more severe forms of acne.
Non-steroidal Anti- Relieve pain, swelling,
inflammatory stiffness, and inflammation. capsule, tablet
Drugs
Slow or stop the growth of
germs and help prevent
Antiseptics cream, ointment, liquid
infections in minor cuts,
scrapes, and burns.
Analgesic Relieve pain tablet, capsule, liquid
Non-Steroidal Anti- Relieve pain and reduce
Inflammatory inflammation. Tablet, capsule, liquid
Drugs
Salicylates Relieve pain and reduce fever tablet, capsule, liquid
Act directly on muscles in
Vasodilators blood vessel walls to make capsule, tablet
blood vessels widen (dilate)
Antacids Neutralize stomach acid tablet, capsule, liquid
Loosen and clear mucus and
Expectorants phlegm from the respiratory tablet, capsule, liquid
tract.
Treat fungal infections
Anti-fungal Drugs cream, ointment, liquid
Block the action of histamine
(a compound released in
Antihistamines capsule Tablet, liquid
allergic inflammatory
reactions)
Relieve the uncomfortable
Antigas Agents symptoms of too much gas in capsule, tablet, liquid
the stomach and intestines
Help people stop smoking
Smoking-cessation
cigarettes or using other capsule, tablet, liquid
Drugs
forms of tobacco.

Development of Medicine

Drug discovery • Pre-clinical • Testing drug in a lab • Clinical Trials • Testing drug
on humans
Drug discovery • In 1928 Alexander Fleming returned from holiday to find his
bacterial plates had been contaminated with a fungus. Fungus had killed the
bacteria on the plate. Realized the potential of the mould to kill bacteria. He called
the agent penicillin it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into
the miracle drug for the 20th century. • Awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine
Pre clinical testing • Identify a compound which has the desired effect on a cell
(~ 20 - 50 out of several 1000) • Test on panel of cell lines (5 - 10 / 50) •
Pharmacodynamics (What drug does to body) • Test in animals ( 1 - 3 / 10) •
Pharmacodynamics • Pharmacokinetics (What body does to drug) • Drug metabolism
and elimination mechanisms • Toxicity
Schematic of possible outcomes

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Lecture plan • Development of a medicine: • Clinical trials • How can we categorise
drugs? • How do drugs cause their effects? • Specific receptors: lock & key • Non-
specific effects • Pharmacokinetics
Clinical trials: What are they? • Research studies involving humans • Used to
determine if drug treatments are safe and effective • Are the safest and quickest way
to find treatments that work • Three stages: I II and III
Clinical trial protocol • Strict scientific guidelines • Purpose of study • How many
participants • Who is eligible • How study will be carried out • What information will
be gathered • End points
Clinical trials – phases Stage 2 Preclinical Stage 1 Drug Discovery Stage 3 Clinical
trials Phase I 20-100 volunteers Phase III 1000-5000 volunteers 10,000 compounds
250 compounds 5 compounds 1 approved drug Phase II 100-500 volunteers 6.5
years 7 years 1.5 yrs. Adapted from Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of
America.
Phases I trials • Use healthy volunteers • How does the drug affect the human body?
• Drug absorption, metabolism and excretion • Preferred method of administration •
What dosage is safe?
Phase II trials • Use target patient group representative of those likely to benefit from
the drug. • No pregnant women • Does the drug have a beneficial effect on the
disease? • Determine therapeutic dose range. • Usually placebo controlled •
Conducted by experts in the disease field

Phase III trials • Obtains all data for regulatory agencies • Often multi-centered,
multinational • Long term safety evaluated • Is new drug better than standard?
Randomised controlled trial (RCT) • Volunteers randomly assigned to new treatment
or best existing treatment • Doctors have no say in who goes in which group to reduce
bias.
What is a placebo? An inactive pill, identical in appearance to the treatment pill
which is given to the control group. Used to control for the placebo effect Patient feels
better due to belief in the treatment Test pill Placebo.
Clinical trials – the results • Endpoint used to test trials success • Ideally use a hard
endpoint – cure from disease • Statisticians analyze results – is A better than B? •
Only after analysis do you tell which is A and B.
Types of medicines

1. Liquid
The active part of the medicine is combined with a liquid to make it easier to
take or better absorbed. A liquid may also be called a mixture, solution or syrup.
Many common liquids are now available without any added coloring or sugar.
2. Tablet
The active ingredient is combined with another substance and pressed into a
round or oval solid shape. There are different types of tablet. Soluble or dispersible
tablets can safely be dissolved in water.
3. Capsules
The active part of the medicine is contained inside a plastic shell that dissolves
slowly in the stomach. You can take some capsules apart and mix the contents
with your child’s favorite food. Others need to be swallowed whole, so the medicine
isn’t absorbed until the stomach acid breaks down the capsule shell.
4.Topical medicines

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 These are creams, lotions or ointments applied directly onto the skin. They
come in tubs, bottles or tubes depending on the type of medicine. The active part
of the medicine is mixed with another substance, making it easy to apply to the
skin.
5. Suppositories
The active part of the medicine is combined with another substance and
pressed into a bullet shape so it can be inserted into the bottom. Suppositories
mustn't be swallowed.
6. Drops
These are often used where the active part of the medicine works best if it
reaches the affected area directly. They tend to be used for eye, ear or nose.
7. Inhalers
The active part of the medicine is released under pressure directly into the
lungs. Young children may need to use a ‘spacer’ device to take the medicine
properly. Inhalers can be difficult to use at first so your pharmacist will show you
how to use them.
8. Injections
There are different types of injection, in how and where they're injected.
Subcutaneous or SC injections are given just under the surface of the skin.
Intramuscular or IM injections are given into a muscle. Intrathecal injections are
given into the fluid around the spinal cord. Intravenous or IV injections are given
into a vein. Some injections can be given at home but most are given at your
doctor’s surgery or in hospital.
9. Implants or patches
These medicines are absorbed through the skin, such as nicotine patches for
help in giving up smoking, or contraceptive implants.
Tablets you don't swallow (known as buccal or sublingual tablets or liquids)
These look like normal tablets or liquids, but you don’t swallow them. Buccal
medicines are held in the cheek, so the mouth lining absorbs the active
ingredient. Sublingual medicines work in the same way but are put underneath
the tongue. Buccal and sublingual medicines tend only to be given in very specific
circumstances.

What’s More
Activity 3
Take me in!

Directions: Give at least 5medicines that you have taken and fill out each
column. Copy the table on your answer sheet.

Name of the Purpose of

Classification Type of Medicine
medicine taking
1.
2.
3.

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 4..
5

What I Have Learned

Activity 4
FACT or BLUFF

Directions: Write FACT if the statement is correct and write BLUFF if the
statement is incorrect.
1. Counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and other forms of “talking
cure” can be helpful for people with conditions that affect their mental
health, ranging from depression to stress to chronic pain.
2. Medicine does not promote and maintain health and well-being.
3. Intramuscular or IM injections are given into vein.
4. Drug discovery -Pre-clinical - Testing drug in a lab -Clinical Trials - Testing
drug on humans.
5. All the hypertension medicines reduce the blood pressure but in the same
pathway.
6. Suppositories mustn't be swallowed.
7. The least effective way to demonstrate the effectiveness of a drug or
technique is to carry out a double-blind, random, long-term, large clinical
human study
8. Surgical procedures are necessary for diagnosing and treating some types of
disease, malformation, and injury.
9. Conventional modern medicine is sometimes called allopathic medicine. It
involves the use of drugs or surgery, often supported by counseling and
lifestyle measures.
10. When a drug is therapeutically active and is used for the diagnosis,
treatment or prevention of a disease, it is called medicine

What I Can Do

Compare and Contrast Drug and Medicine. Give at least 5.

Drug Medicine

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 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
QUARTER 4- MODULE 2
NAME:___________________GR.& SEC:____________________ DATE:______________
Skill Focus: Explain in tabular form the importance of medicine.
Instructions:
1.Use an A4 size bondpaper for your written output.
2. For Online/Offline Digital Learners, take a picture of your written
output and send them to your teacher through their social media
platforms.
3. For Printed Modular Learners, write or print the written output
4. Submit your performance assessment together with your answer
sheets.
5. Refer to the rubrics for the scores.

A sample is given for your guide.

Drug Other terms Type Used Effects in the body

1.fluoride Sodium Available as tablets, drops, rinses Prevents cavities

Fluoride

2. antibiotics

3. alcohol

4. caffein

5. immunization

RUBRICS IN CONSUMER CHEMISTRY

QUARTER 4- MODULE 2

Category 10 8 6 4 Score

Content Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrate

depth understanding little very little
understanding of the understanding understanding
of the importance of of the of importance
importance of medicine importance of of medicine
medicine medicine
Written Presentation Presentation Presentation is Presentation
Presentation is well is organized less organized is at random.
organized and and has a line and difficult to
of thought.

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 has clear lines understand.
of thought.
Relevance to Able to Able to Able to explain Take an effort
the topic explain well explain the a little of the to explain but
the importance of importance of irrelevant.
importance of medicine medicine
medicine

Total Score

Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Write the letter of your chosen answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Which of the following refers to how drug or medicine affects or influences
the cells of an organism?
A. drug action C. molecular targets
B. chemical structure D. pharmacological effect
2. When do drugs be called medicine?
A. diagnosis C. treatment or prevention of a disease
B. therapeutically active D. all of these
3. Who accidentally discovered penicillin?
A. Werner Arber C. Louis Agassiz
B. George Beadle D. Alexander Fleming
4. What is the type of medicine when active part of the medicine is contained
inside a plastic shell that dissolves slowly in the stomach?
A. capsule B. drops C. syrup D. tablet
5. Why do researchers carry out clinical investigations?
A. for further studies
B. for prevention and treatment
C. to find out which diseases are present and why they occur
D. A, B, and C

6. Who are NOT considered clinician?

A. doctor B. nurse C. psychotherapist D. researcher
7. Which of the following area of science seeks ways to prevent and treat
diseases that lead to illness or death?
A. surgery B. psychotherapy C. clinical research D. biomedical research
8. Which of the following is considered as topical medicine?
A. face powder B. lotion C. shampoo D. soap
9. How does one find out if a therapy, often a drug, is safe and effective to use
when treating a specific condition? It is through a ______.
A. clinician B. clinical trial C. clinical study D. clinical research
10. What is it that includes nurses, doctors, and various specialists and covers
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical research, and
many other aspects of health?
A. clinic B. hospital C. medicine D. physician

13
11. Which of the following involves the use of drugs or surgery, often supported
by counseling and lifestyle measures? It is _______ medicine.
A. alternative B. Chinese C. complementary D. conventional

12. Who assesses the individual, with the aim of diagnosing, treating, and
preventing disease using knowledge learned from training, research,
experiences, and clinical judgment?
A. architect B. engineer C. nurse D. physician
13. In what part of our body is intravenous or IV injections injected?
A. into a vein C. into a muscle
B. spinal cord D. under the surface of the skin
14. What treatment can help improve strength and flexibility in people who have
a condition that affects their musculoskeletal system.
A. Physical therapy C. Psychotherapy
B. Occupational therapy D. Speech therapy
15. What field looks at how drugs or medicines are used?
A. biomedical B. clinical practice C. clinical trials D. medications

References:
https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/medicines-
information/types-medicines/
https://www.slideshare.net/NaveenSharma45/classification-drug
https://classroom.kidshealth.org/classroom/prekto2/problems/drugs/dru
gs.pdf https://heavy.com/4-pics-1-word
https://www.efpia.eu/about-medicines/development-of-medicines/

Answer Key

5. Bluff 10. Fact

4. Fact 9. Fact
3. Bluff 8. Fact
2. Bluff 7. Bluff
1. Fact 6. Fact
What I have Learn (Activity 4)
Answers may vary
What’ More (Activity 3)
4. medicine
2. drugs 5. medicines
1. allopathic 3. doctor
Down: Across

What’s New ( Activity 2)

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3. pharmacy
2. doctor
1. drug

What’s in (Activity 1)
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