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CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
Quarter 4 – Drugs & Medicines
Week 1 Module 1
History of Medicine

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Consumer Chemistry – Grade 9 Special Science Class Elective Subject

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Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: History of Medicines
Second edition 2021

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 9

CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
Quarter 4 – Drugs & Medicines
Week 1 Module 1
History of Medicine

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 History of Medicines

What I Need to Know

This module will tackle about the history of medicines.

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. trace the history of medicines; and
2. write reaction paper on the different vaccines for COVID - 19.

What I Know

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your chosen answer on your answer sheet.

1. Who is known as the world’s first physician?

A. Babylonians B. Hippocrates C. Imhotep D. Romans
2. What concept below was NOT produced by Babylonians?
A. Prescriptions C. Diagnosis & Prognosis
B. Physicians & Nurses D. Physical Examinations
3.Hippocrates taught the prevention of diseases through a regimen of what?
A. sanitation C. washing of hands
B. diet & exercise D. observing the patient
4. What epidemic killed 100 thousand people, between 30% and 60% of Europe’s
population during and beyond the Dark Ages?
A. Black Death C. Middle Death
B. Black Plague D. Middle Plague
5. During the Dark / Middle Ages , which term came into use?
A. doctor B. midwife C. nurse D. pharmacist
6. Who proved that germs caused diseases?
A. Jenner B. Kock C. Louis Pasteur D. Withering
7. On what date did Wilhelm Roentgen discover X-rays?
A. October 7, 1892 C. December 19, 1897
B. November 8, 1895. D. January 10,1899
8. What war did Florence Nightingale care for the wounded?
A. Civil War B. Cold War C. Crimean War D. World War 2
9. Who took “Photo 51” the double helix structure of DNA?
A. Crick B. Franklin C. Stalk D. Watson
10. Where was the first successful kidney transplant take place at? (1953)
A. Atlanta, Georgia C. Gainesville Florida
B. Boston, MA D. NYC, NY
11. Who implanted the first artificial heart?
A. Bernard & Stalk C. Franklin & Stalk
B. Fleming & Withering D. William Devries & Jorvk 7
12. Who first developed the first vaccine to control or prevent Polio?
A. Fleming B. Franklin C. Dr. Jonas Stalk D. Withering
13. Which field/area first adopted the use of X-rays?
A. entertainment B. medical C. military D. science

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 14. Who built the first portable X-ray machine?
A. Banting & Best C. William Roentgen
B. Marie Pierre D. Thomas Edison
15. Who performed the first Open Heart Transplant?
A. Dr. Christian Barnard C. Florence Nightingale
B. Dr. Alexander Fleming D. Dr. Jonas Stalk

What's In

SCRAMBLED WORDS. Write the words formed related to the lessons of this module
on your answer sheets.

1.___________ E N I N M E I D

2. ___________ I S O R H T Y

3.____________ E I N V C C A

4. ___________ O O I L P

5. ___________ Y E S G U R

What's New
Answer Briefly. When you were sick, what do you usually take to lessen /eliminate the
pain/illness you’re suffering? Write your answers in a paragraph form on
your answer sheet.

What Is It
DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINES

Prehistoric Medicine
Prehistoric medicine refers to medicine before humans were able to read and write. It
covers a vast period and varies, according to regions of the world and cultures.
Hippocrates is the father of modern medicine because in his books, which are more than
70, he described in a scientific manner, many diseases, and their treatment after detailed
observation.

Early Civilization
Mesopotamia: The ancient Mesopotamians had no distinction between “rational
science “and magic. When a person became ill, doctors would prescribe both magical
formulas to be recited as well as medicinal treatments. Along with the Egyptians,
the Babylonians introduced the practice of diagnosis, prognosis, physical
examination, and remedies. The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated
through therapeutic means such as bandages, herbs, and creams.

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 In East Semitic cultures, the main medicinal authority was a kind of exorcist-
healer known as an asipu. The physicians, who could be either male or female, also
dressed wounds, set limbs, and performed simple surgeries. The ancient
Mesopotamians also practiced prophylaxis and took measures to prevent the spread
of disease.
Mental illnesses were well known in ancient Mesopotamia, where diseases and
mental disorders were believed to be cause by specific deities. The royal Erectile
dysfunction was recognized as being rooted in psychological problems.

Egypt: Ancient Egypt developed a large, varied, and fruitful medical tradition.
Herodotus described the Egyptians as “the healthiest of all men, next to Libyans’,
because of the dry climate and the notable public health system that they possessed
Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is sometimes credited with being the founder of
ancient Egyptian medicine and with being the origin author of the Edwin Smith
Papyrus, detailing cures, ailments, and anatomical observations. The Edwin Smith
Papyrus regarded as a copy of several earlier works and was written c. 1600 BC. It
is an ancient textbook on surgery almost completely devoid the examination,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments.
The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus treats women’s complaints, including
problems with conception. Medical institutions, referred to as Houses of Life are
known to have been established in ancient Egypt as early as 2200 BC. The Ebers
Papyrus is the oldest written text mentioning enemas
Peseshet, practiced in Ancient Egypt at the time of the 4th dynasty. Her title
was “Lady Overseer of the Lady Physicians”. In addition to her supervisory role,
Peseshet trained midwives at an ancient Egyptian medical school in Sais.

India: The Atharvaveda, a sacred text of Hinduism dating from the Early Iron Age,
is one of the first Indian texts dealing with medicine. The Atharvaveda also contains
prescriptions of herbs for various ailments. The use of herbs to treat ailments would
later form a large part of Ayurveda.
Ayurveda, meaning the “complete knowledge for long life” is another medical
system in India. Its two most famous texts belong to the schools of Charaka and
Sushruta.
According to the compendium of Charaka, the Charakasamhita, health and
disease are not predetermined, and life may be prolonged by human effort. The
compendium of Susruta, the Susrutasamhita defines the purpose of medicine to cure
the diseases of the sick, protect the healthy, and to prolong life. Both these ancient
compendia include details of the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
of numerous ailments.The Susrutasamhita is notable for describing procedures on
various forms of surgery, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal
lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgical
procedures. Most remarkable was Sushuta’s surgery especially the rhinoplasty for
which he is called father of modern plastic surgery.
Apart from learning these, the student of Ayurveda was expected to know ten arts
that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines;
distillation, operative skills, cooking, horticulture, metallurgy, sugar manufacture,
pharmacy , analysis and separation of minerals, compounding of metals, and
preparation of alkalis.

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 As an alternative form of medicine in India, Unani medicine found deep roots
and royal patronage during medieval times. It progressed during the Indian sultanate
and Mughal periods. Unani medicine is very close to Ayurveda.

China: China also developed a large body of traditional medicine. Much of the
philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from empirical observations of
disease and illness by Taoist physicians and reflects the classical Chinese belief that
individual human experiences express causative principles effective in the
environment at all scales. These causative principles, whether material , essential,
or mystical , correlate as the expression of the natural order of the universe.
China also developed a large body of traditional medicine. Much of the
philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from empirical observations of
disease and illness by Taoist physicians and reflects the classical Chinese belief that
individual human experiences express causative principles effective in the
environment at all scales. These causative principles, whether material , essential,
or mystical , correlate as the expression of the natural order of the universe.
Traditional Chinese Medicine that is based on the use of herbal medicine,
acupuncture, massage and other forms of therapy has been practiced in China for
thousands of years.

Greece and Roman Empire : Around 800 BCE Homer in the Iliad gives descriptions
of wound treatment by the two sons of Asklepios, the admirable physicians
Podalerius and Machaon and one acting doctor, Patroclus. Because Machaon is
wounded and Podakeirius is in combat Eurypylus asks Patroclus to cut out this
arrow from my thigh, wash off the blood with warm water and spread soothing
ointment on the wound. Asklephos like Imhotep becomes god of healing over time.
Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical
conditions. Though humorism (humoralism) as a medical system predates 5th -
century Greek medicine, Hippocrates and his students systematized the thinking
that illness can be explained by an imbalance of blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow
bile.
Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and
epidemic, and use terms such as, “exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis,
paroxysm, peak, and convalescence”.

Another of Hippocrates’s major contributions may be found in his descriptions

of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of
thoracic empyema, i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings
remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery.
Hippocrates was the first documented person to practice cardiothoracic surgery, and
his findings are still valid.
Some of the techniques and theories developed by Hippocrates are now put into
practice by the fields of Environmental and Integrative Medicine. These include
recognizing the importance of taking a complete history which includes
environmental exposures as well as foods eaten by the patient which might play a
role in his or her illness.
Herophilus and Erasistratus

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 Two great Alexanderians laid the foundations for the scientific study of anatomy
and physiology, Herophilus of Chalcedon ans Erasistratus of Ceos. Other
Alexandiran surgeon gave us ligature (hemostatsis) , lithotomy, hernia operations,
ophthalmic surgery, plastic surgey,
methods of reduction of dislocations and fractures, tracheotomy, and mandrake as
an aesthetic. Some of what we know of them comes from Celsus and Galen of
Perganmum. Herophilus of Chalcedon, the renowned Alexandrian physician,
was one of the pioneers of human anatomy.

Galen: The Greek Galen ( c. 129 - 216 AD ) was one of the greatest physicians of the
ancient world, as his theories dominated all medical studies for nearly 1500 years.
Galen strongly believed that medical dissection was one of the essential procedures
in truly understanding medicine. He began to dissect different animals that were
anatomically similar to humans, which allowed him to learn more about the internal
organs and extrapolate the surgical studies to the human body. In addition, he
performed many audacious operations-including brain and eye surgeries - that were
not tried again for almost millennia. Through the dissections and surgical
procedures, Galen concluded that blood can circulate throughout the human body,
and the heart similar to the human soul.

The Romans invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first

instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of forceps, scalpels,
cautery, cross-bladed scissors, the surgical needle, the sound, and speculas.
Romans also performed cataract surgery.

The Roman army physician Disocorides (c. 40 - 90 CE), was a Greek botanist
and pharmacologist. He wrote the encyclopedia De Materia Medicadescribing over
600 herbal cures, forming an influential pharmacopoeia which was used extensively
for the for the following 1,500 years
Early Christians in the Roman Empire incorporated medicine in their
theology, ritual practices, ad metaphors.

The Middle Ages, 400 to 1400

Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire: Byzantine medicine encompasses the

common medical practices of the Byzantine Empire from about 400 AD to 1453 AD.
Byzantine medicine was notable for building upon the knowledge base developed by
its Greco-Roman predecessors.
The first ever known example of separating conjoined twins occurred in the
Byzantine Empire in the 10th century. The next example of separating conjoined
twins will be first recorded in many centuries later in Germany in 1689.

Islamic World: The Islamic civilization rose to primacy in medical science as its
physicians contributed significantly to the field of medicine, including anatomy,
ophthalmology, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology, and surgery. The Arabs were
influenced by ancient Indian, Persian, Greek, Roman and Byzantine medical
practices, and helped them develop further. Galen and Hippocrates were pre-eminent
authorities. The translation of 129 of Galen’s works into Arabic by the Nestorian
Christian Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his assistants, and in particular Galen’s insistence

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on a rational systematic approach to medicine, set the template for Islamic medicine,
which rapidly spread throughout the Arab Empire. Its most famous physicians
included the Persian polymaths Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi and Avicenna, who
wrote more than 40 works on health, medicine, and well-being. Taking leads from
Greece to Rome, Islamic scholars kept both the art and science of medicine alive and
moving forward. Persian polymath Avicenna has also been called the “father of
medicine Persian physician al-Razi was one of the first to question the Greek theory
of humorism . Al-razi has been described as a doctor’s doctor, the father of pediatrics,
and a pioneer of ophthalmology. For example, he was the first to recognize the
reaction of the eye’s pupil to light.
Europe: After AD 400, the study and practice of medicine in the Western Roman
Empire went into deep decline. Medical services were provided, especially for the
poor, in the thousands of monastic hospitals that sprang up across Europe, but the
care was rudimentary and mainly palliative. Most of the writings of Galen and
Hippocrates were lost to the West, with the summaries and compendia of St. Isidore
of Seville being the primary channel for transmitting Greek medical ideas.
Greek and Roman taboos had meant that dissection was usually banned in the
ancient times, but in the Middle Ages it changed: medical teachers and students at
Bologna began to open human bodies, and Mondino de Luzzi (c. 1275 - 1326)
produced the first known anatomy textbook based on human dissection.

Wallis identifies a prestige hierarchy with university educated physicians on top,

followed by learned surgeons; craft-trained surgeons; barber surgeons; itinerant
specialists such as dentist and oculists; empirics; and midwives.

Humors: The theory of humors was derived from ancient medical works, dominated
western medicine until the 19th century, and is credited to Greek philosopher and
surgeon Galen of Pragmon (129- ca. 216 A.D.). In Greek medicine, there are thought
to be four humors, or bodily fluids that are linked to illness: blood, phlegm, yellow
bile, and black bile. Early scientists believed that food is digested into blood, muscle,
and bones, while the humors that weren’t blood were then formed by indigestible
materials that are left over. An excess or shortage of any one of the four humors is
theorized to cause an imbalance that results in sickness; the statement was
hypothesized by sources before Hippocrates. Hippocrates (ca.400 B.C.) deduced that
the four seasons of the year and four ages of man that affect the body in relation to
the humors. The four ages of man are childhood, youth, prime age, and old age. The
four humors as associated with the four seasons are black bile- autumn, yellow bile
- summer, phlegm - winter and blood- spring.
Renaissance to early modern period 16th -18th century

Vesalius - described in detail the anatomy of the brain and other organs; he had
little knowledge of the brain’s function, thinking that it resided mainly in the
ventricles. Over his lifetime he corrected over 200 of Galen’s mistakes.
Understanding of medical sciences and diagnosis improved, but with little
direct benefit to health care. Few effective drugs existed, beyond opium and quinine.
Folklore cures and potentially poisonous metal-based compounds were popular
treatments.

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Bacteria and protists - were first observed with a microscope by Antoine van
Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology.
Paracelsus - (1493 - 1541), was an erratic and abusive innovator who rejected Galen
and bookish knowledge, calling for experimental research, with heavy doses of
mysticism, He preached but he also pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in
medicine. His hermetical views were the sickness and health in the body relied on
the harmony of man (microcosm) and Nature (macrocosm). Paracelsus is a highly
controversial figure in the history of medicine, with most experts hailing him as a
Father of Modern Medicine for shaking off religious orthodoxy and inspiring many
researchers; others say he was a mystic more than a scientist and downplay his
importance.
Padua and Bologna: The University of Padua was founded about 1220 by
walkouts from the University of Bologna and began teaching medicine in 1222. It
played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments,
specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body.
Age of Enlightenment: During the Age of Enlightenment, the 18th century,
science was held in high esteem and physicians upgraded their social status by
becoming more scientific. The health filed was crowded with self-trained barber -
surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, drug peddlers, and charlatans.
Britain: Across Britain - and indeed all over the world- most of the people in city,
town. Or countryside depended for medical care on local amateurs with no
professional training but with a reputation as wise healers who could diagnose
problems and advise sick people what to do - and perhaps set broken bones, pull a
tooth, give some traditional herbs or brews, or perform a little magic to cure what
ailed them.
The London Dispensary opened in 1696, the first clinic in the British Empire to
dispense medicines to poor sick people.

English physician Thomas Percival (1740 - 1804) wrote a comprehensive system

of medical conduct, Medical Ethics; or . a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to
the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons (1803) that set the standard for
many textbooks.

Spanish and Spanish Empire: Epidemic disease had decimated indigenous

populations starting with the early sixteenth -century Spanish conquest of the Aztec
empire, when a back auxiliary in the armed forces of conqueror Hernan Cortes, with
the active case of smallpox, set off a virgin land and epidemic among indigenous
peoples, Spanish allies and enemies alike. Aztec emperor Cuitlahuac died of
smallpox. Disease was a significant factor in the Spanish conquest elsewhere as well.
Spanish Quest for Medicinal Spices: Botanical medicines also became popular
during the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. Spanish pharmaceutical books during
this time contain medicinal recipes consisting of spices, herbs, and other botanical
products. For example, nutmeg oil was documented for curing stomach ailments and
cardamom oil was believed to relieve intestinal ailments. During the rise of the global
trade market, spices and herbs, along with many other goods, that were indigenous
to different territories began to appear in different locations across the globe. Herbs
and spices were especially popular for their utility in cooking and medicines. As a

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result of this popularity and increased demand for spices, some areas in Asia, like
China and Indonesia, became hubs for spice cultivation and trade. The Spanish
Empire also wanted to benefit from the international spice trade, so they looked
towards their American colonies.

The Spanish American colonies became an area where the Spanish searched to
discover new spices and indigenous American medicinal recipes.

19th Century: Rise of Modern Medicine

The practice of medicine changed in the face of rapid advances in science, as
well as new approaches by physicians. Hospital doctors began much more systematic
analysis of patients’ symptoms in diagnosis. Among the more powerful new
techniques were anesthesia, and the development of both antiseptic and aseptic
operating theatres. Effective cures were developed for certain endemic infectious
diseases. However, the decline in many of the most lethal diseases was due more to
improvements in public health and nutrition than to advances in medicine.

Medicine was revolutionized in the 19th century and beyond by advances in

chemistry, laboratory techniques, and equipment. Old ideas of infectious disease
epidemiology were gradually replaced by advances in bacteriology and virology.
Germ Theory and Bacteriology: In the 1830s in Italy, Agostino Bassi traced the
silkworm disease muscardine to mciroorganisms. Meanwhile, in Germany, Theodor
Schwann led research on alcoholic fermentation by yeast, proposing that living
microorganisms were responsible. Leading chemists, such as Justus von Liebig,
seeking solely physicochemical explanations, derided this claim and alleged that
Schwann was regressing to vitalism.
In 1847 in Vienna, Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865) , dramatically reduced the
death rate of new mothers ( due to childbed fever ) by requiring physicians to clean
their hands before attending childbirth, yet the his principles were marginalized and
attacked by professional peers. At that time most people still believed that infections
were caused by foul odors called miasmas.

French scientist Louis Pasteur confirmed Schwann’s fermentation experiments

in 1857 and afterwards supported the hypothesis that yeast were microorganisms.
Moreover, he suggested that such a process might also explain contagious disease.
In 1860, Pasteur’s report on bacterial fermentation of butyric acid motivated fellow
Frenchman Casimir Davaine to identify a similar species (which he called bacteridia
) as the pathogen of the deadly disease anthrax . Others dismissed “ bacteridia” as a
mere byproduct of the disease. British surgeon Joseph Lister, however, took these
findings seriously and subsequently introduced antisepsis to wound treatment in
1865.

German physician, Robert Koch, noting fellow German Ferdinand Cohn’s report
of a spore stage of a certain bacterial species, traced the cycle of Davine’s bacteridia,
identified spores, inoculated laboratory animals with them, and reproduced anthrax
- a breakthrough for experimental pathology and germ theory of disease. Pasteur’s
group added ecological investigations. confirming spores’ role in the natural setting,
while Koch published a landmark treatise in 1878 on the bacterial pathology of

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wounds. In 1881, Koch reported discovery of the “tubercle bacillus”, cementing germ
theory and Koch’s acclaim.

Upon the outbreak of a cholera epidemic in Alexandria, Egypt, two medical

missions used to test for infection with the involved species. In 1905, Koch was
awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and remains renowned as the founder
of medical microbiology.
Women as Healers: Women had always served as healers and midwives since
ancient times. However, the professionalization of medicine forced them increasingly
to the sidelines. As hospitals multiplied, they relied in Europe on orders of roman
Catholic nun-nurses, and German Protestant and Anglican deaconesses in the early
19th century. They were trained in traditional methods of physical care that involved
little knowledge of medicine. The breakthrough to professionalization based on
knowledge of advanced medicine was led by Florence Nightingale in England. She
resolves to provide more advanced training than she saw on the Continent. The
Nightingale solution depended on the patronage of upper-class women, and they
proved eager to serve. Royalty became involved
Women as physicians: It was difficult for women to become doctors in any field
before the 1970s. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 - 1910) became the first woman to
formally study and practice medicine in the United States. She was a leader in
women’s medical education.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): was one of the most important founders of medical
microbiology. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and
preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and
he created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. His experiments supported the
germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a
method to treat milk and wine in order to prevent it from causing sickness, a process
that came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main
founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. He worked
chiefly in Paris and in 1887 founded the

Vienna: After 1820 the Second Viennese School of Medicine emerged with the
contributions of physicians such as Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Skoda,
Ferdinand Ritter von Habra, and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Basic medical science
expanded and specialization advanced. Furthermore, the first dermatology, eye, as
well as ear, nose, and throat clinics in the world were founded in Vienna.

Berlin: After 1871 Berlin, the capital of the new German Empire, became a leading
center for medical research. Robert Koch (1843 - 1910) was a representative leader.
He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus
(1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883 ) and for the development of Koch’s postulates. He
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis
findings. Koch is one of the founders of microbiology, inspiring such major figures as
Paul Ehrlich and Gerhard Domagk.

U.S. Civil War: In the American Civil War (1861 - 1865), as was typical of the
19th century, more soldiers died of disease than in battle, and even larger numbers
were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, diseases and accidents. Conditions were
poor in the Confederacy, where doctors and medical supplies were in short supply.

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The war had a dramatic long-term impact on medicine in the U.S., from surgical
technique to hospitals to nursing and to research facilities.

Weapon development -particularly the appearance of Springfield Model 1861,

mass-produced and much more accurate than muskets led to generals
underestimating the risk. of long-range rifle, risks exemplified in the death of John
Sedgwick and the disastrous Pickett’s Charge. The rifles could shatter bone forcing
amputation and longer ranges meant casualties were sometimes not quickly found.
Evacuation of the wounded from Second Battle of Evacuation of Bull Run took a
week. As in earlier wars, untreated casualties sometimes survived unexpectedly due
to maggots debriding the wound - an observation which led to the surgical use of
maggots - still a useful method in the absence of effective antibiotics.

The hygiene of the training and field camps was poor, first came epidemics of
the childhood diseases of chicken pox, mumps, whooping cough, and, especially,
measles. Operations in the South meant a dangerous and new disease environment,
bringing diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, and malaria. There were no antibiotics,
so the surgeon’s prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine. Harsh weather, bad water,
inadequate shelter in winter quarters, poor policing of camps, and dirty camp
hospitals took their toll.

The U.S. Army learned many lessons and in August 1886, it established the
Hospital Corps.

Statistical Methods: A breakthrough in epidemiology came with the introduction

of statistical maps and graphs. English nurse Florence Nightingale pioneered
analysis of large amounts of statistical data, using graphs and tables, regarding the
condition of thousands of patients in the Crimean war to evaluate the efficacy of
hospital services. her methods proved convincing and led to reforms in military and
civilian hospitals, usually with the full support of the government.

John Hopkins Hospital: founded in 1889, originated several modern medical

practices, including residency and rounds.

Japan: Japanese elites enthusiastically embraced Western medicine alter the Meiji
Restoration of the 1860s. However, had been prepared by their knowledge of the
Dutch and German medicine, for they had some contact with Europe through the
Dutch. A cadre of Japanese physicians began to interact with Dutch doctors, who
introduced smallpox vaccinations.
Katasato Shibasaburo (1853 - 1931) studied bacteriology in Germany under
Robert Koch. In 1891 he founded the Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo, which
introduced the study of bacteriology to Japan.
Japanese physicians immediately recognized the values of X-rays. They were
able to purchase the equipment locally from the Shimadzu Company, which
developed, manufactured, marketed, and distributed X-ray machines after 1900.
Japan not only adopted German methods of public health in the home islands, but
implemented them in its colonies, especially Korea and Taiwan, and after 1931 in
Manchuria. A heavy investment in sanitation resulted in a dramatic increase of life
expectancy.

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Psychiatry: Until the nineteenth century, the care of the insane was largely a
communal and family responsibility rather than a medical one.

Emil Kraepelin (1856 - 1926) introduced new medical categories of mental

illness, which eventually came into psychiatric usage despite their basis in behaviour
rather than pathology or underlying cause .
In the 1950s new psychiatric drugs, notably the antipsychotic chlorpromazine,
were designed in laboratories and slowly came into preferred use.

20th Century and Beyond

Twentieth- century Warfare and Medicine: During the second World War,
Alexis Carrel and Henry Dakin developed the Carrel- Dakin method of treating
wounds with an irrigation. Dakin’s solution, a germicide which helped prevent
gangrene
The War spurred the usage of Roentgen’s X-ray, and the electrocardiograph, for
the monitoring of internal bodily functions. This was followed in the inter-war period
by the development of the first antibacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics.
Public Health.

Public health measures became particularly important during the 1918 flu
pandemic, which killed at least 50 million people around the world. It became an
important case study in epidemiology.

“By 1944 most casualties in war were receiving treatment within hours of
wounding, due to the increased mobility of field hospitals and the extensive use of
aeroplane as ambulances. The care of the sick and wounded had also been
revolutionized by new edical technologies, such as active immunization against
tetanus, sulphonamide drugs, and penicillin.

Nazi and Japanese Medical Research: After 1937, the Japanese army
established programs of biological warfare in china. In Unit 731, Japanese doctors
and research scientists conducted large numbers of vivisections and experiments on
human beings, mostly Chinese victims.
Malaria: Starting in World War II, DDT was used as insecticide to combat insect
vectors carrying malaria, which was an endemic in most tropical regions of the world.
Post-World War II: The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 as a
United Nations agency to improve global health. In most of the world, life expectancy
has improved since then, and was about 67 years as of 2010, and well above 80
years in some countries. Eradication of infectious diseases is an international effort,
and several new vaccines have been developed during the post-war years, against
infections such as measles, mumps, several strains of influenza and human
papilloma virus. The long-known vaccine against Smallpox finally eradicated the
disease in the 1970s and Rinderpest was wiped out in 2011. Eradication of polio is
underway. Tissue culture is important for development of vaccines. Through the
early success of antiviral vaccines and antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs were not
introduced until the 1970s.Through the WHO, the international community has
developed a response protocol against epidemics, displayed during the SARS

11
epidemic in 2003, the Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 from 2004. , the Ebola virus
epidemic in West Africa and onwards
As infectious diseases have become less lethal, and the most common causes of
death in developed countries are now tumors and cardiovascular diseases, these
conditions have received increased attention in medical research. Tobacco smoking
as a cause of lung cancer was first researched in the 1920s, but was not widely
supported by publications until the 1950s. Cancer treatment has been developed
with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgical oncology.

Oral rehydration therapy has been extensively used since the 1970s to treat
cholera and other diarrhea -inducing infections.

The sexual revolution included taboo-breaking research in human sexuality

such as the 1948 and 1953 Kinsey reports, invention of hormonal contraception,
and the normalization of abortion and homosexuality in many countries. Family
planning has promoted a demographic transition in most of the world. With
threatening sexually transmitted infections, not least HIV, use of barrier
contraception has become imperative. The struggle against HIV has improved
antiretroviral treatments.

X-ray imaging was the first kind of medical imaging, and later ultrasonic
imaging, CT scanning, MR scanning and other imaging methods became available.

Genetics have advanced with the discovery of the DNA molecule, genetic
mapping, and gene therapy.
Stem cell research took off in the 2000s (decade), with stem cell therapy as a
promising method.

Evidence- based medicine is a modern concept, not introduced to literature until

the 1990s.

Prosthetics have improved. In 1958, Arne Larsson in Sweden became the first
patient to depend on an artificial cardiac pacemaker. He died in 2001 at the age 86,
having outlived its inventor, the surgeon, and 26 pacemakers. Lightweight materials
as well as neural prosthetics emerged in the end of the 20th century.
Modern Surgery: Cardiac surgery was revolutionized in 1948 as open-heart
surgery was introduced for the first time since 1925.
In 1954 Joseph Murray, J. Hartwell Harrison and others accomplished the first
kidney transplantation.
Transplantations of other organs, such as heart, liver, and pancreas, were also
introduced during the later 20th century. The first partial face transplant was
performed in 2005, and the first full one in 2010. By the end of the 20th century,
microtechnology had been used to create tiny robotic devices to assist microsurgery
using micro-video and fibre-optic cameras to view internal tissues during surgery
with minimally invasive practices.
Laparoscopic surgery was broadly introduced in the 1990s. Natural orifice
surgery has followed. Remote surgery is another recent development, with the
transatlantic Lindbergh operation in 2001 as a groundbreaking example.
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN THE PHILIPINES

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 The history of medicine in the Philippines includes the folk medicinal practices
and the medical applications used in our society from the prehistoric times before
the Spaniards were able to set a firm foothold on the islands of the Philippines for
over 300 years, to the transition from Spanish rule to fifty-year American colonial
embrace of the Philippines, and up to the establishment of the Philippine.
Republic of the present: Although according to Dr. Jose Policarpio Bantug in his
book A Short History of Medicine in the Philippines During the Spanish Regime, 1565
-1898 there were “no authentic monuments have come down to us that indicate with
some certainty early medical practices “ regarding the “ beginnings of medicine in
the Philippines “ a historian from the United States named Edward Gaylord Borne
described that the Philippines became “ahead of all other European colonies” in in
providing healthcare to ill and invalid people during the start of the 17th century, a
time period when the Philippines was a colony of Spain. From the 17th and 18th
centuries, there had been a “state -of -the -art medical and pharmaceutical science”
developed by Spanish friars based on Filipino curanderos (curandero being a
Spanish term for a Filipino “ folk therapist” ) that was “ unique to the [Philippine ]
islands.
The Philippine shamans of babaylans were the first healers within the tribal
communities of ancient Philippines. Later emerged folk doctors and the training and
development of true medical practitioners as can be seen in the progression of
Philippine history. At present, medical personnel trained based on Western medicine
- such as Filipino nurses, physicians, physical therapists, pharmacists, surgeons
among others - coexists with the still thriving group of traditional healers that do not
have formal education in scientific medicine who often cater to people living in
impoverished areas of the Philippines
Folk Medicine
There are ten categories of non-medical traditional healers of folk doctors in the
Philippines: the babaylan( “ religious leader” ) , albularyo, the manghihilot or hilot (
the traditional “ massage therapists” ) , the magpapaanak ( the traditional “ midwife",
also sometimes called a hilot), the mangluluop, the manghihila, the mangtatawas,
the mediko, the faith healer, the local shaman healers ( such as those that are from
the Codilleras). Most folk healers in Philippines believe that their “medicinal “and
healing skills come from a supernatural being or given to them by God. Their practice
and methods of curing ailments involves superstitions, recitation of prayers and
religious rituals accompanied by the mediation of the Holy Spirit, hebology,
hydrotherapy, massage therapy, and divination. Although often found active in rural
communities, traditional Filipino healers can also be found in small urban and
suburban neighborhoods. During Spanish times in the Philippines, the Spaniards
refer to folk doctors or traditional as mediquillos (“herbal scientists”) , herbolarios,
and sometimes as “ superstitious quacks”. They were even called by the Spaniards
simply as matanda (the “elder”).
1. Babaylan: According to sociologist and anthrologist Marianita “Girlie” C.
Villariba a babaylan is woman mystic who is “a specialist in the fields of culture.
Religion, medicine and all kinds of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of
nature “. In ancient Filipino society, the babaylans are believed to be a woman who
had been possessed by a spirit, or a woman who had dreams or had encountered

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life-altering experiences, or a woman who has inherited the role to become a
“mystical woman” from an elder babaylan. Their functions include the role of
community leaders, warriors, community defenders, priestesses, healers, sages and
seers. Although babaylans were mostly women, there also male babaylans, which
were men dressing up as women to be able to act the role of the female babaylan

2. Albularyo: The albularyo (the “herbalist”, herbolario in Spanish ) is the “general

practitioner “ and the “ primary dispenser of healthcare “ in the hierarchy of
traditional folk doctors in the Philippines. Because of the mass amount of different
dialects spoken in the country, they have a diverse set of names depending on the
region ( suranho, sirkano, baylan, hapsalan, tambala, mananambal, etc. ). He or she
is knowledgeable in the use of medicinal herbs. The skill of the albularyou is
commonly handed down from one generation to another in a family-line, involving
apprenticeship. Albularyo are mostly the eleders of the Barangays. The common fold
diagnosis is that patients become sick due to supernatural “illness- causers” such
as a duwende (dwarf) , a nuno , a lamang-lupa ( a “ creature from the earth or
underground or under the soil”), a tikbalang , or a kapre. He or she usually includes
forms of prayers, such as bulong (“ whispering” prayers ) or orasyon ( oration or “
prayer recitation “ ), while treating patients. Albularyos may also practice rituals to
drive away evil spirits, such as the performance of the kanyaw (cutting and bleeding
chickens, then draining their blood on particular perimeters of the house) , or the
slaughter of pigs to search for the right type of liver that would reveal the cause of
an illness. Sacrificial offerings are also sometimes used during treatments. Some
albularyos choose to treat patients only on certain days of the week, such as
Tuesdays and Fridays, or on the Feast days of the Sto. Nino and the Black Nazarene,
with the belief that healing powers are greater during those days. The methods and
practices used by albularyos vary per region.
3. Mananambal: In Cebu, located in the Visayas region of the Philippines, a
traditional albularyo is called a manambal and their work of healing is called
panambal. Like the general albularyo, mananambals obtain their status through
ancestry, apprecenticeship/observational practice, or through an epiphany and are
generally performed by the elders of the community, regardless of gender. Their
practice, or panambal, has a combination of elements from Christianity and sorcery
which appear to be opposites since one involves faith healing while the other requires
Black magic, Witchcraft, etc. The combinations reflect the legacies left from the
conversion to Catholicism of the islands from Spanish colonization, since the
indigenous of Cebu had direct contact with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan, and ongoing indigenous practices before colonization. The panambals
cover natural and supernatural illnesses using a wide range of methods. Two
common methods used are herbal medicine and orasyon, healing prayers deriving
from a bible equivalency called the librito.
Mananambals treat major and minor ailments. These ailments include but are
not limited to : headache, fever, cold, toothache , dengue fever, wounds, infection,
cancer , intellectual impairment, and other illnesses thought to be caused by
supernatural creatures. Aside from biological treatments, patients may also come to
mananambals to form or break any form of relationships from marriage to
friendships. Treatments are dependent on the type of sickness and on the
mananambal themselves.

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4. Hilot: The hilot may refer to either the manghihilot or the magpapaanak: The
manghihilot (“massager”, “folk massage therapist”, “folk chiropractor”) uses
massaging techniques to treat sprains, fractures, and other similar conditions that
affect the skeletal system and the musculatory system, including ligaments. The
practice treats illnesses a variety of ways based on its own universal law and natural
law (physical manipulation, herbal remedies, and dietary / lifestyle advice).
Manghihilots are either chosen by maestros or master albularyos, or through
apprenticeship. Gender I not a limiting factor since they can be any gender. When
chosen, their trainings include a pilgrimage to a sacred mountain to perform the
oracions, or words enabling the communication with the spirit world or the
panawagan. Like the albularyo practice, the hilot is a fusion of spiritual and
medicinal practices with physical manipulation and the focus of healing the whole
body being the main distinctions between the two practices. Illnesses were referred
to as pilay and were defined by imbalances in the body which are explained by their
enkanto, or unseen entities, elements, and manifestations in the body. This practice
shares similarities with India’s Ayurveda and Traditional Chines Medicine. The
magpapaanak, the other “hilot” is the folk “midwife” who does prenatal visits and
check-ups to pregnant mothers. Normally a woman, she delivers babies during
childbirth and often perform the ritual called the suob (a form of aroma therapy”
performed while placed under a cloak).

5. Magluluop: The magluluop is a folk specialist who makes a diagnosis based on the
resulting appearance of a burned concoction composed of fresh water shell or saltwater shell
( kalanghuga ) , a salt, a piece of palm leaves that were blessed by Catholic priests during
Palm Sunday , and charcoal resulting from coconut shells, coconut midribs. The burning of
these materials is done while placed inside a tin plate accompanied by prayers and
invocations and the making of the sign of the cross three times over the body of the patient.
Depending on the appearance and shape of the burned materials, mangluluop refers and
sends the ill person to either the albularyo, the mediko, or the manghihilot for further
treatment. After the ritual and after telling the patient to which folk doctor to go next, the
freshwater or saltwater shell is powered by the mangluluop and prayerfully applies the
powder following the steps of how to make sign of the cross on the patient’s forehead, palms,
and plantar arches of the feet. The remainder of the concoction. Is then thrown under the stairs
at the entrance of the home to prevent evil spirits from re-invading the house.
6. Manghihila: The manghihila (the puller “uses the technique known as panghihila
(the “pulling”), wherein the patient is rubbed with coconut oil accompanied by the
use of a mirror, strips of cellophane paper that we used as wrappers of cigarette
boxes, strips of banana frond, or wrappings of medicinal leaves. The type of “pull”
felt during the massage therapy becomes the basis of what causes the ailment (is the
“smoothness” of the pull of the material used or the lingering or hovering or the
strength of resistance of the applied material on a specific spot of the patient’s body).
7. Magtatawas: The mangtatawas (literally “user of tawas” determines the cause
and nature of illnesses using potassium alum, locally known in the Philippines as
tawas as one of the primary ingredients. The other materials used in the diagnostic
are candles, eggs, mirrors, plain paper, and paper used for rolling cigarettes.

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8. Mediko: The mediko is a folk doctor and a specialist that combines folk medicine
and some techniques used in western medicine. He or she prescribes medications
and at times uses acupuncture to treat ailments.
Faith healer
Filipino faith healers come from either spiritist groups, diviners (a group that
practice divination) or from persons who were previously saved from illnesses or
death and had encountered epiphanies or mystical experiences who became
convinced that they were destined to help sick people after receiving healing powers
bestowed upon them by the Holy Spirit or other supernatural beings. Some of them
started as an albularyo, a mediko, or a hilot. Some faith healers are psychic healers
( faith healers who heal patients remotely ), whisperers of prayers ( whispers prayers
over the affected part of the body of the patient), prayer blowers ( blows prayers on
affected areas of the patient’s body) , anointers that rub saliva over the affected area
of the patient, healers who hovers crucifixes and icons on the body of the patient,
and psychic surgeons ( folk surgeons who performs “surgery” on a patient without
the use of surgical tools).
9.Codilleras shaman: The shamans from the Philippine Cordilleras are folk
healers that heal ailments based on the beliefs of people collectively known as the
Igorots (includes tribes of Bontok, Gaddang, Ibaloy, Ifugao, Ilongot, Isneg, Kalinga,
Kankana-ey, ikalahan, I’wak and Tinguan). Their culture believe in rituals that
involve offering of prayers and sacrificial animals, belief in supreme deities or
supreme beings, lesser ranked deities, intermediation by seers or human mediums,
and pleasing and appeasing the anito (spirits of the dead, ancestral spirits, or spirits
from nature) to prevent them from inducing diseases and misfortunes . They also
cling to animism, ceremonies that are believed to cure physical and mental
imbalances, those that counter witchcraft, and those that leads to bountiful
harvests. Sacrifices, feasts and dances were performed as a form of thanksgiving and
as entertainment for gods and goddesses. Other tribal healers dispense magical
amulets to use against illnesses and the pouring animal blood on the human body
to avoid and escape death.
10. Medicinal Plants: Years before the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines,
the use of medicinal plants was the common way of treating ailments. Early Catholic
missionaries such as Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina, SJ and Fray Jose de Valencia ,
and Fr. Pablo Clain, SJ were able to compile and publish books regarding these
medicinal plants in the Philippines. Alcina and de Valencia published theirs in 1669,
while Clain published his collection in 1712. The first qualities of plant medicines in
the Philippines was first recorded by Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios, OFM through his
books Flora de Filipinas (Plants of the Philippines) and Tratado de Medicina
Domestica ( Treatise on Domestic Medicine).
Early Medicinal Practices
Cleaning cadavers were done by bathing and then rubbing the corpses with
camphor oil. After cleansing, preservation of dead bodies was done through the
introduction of buyo, a type of beetle and aloes via the mouth. Persons bitten by
rabid dogs were treated by curanderos using the brain of a rabid dog. For 300 years,
the efficacy of oil from monungal wood scrapings and pieces were used to fight
cholera.
Early Filipino used hydrotherapy by bathing in natural hot springs or sulphuric
body of waters. Filipinos of Spanish times, particularly those in Los Banos, laguna,

16
still bathe themselves even if sick. The placename Los Banos is Spanish for “the place
for bathing “.
To cure appendicitis, traditional Filipino healers during the Spanish period in the
Philippines prescribed the intake of “water-treated fresh chicken gizzards” that would
last for three consecutive Friday mornings.
Medicine in Spain [ Philippines (1600s to 1800s)}: During the 17th and 18th centuries, the
number of medical supplies pouring into the Philippines was dependent on the yearly Manila
- Acapulco Galleon Trade, wherein medical supplies come mainly from Mexico (New Spain).
Supplies had been routed from Europe to Mexico and then to the Philippines. In addition to
this, the number of certified physicians, pharmacists, and surgeons trained in Europe were
concentrated at the Cuerpo Sanidad Militar located in manila. Because of this localization of
medical personnel in Manila, religious Franciscan and Dominican missionaries acted as
infirmarians, hospital founders, and the surveyors of herbal medicines at the localities where
they were assigned
Common diseases: Common diseases during the Spanish period in the Philippines were
diarrhea, dysentery, and leprosy. There was also the presence of cholera, influenza, smallpox,
beri-beri, dysentery, bubonic plaque, scurvy, rheumatism, asthma, syphilis, tetanus,
toothache, and ulcers. Many Filipinos believes in pasma (a resulting condition similar to
spasm which involves the occurrence of hand tremors, sweaty palms, numbness and pains
after the body’s exposure to “ unhealthy cold “ and water), the state of nausog ( “ distress “
caused by an unfamiliar person ) , and “ personalistic sorcery”.
Pharmacies: It was in 1830 when the “true pharmacies “were established in Manila,
Philippines. In 1871, a faculty of pharmacy was formally established at the University of Santo
Tomas and was later followed by the opening of “well-appointed drug stores”.
Hospitals: Both the Spanish government and Spanish missionaries established
several hospitals in the Philippines. The first hospital was erected by the Spaniards
in Cebu during 1565. That first hospital was later transferred to Manila for the
purpose of treating sick and wounded military personnel. The establishment of other
health and charity institutions soon followed. The missionaries who established the
early hospitals in the Philippines were the Franciscans, the Brotherhood of the
Misecordia, the Brotherhood of San Juan de Dios, and the Domicans. There were
also lay government people who became founders of hospitals during the period.
Among the early hospitals in the Philippines were the following:
Manila: Manila had the Hospital Real de Espanoles (Royal Spanish Hospital
, existed from 1577 to 1898), the Hospital de los Indios Naturales (Hospital of Native
Indians, existed from 1578 to 1603 ), Hospital de Santa Ana ( St. Anne Hospital,
founded in 1603, still exists today ), Hospital de la Misericordia ( Mercy Hospital,
existed from 1578 to 1656), the Hospital of San Juan de Dios ( St. John of God
Hospital, established in 1656, and still existing to the present), Hospital de San
Lazaro ( Hospital of St. Lazarus, a hospital of lepers established in 1603, still exists
today), Hospital de San Pedro Martir ( St. Peter the Martyr Hospital , 1587 to 1599 )
, and the Hospital de San Gabriel ( St. Gabriel Hospital, a hospital that is specialty
for the Chinese Community of Binondo, 1599 t0 1774).
Cavite: In Cavite, the Hospital del Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit Hospital)
existed from 1591 to 1662. This hospital took care of sailors, marine personnel,
shipbuilders, and carpenters among others.

17
 Laguna: In Laguna, the Hospital de Nuestra Senora de las Agua Santas de
Mainit (Our Lady of the Holy Waters Hospital of Mainit, Mainit being the name of a
place with hot springs in Laguna) existed from 1597 to 1727 and then was re-
established from 1877 and still existing up to the present. The hospital was built by
Franciscan missionaries on top of the location of hot springs in Los Banos, Laguna
due to the therapeutic effects of the natural springs to the body of the sick people,
as they had observed from Filipinos of the time who bathe in hot springs despite of
being ill.

Naga: In Naga, the Hospital de Santiago (St. James’s Hospital) existed from
1611 to 1691. Another hospital also named as the Hospital de San Lazaro (Hospital
of St. Lazarus), which is different from the one catering to leper patients in Manila,
existed from 1873 and is still functioning today.
Vaccination: The Central Board of Vaccination was established in 1806. After
1883, caraballa calves as well horse, goat, deer, and monkey were used for producing
vaccine. By the end of the Spanish regime in 1898, there were 122 vaccinators in
different Philippine provinces in addition to the so-called vacunadorcillas
(vaccinators, or vaccine givers ) assigned to each town.
Asian Medicines: Drugs and medicines from China and from some regions of
Southeast Asia were part of the medical trade during the Spanish period in the
Philippines. A 1637 report of Don Juan Grau y Montefalcon attested the procurement
of “valuable drugs” from a Cambodian king in 1600. A 1590 report of Bishop
Domingo de Salazar, OP, confirmed the existence of shops with doctors and
apothecaries managed by the Chinese in the Parian of Spanish Manila.
Obstetrics: In Spanish Philippines, childbirth were managed by the traditional
matron (a type of comadrona or midwife ) , by the mediquillos , and by some parish
priests. Childbearing manuals written during the period include Fr. Julian Bermejo’s
Instrucciones para las Parteras, a fin de evitar los abortos y que los ninos que mueran
sin el bautismo (Instructions for Midwives to Prevent Abortion and Death of
Unbaptised Babies) and Fr. Gregorio San’z Embologia Sagrada (Sacred Embryology
). Bermejo’s Instrucciones was the “earliest attempt” to manage fatal childbirthing
complications.
Surgery: The benefit of general surgical procedures was not available to common
Filipinos during the Spanish era.Although Spanish surgeons were skillful in
performing amputations and mutilations in the 1800s, their services were only
available to the Spanish officials stationed in Manila.One such surgery was
performed by Don Juan Ventura Sarra in 1675on his patient Don Manuel de Leon
to cure the latter’s obesity and corpulence. The surgery involved removal of “lumps
of lipids” from de Leon’s abdominal cavities. Another recorded surgical treatment
performed by Ventura Sarra was on a governor named Don Juan Vargas Hurtado in
1682, an operation that removed an abscess from Vargas Hurtado’s hip.
Medical Literature: During the Spanish period in the Philippines, Fr. Miguel
Aganduru, a Recollect priest, published Manual de Medicinas Caseras para Consuelo
de los Pobres Indios (Medical Manual to Aid the Poor Indians). Aganduru wrote the
medical manual to help ordinary Filipinos, with the assumption that such
commoners could read the text of the book tht was written in Spanish. Another type
of such book that was intended to help ordinary Filipinos was of the Jesuit Fr. Paul
Khlein’s 1708 Remedios faciles para deferentes infermedades por el P. Pablo Clain

18
de la Compania de Jesus para el Alivio, y Socorro de las PP. Ministros Evangelicos
de las Doctrinas de los naturales (Easy Remeies for Different Illness by Fr. Paul
Khlein, S.J. to Assist Ministers Evangelizing the natives.)
Other works include Dominican Fr. Fernando de Santa maria’s Manuel de
medicinas Caseras para Consuelo de las Pobres Indios en las Provincias y Pueblos
donde no hay Medicina, ni Botica ( Domestic medicines to Aid the Poor Indians in
the Provinces and Towns with neither Physicians and Pharmacies, a work that he
started from 1730 and was completed in 1786), Dominican Fr. Juan de Vergara’s
Tratado sobre medicinas caseras, Fr. Ignacio Mercado’s Libro de Medicinas ( Book of
Medicines), Fr. Juan Biso’s Tratado de Arboles y Hiebas de Indias ( Treatise on forests
and Herbs of the Indians ), Fr. Antonio Llano’s La Medicina Domestica ( Domestic
Medicine ), Fr. Rodrigo de San Miguel’s Manual de medicina Domestica ( Manual on
Domestic Medicine ) , and Fr. Manuel Vilches’ Manuel del Mediquillo Visaya ( Manuel
of the Visayan Traditional healers .

What I Have Learned

Direction: Make a summary of the history of medicines focusing on at least 5 salient

features in the development of medicines. Copy and complete the table
below on your answer sheet.

Salient Feature Country/Continent Proponent

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What I Can Do
Choose five (5) currently used vaccines for COVID-19. Write at least five
sentences that provide relevant information/literature for each vaccine.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your chosen answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Who implanted the first artificial heart?

A. Barnard & Stalk C. Franklin & Stalk
B. Fleming & Withering D. William Devries & Jorvik 7
2. What field first adopted the use of X-rays?
A. Entertainment B. Medical C. Military D. Science
3. Who performed the first Open Heart Transplant?
A. Dr. Christian Barnard C. Florence Nightingale
B. Dr. Alexander Fleming D. Dr. Jonas Stalk

19
4. What concept below was NOT produced by Babylonians?
A. Diagnosis & Prognosis C. Physicians & Nurses
B. Physical Examinations D. Prescriptions
5. Who developed the first vaccine to control or prevent Polio?
A. Fleming B. Franklin C. Jonas Stalk D. Withering
6. Who is known as the world’s first physician?
A. Babylonians B. Hippocrates C. Imhotep D. Romans
7. Who built the first Potable X-ray machine?
A. Banting & Best C. Willian Roentgen
B. Marie Pierre D. Thomas Edison
8.Which of the following regimens was taught by Hippocrates as prevention of
disease?
A. diet & exercise C. observing the patient
B. sanitation D. washing of hands
9. What epidemic killed 100 thousands people, between 30 % and 60 % of Europe’s
population during and beyond the Dark Ages?
A. Black Death B. Black Plague C. Middle Death D. Middle Plague
10. During the Dark / Middle Ages , which term came into use?
A. doctor B. midwife C. nurse D. pharmacist
11. Who proved that germs caused diseases?
A. Jenner B. Kock C. Louis Pasteur D. Withering
12. On what date did Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays?
A. January 10, 1899 C. November 8, 1895
B. December 9, 1897 D. October 7, 1893
13. What war did Florence Nightingale care for the wounded?
A. Civil War B. Cold War C. Crimean War D. World War 2
14. Who took “Photo 51” the double helix structure of DNA?
A. Crick B. Franklin C. Stalk D. Watson
15. Where was the first successful kidney transplant take place (in 1953)?
A. Atlanta, Georgia C. Gainesville, Florida
B. Boston, Massachusetts D. New York City, New York

References:

Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Education. Project EASE -Chemistry

Modules. Pasig City Metro Manila
CHED Teaching Guide in General Chemistry 2
Department of Education, Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR). Pasig City,
Philippines Department of Education. Science and Technology III Chemistry. Quezon City,
Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2009
Hagad, Hilda Ropelos. Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
2003
Magno , Marcelita Coronel. Basic Chemistry for Senior High School. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Mapa, Amelia and Trinidad Fidelino. Science and Technolgy III -Chemistry. Metro
Manila.Cebu: SD Publications, Inc.1999

en.m.wikipedia.org www.britannica.com proprofs.com

photos are from unknown author licensed by C- BY-SA-NC

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 21
What’s In : 1. Medicine 2. _______. 3. ________
What’s New: Answers May Vary
What I Have Learned : Answers May Vary
What Can I do: Answers May Vary
Answer Key:
22
 Department of Education – Region VII
DepEd Cebu City

Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City

Telephone No.: (032) 253 2559
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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