Final Updated DBIS Record 2

U20CSCJ06 – Database Information Systems Laboratory
173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073
BHARATH INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
DATABASE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LAB RECORD
SUB CODE: U20CSCJ06
Name :
Year: II Semester: IV Batch:2021 - 2025

Section:
University Register No. U21
JUNE / JULY 2023
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
SUB CODE : U20CSCJ06
Name :
Year : II Semester : IV Batch:2021 - 2025 Section :
University Register No. U21
Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above student in the DATABASE
INFORMATION SYSTEMS LAB (Sub Code: U20CSCJ06) during the month June / July 2023.
Signature of Faculty In-Charge Signature of Head of Department
Submitted for the practical Examination held on ............................................ at Bharath Institute of Higher
Education & Research, Chennai-73.
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

Name : Name :

INDEX
EX. PAGE
NO. DATE TITLE NO. SIGN
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

1 COMMANDS
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
2 COMMANDS
3 VIEW
APPLYING CONSTRAINT RULES TO THE

4 STUDENT TABLE BY SQL
5 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE COMMANDS
6 SUB QUERIES
7 JOIN QUERIES
8 SEQUENCES AND SYNONYMS
9a PROCEDURES
9b FUNCTIONS
10 CURSORS
11 TRIGGERS
12 EXCEPTION HANDLING
CASE STUDY USING REAL LIFE DATABASE

13
APPLICATIONS
14 DATABASE CONNECTIVITY WITH FRONT &

BACK END TOOLS

EX. NO:1 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS

DATE:
Aim:
To execute DDL commands in RDBMS.
DDL commands:
✴ CREATE
✴ ALTER
✴ DROP
✴ RENAME
✴ TRUNCATE
SYNTAX’S OF COMMANDS
CREATE TABLE:
To make a new database, table, index, or stored query. A create statement in SQL
creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS).
CREATE TABLE <table_name>

(
Column_name1 data_type ([size]),
Column_name2 data_type ([size]),
.
.
.
Column_name-n data_type ([size])
);
ALTER TABLE:
To modify an existing database object. Alter the structure of the database.
To add a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

To delete a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP column column_name;

DROP TABLE:
Delete Objects from the Database
DROP TABLE table_name;
TRUNCATE TABLE:
Remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed.
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
EXERCISE:
Create Table
SQL> create table employee

2(
3 empid varchar(10) primary key,
4 empname varchar2(20) not null,
5 gender varchar2(7) not null,
6 age number(3) not null,
7 dept varchar2(15) not null,

8 dob date not null,
9 doj date not null
10);
Table created.
SQL> create table salary
2(
3 empid varchar(10) references employee(empid),
4 salary number(10) not null,
5 dept varchar(15) not null,
6 branch varchar2(20) not null

7 );
Table created.
SQL> create table branchtable

2(
3 branch varchar2(20) not null,
4 city varchar2(20) not null
5 );

Table created.
DESCRIBE TABLE
SQL> desc employee;
Name Null? Type
EMPID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

EMPNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
GENDER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(7)
AGE NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
DOB NOT NULL DATE

DOJ NOT NULL DATE
SQL> desc salary;

Null? Type
Name
EMPID
SALARY VARCHAR2 (10)
NOT NULL NUMBER (10)
DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (15)

BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)
SQL> desc branchtable;
Name
Null? Type
BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

CITY NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

ALTER TABLE
Table altered.

I. ADD:
SQL> alter table employee add(designation varchar2(15));
SQL> alter table salary add(constraint nithi unique(empid));
Table altered.
II. MODIFY
SQL> alter table employee modify (designation varchar2(20));
Table altered.
RENAME TABLE
SQL> create table emp

2(
3 empid varchar2(10),
4 empname varchar2(20),
5 age number(3),
6 sex char
7 );
Table created.
SQL> rename emp to empl;

Table renamed.
SQL> desc empl;
Name Null? Type
EMPID VARCHAR2(10)
EMPNAME VARCHAR2(20)
AGE NUMBER(3)
SEX CHAR(1)
SQL> desc emp;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object emp does not exist

Table altered.

TRUNCATE TABLE DATA
SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');
Enter value for no: 1

Enter value for name: arun
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for age: 22
Enter value for sex: m
old 1: insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex')
new 1: insert into emp values(1,'arun','it',22,'m')
1 row created.

Enter value for name: bala
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for sex: m
new 1: insert into emp values(2,'bala','service',26,'m')
1 row created.

Enter value for name: chitra
Enter value for dept: sales
Enter value for sex: f
new 1: insert into emp values(3,'chitra','sales',25,'f')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE SEX
1 arun it 22 m
2 bala service 26 m
3 chitra sales 25 f
SQL> commit;

Commit complete.
SQL> truncate table emp;
Table truncated.
no rows selected
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
DROP TABLE
SQL> drop table empl;
Table dropped.
SQL> desc empl;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object empl does not exist
RESULT:

EX. NO:2 DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) COMMANDS

DATE:
Aim:
To execute DML commands in RDBMS.
DML COMMANDS:
❖ INSERT
❖ UPDATE
❖ DELETE
❖ SELECT
QUERY:
Query is a statement in the DML that request the retrieval of data from database.
❖ The portion of the DML used in a Query is called Query language. The SELECT
statement is used to query a database
SYNTAX OF COMMANDSINSERT:
Values can be inserted into table using insert commands. There are two types of insert
commands. They are multiple value insert commands (using ‘&’ symbol) single value insert
command(without using ‘&’symbol)
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…..);
(OR)
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,….) VALUES

(value1,value2,value3,…..);
UPDATE:
This allows the user to update the particular column value using the where clause
condition.
Syntax:
UPDATE <table_name> SET <col1=value> WHERE <column=value>;

DELETE:
This allows you to delete the particular column values using where clause condition.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition>;
SELECT:
The select statement is used to query a database .This statement is used to retrieve the
information from the database. The SELECT statement can be used in many ways. They are:
1. Selecting some columns :
To select specified number of columns from the table the
Following command is used.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name FROM table_name;
2. Query All Columns:
To select all columns from the table * is used instead of column names.
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;
3. Select using DISTINCT:
The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only different values (i.e. ) this
command does not select the duplicate values from the table.
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column name(s) FROM table_name;

4. Select using IN:
If you want to get the rows which contain certain values, the best way to do it
is to use the IN conditional expression.
Syntax:
SELECT column name(s) FROM table_name WHERE

Column name IN (value1, value2,……,value-n);
5. Select using BETWEEN:

BETWEEN can be used to get those items that fall within a range.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE

Column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
6. Renaming:
The select statement can be used to rename either a column or the entire
table.
Syntax:
Renaming a column:
SELECT column name AS new name FROM table_name;
Renaming a table:
SELECT column name FROM table_name AS newname;
7. Sorting:
The select statement with the order by Clause is used to sort the contents
Table either in ascending or descending order.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Condition ORDER BY

column name ASC/DESC;To Select by matching some patterns:
The select statement along with like clause I is used to match strings. The like
condition is used to specify a search pattern in a column.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Column name LIKE “% or-“;
%: Matches any sub string.
- : Matches a single character.

1. SELECT INTO statement:
The SELECT INTO statement is most often used to create backup

copies oftables or for archiving records.
Syntax:

SELECT
Column_na me(s) INTO variable_na me(s) FROMtable_name WHERE condition.
2. To Select NULL values:
We can use theSELECT statement to select the ‘null’ valuesalso.

For retrieving roes where some of the columns have been defined as NULLs there is a special
comparison operator ofthe form IS [NOT]NULL.
Syntax:
SELECT column nameFROM table_name WHERE Column name IS NULL;
3. Select using AND, OR, NOT:
We can combine one or more conditions in a SELECT statement using thelogical

operators AND, OR, NOT.
EXERCISE:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Condition1 LOGICALOPERATOR condition2;
INSERT COMMAND
SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: it9001

Enter value for empname: arunkumar
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for dob: 12-jan-1988
Enter value for doj: 23-oct-2006
Enter value for desig: manager old 1:
insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('it9001','arunkumar','male',22,'it','12-jan-1988','23-oct-2006'
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: arunkumar
Enter value for age: 22Enter
value for dept: it
Enter value for doj: 23-oct-2006
Enter value for desig: managerold
1: insert into employee
new 1: insert into employee values('it9001','arunkumar','male',22,'it','12-jan-1988','23-oct-2006'
1 row created.
Enter value for empname: balakrishnan
Enter value for dob: 27-mar-1983
Enter value for doj: 02-dec-2008
Enter value for desig: coordinatorold 1:
new 1: insert into employee values('it9002','balakrishnan','male',27,'it','27-mar-1983','02-dec-20
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee values ( ' &empid ',' &empname', '&gender',
&age, ' &dept' ,'&dob','&doj','&desig ');
Enter value for empid: acc9001
Enter value for empname: kannan
Enter value for dept: accounts
Enter value for dob: 28-dec-1975
Enter value for doj: 01-jan-1995
new 1: insert into employee values('acc9001','kannan','male',35,'accounts','28-dec-1975','01-jan-1

1 row created.

Enter value for empname: magudeshwaran
Enter value for dob: 25-aug-1983
Enter value for doj: 12-apr-2000
Enter value for desig: asst managerold 1:

SQL>insert into employee values
('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig’);
new 1: insert into employee values('acc9002','magudeshwaran','male',27,'accounts','25-aug-1983','1
1 row created.

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig'); Enter
value for empid: ser9001
Enter value for empname: jagadheesh
Enter value for dob: 31-mar-1877
Enter value for doj: 3-jun-1999
new 1: insert into employee values('ser9001','jagadheesh','male',33,'service','31-mar-
1877','3-jun
1 row created.

Enter value for empid: ser9006
Enter value for empname: muruganandam
Enter value for dob: 09-aug-1975
Enter value for doj: 02-mar-2000
Enter value for desig: painter
old 1: insert into employee
new 1: insert into employee values('ser9006','muruganandam','male',35,'service','09-aug-
1975','02-
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: sal9001
Enter value for empname: suresh
Enter value for dob: 12-jul-1970
Enter value for doj: 01-apr-1996

new 1: insert into employee values('sal9001','suresh','male',40,'sales','12-jul-1970','01-apr-1996
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: sharmila
Enter value for gender: female
Enter value for doj: 09-aug-2007
Enter value for desig: executive
old 1: insert into employee
new 1: insert into employee values('sal9006','sharmila','female',27,'sales','12-jan-1983','09-aug-
1 row created.
SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);
Enter value for salary: 18000
Enter value for branch: abt maruthi
old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')
new 1: insert into salary values('it9002',18000,'it','abt maruthi')
1 row created.
Enter value for branch: cars india
new 1: insert into salary values('acc9001',35000,'accounts','cars india')
1 row created.

new 1: insert into salary values('acc9002',26000,'accounts','cars india')
1 row created.
Enter value for branch: chennai cars
new 1: insert into salary values('ser9001',35000,'service','chennai cars')
1 row created.

Enter value for branch: greenland cars

new 1: insert into salary values('ser9006',12000,'service','greenland cars')
1 row created.
new 1: insert into salary values('sal9001',40000,'sales','abt maruthi')
1 row created.


new 1: insert into salary values('sal9006',17000,'sales ','abt maruthi')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from salary;
EMPID SALARY DEPT BRANCH
it9001 35000 it abt maruthi

acc9001 35000 accounts cars india

ser9001 35000 service chennai cars
ser9006 12000 service greenland cars
sal9001 40000 sales abt maruthi
8 rows selected.
SQL> select * from employee;
EMPID EMPNAME GENDER AGE DEPT DOB
DOJ DESIGNATION
it9001 arunkumar male 22 it 12-JAN-8823-

OCT-06 manager
it9002 balakrishnan male 27 it 27-MAR-8302-
DEC-08 coordinator
acc9001 kannan male 35 accounts 28-DEC-7501-
JAN-95 manager
DOJ DESIGNATION

acc9002 magudeshwaran male 27 accounts 25-AUG-8312-

APR-00 asst manager
ser9001 jagadheesh male 33 service 31-MAR-7703-
JUN-99 manager
ser9006 muruganandam male 35 service 09-AUG-7502-
MAR-00 painter
DOJ DESIGNATION
sal9001 suresh male 40 sales 12-JUL-7001-

APR-96 manager
sal9006 sharmila female 27 sales 12-JAN-8309-
AUG-07 executive
8 rows selected.
SQL> insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city');

Enter value for city: chennai
old 1: insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city')
new 1: insert into branchtable values('abt maruthi','chennai')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from salary;
EMPID SALARY DEPT BRANCH

ser9001 35000 service chennai cars
ser9006 12000 service greenland cars


8 rows selected.

Enter value for city: vellore
new 1: insert into branchtable values('cars india','vellore')
1 row created.
Enter value for branch: chennai cars

Enter value for city: thambaram
new 1: insert into branchtable values('chennai cars','thambaram')
1 row created.

Enter value for branch: greenland cars
Enter value for city: kanchipuram
new 1: insert into branchtable values('greenland cars','kanchipuram')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from branchtable;
BRANCH CITY
abt maruthi chennai
cars india vellore
chennai cars thambaram
greenland cars kanchipuram
UPDATE COMMAND
SQL> update employee set empname = 'arunprasanth' where empid='it9001';
1 row updated.

SQL> update employee set designation='&designation' where empname='&empname';
Enter value for designation: supervisor

Enter value for empname: muruganandam
old 1: update employee set designation='&designation' where empname='&empname'
new 1: update employee set designation='supervisor' where empname='muruganandam'
1 row updated.
SQL> select empname,designation from employee;
EMPNAME DESIGNATION
arunprasanth manager
balakrishnan coordinator
kannan manager
magudeshwaran asst manager
jagadheesh manager
muruganandam supervisor
suresh manager
sharmila executive8 rows

selected.
SELECT COMMAND
To retrieve particular column SQL> select empname from emp;
EMPNAME
arun bala
bakyarajchitra
To retrieve all columns
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE S
1 arun it 22 m
2 bala accounts 26 m
3 bakyaraj stores 30 m
4 chitra sales 24 f

DELETE COMMAND
To delete particular record
SQL> delete emp where empid=1;
1 row deleted.
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE S
2 bala accounts 26
m
3 bakyaraj stores 30
m
4 chitra sales 24 f
To delete all records
SQL> delete from emp;
3 rows deleted.
SQL> create table student (idno number, name varchar(10),branch varchar(4));
Table created.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2(4)
SQL> alter table student add degree varchar(10);

Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE

IDNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2 (10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2 (4)
DEGREE VARCHAR2 (10)
SQL> alter table student modifydegree

varchar(6);
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2 (10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2 (4)
DEGREE VARCHAR2 (6)
SQL> insert into student (name, degree, branch, idno) values('ASHOK','BE','CSE',01);

1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values(02,'BHAVANA','CSE','BE');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values(&idno, &name, &branch, &degree);
Enter value for idno: 03
Enter value for name: 'CAVIN'
Enter value for branch: 'CSE'
Enter value for degree: 'BE'
old 1: insert into student values(&idno,&name,&branch,&degree)
new 1: insert into student values(03,'CAVIN','CSE','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'DANNY'
Enter value for branch: 'IT'
new 1: insert into student values(04,'DANNY','IT','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> /

Enter value for name: 'HARRY'
new 1: insert into student values(05,'HARRY','IT','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from student;
IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT BE
5 HARRY IT BE
SQL> update student set degree='B.TECH' where branch='IT';

2 rows updated.
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TECH
5 HARRY IT B.TECH
SQL> delete from student where idno=5;

1 row deleted.
RESULT:

EX. NO:3 VIEW

DATE:
Aim:
To write a SQL command to create a view for an existing table for security purpose
and manipulate that view table.
CREATING A VIEW:
Syntax:
CREATE VIEW <view_name> [(newcolumn_name [,…])] AS select [*/column_names]from

<existing_table_name> [WITH[CASCADE/LOCAL]CHECK OPTION];
The subselect is known as the defining query, if with check option is specified, SQL ensures that
if a row fails to satisfy the where clause of the getting query of the view, it is notadded to the underlying
base table of the view.
REMOVING A VIEW:
A view is removed from the database with the DROP VIEW statement.
Syntax:
DROP VIEW view_name [RESTRICT/CASCADE]
If CASCADE is specified, DROP VIEW deletes all related dependent objects, all objects that
reference the view.
If RESTRICT is specified and there are any other objects that depend for their existence on the
continued existence of the view being dropped, the command is rejected. The default setting is
RESTRICT.
A horizontal view restricts a user’s access to selected rows of one or more tables. Avertical
view restricts a user’s access to selected columns of one or more tables.
UPDATABLE VIEW:
For a view to be updatable, the DBMS must be able to trace any row or column backto its row
or column in the source table.
EXERCISE
SQL> create view studentview as select * from student;View

created.
SQL> select * from studentview;

1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TECH
UPDATE VIEW
SQL> update studentview set degree='BE' where idno=4;1 row

updated.
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT BE
SELECT
SQL> select * from studentview;
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT BE

DROP
SQL> drop table student;
Table dropped.
SQL> select * from studentview;select * from studentview

* ERROR at line 1:ORA-04063: view "SCOTT.STUDENTVIEW" has errors
RESULT:

EX. NO:4 APPLYING CONSTRAINT RULES TO THE STUDENT TABLE BY SQL

DATE:
Aim:
To write a SQL command to create a table and apply constraints for security purpose
and manipulate it.
CREATING TABLES WITH CONSTRAINTS:

NOT NULL
IDNO NAME BRANCH DEGREE
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVAN CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TECH
SQL> create table staff

(
idno number (4) not null,name
varchar(10),branch varchar(6)
);
Table created.
SQL> desc staff;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

NAME VARCHAR2(10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2(6)
SQL> insert into staff values (&idno, &name, &branch);

Enter value for name: 'ABILASH'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno, &name, &branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(1,'ABILASH','CSE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'ANTON'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno, &name, &branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(2,'ANTON','CSE')
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for idno:
Enter value for name: 'BENNY'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno,&name,&branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(,'BENNY','IT')
insert into staff values(,'BENNY','IT')
*ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00936: missing expression
UNIQUE
SQL> create table employee
(
rollno number unique,
name varchar(10),
salary number
);
Table created.
SQL> desc employee;

NAME NULL? TYPE
ROLLNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR(10)
SALARY NUMBER
SQL> insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary);

Enter value for rollno: 1
Enter value for name: 'anton'
old 1: insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values(1,'anton',10290)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'dharun'
new 1: insert into employee values(2,'dharun',23322)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'aaron'
new 1: insert into employee values(1,'aaron',32212)
insert into employee values(1,'aaron',32212)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001265) violated

PRIMARY KEY
SQL> create table cars
(model number primary key,
name varchar(10),
cost number(6)
);
Table created.
SQL> desc cars;
NAME NULL? TYPE
MODEL NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
COST NUMBER(6)
SQL> insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost);

Enter value for model: 1098
Enter value for name: 'omni'
Enter value for cost: 200000
old 1: insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost)
new 1: insert into cars values(1098,'omni',200000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'qualis'
new 1: insert into cars values(9087,'qualis',500000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'innova'
new 1: insert into cars values(1098,'innova',600000)
insert into cars values(1098,'innova',600000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001266) violated
CHECK CONSTRAINT:
SQL> create table employ
(
rno number(5),
name varchar(10),
salary number(10) constraint no_ck check(salary between 10000 and 30000)
);
Table created.
SQL> desc employ;

NAME NULL? TYPE
RNO NUMBER(5)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(10)

SQL> insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary);

Enter value for rno: 1
Enter value for name: 'sachin'
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(1,'sachin',29000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'rohit'
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno, &name, &salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(20,'rohit',10000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'dhoni'
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(15,'dhoni',40000)
insert into employ values(15,'dhoni',40000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.NO_CK) violated
FOREIGN KEY
SQL> create table admin
(
stuid number constraint stuid_pk primary key,
name varchar(10),
permit number(6)
);
Table created.
SQL> desc admin;

NAME NULL? TYPE
STUID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
PERMIT NUMBER(6)
SQL> insert into admin values(&stuid, '&name', &permit);

Enter value for stuid: 1
Enter value for name: ASWIN
Enter value for permit: 80
old 1: insert into admin values(&stuid,'&name',&permit)
new 1: insert into admin values(1,'ASWIN',80)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: ROHIT

new 1: insert into admin values(2,'ROHIT',67)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: SANJAY
new 1: insert into admin values(4,'SANJAY',45)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: KAMALINI
new 1: insert into admin values(5,'KAMALINI',35)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from admin;

STUID NAME PERMIT
1 ASWIN 80
2 ROHIT 67
4 SANJAY 45
5 KAMALINI 35
SQL> create table course

(
stuid number constraint sid_fk references admin(stuid),
branch varchar(6),
sec varchar(2)
);
Table created.
SQL> insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec');

Enter value for branch: CSE
Enter value for sec: A
old 1: insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec')
new 1: insert into course values(1,'CSE','A')
1 row created.
SQL> /

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for branch: IT
new 1: insert into course values(4,'IT','A')
1 row created.
SQL> /
insert into course values(6,'CSE','A')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - parent key not found
SQL> delete from admin where stuid=5;

1 row deleted.
SQL> delete from admin where stuid=1;
delete from admin where stuid=1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - child record found
SQL> select * from admin;

STUID NAME PERMIT
1 ASWIN 80
2 ROHIT 67
4 SANJAY 45
SQL> select * from course;
STUID BRANCH SE
1 CSE A
2 CSE A
4 IT A
RESULT:

EX. NO: 5 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE COMMANDS
DATE:
Aim:
To execute DCL commands in RDBMS.
DCL commands:
 CREATE
 GRANT
 REVOKE
CREATE USER
Syntax:
CREATE USER <user_name> IDENTIFIED BY <password>;
Example:
SQL> create user system identified by cse;
User created.
GRANT COMMAND
Syntax:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO <user_name>;
Example:
1) SQL> grant all privileges to system;

Grant succeeded.
2) SQL> grant all on employee to system;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> conn
Enter user-name:system
Enter password: ***
Connected.

REVOKE COMMAND
Syntax:
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES FROM <user_name>;
Example:
SQL> revoke all privileges from system;

Revoke succeeded.
RESULT:

EX. NO:6 SUB QUERIES
DATE:
Aim:
To write SQL queries for retrieving data from a relation(s) using sub queries and joins.
NESTED SUB QUERIES

Having a sub-query in the where or having clause of another sub query is called nested sub-queries.
PARALLEL SUB QUERIES

Parallel sub queries include more than one sub-query into a query.
EXERCISE:
SQL> create table employee1(empno number(10), empname varchar(10), dept char(10), salary
number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary);

Enter value for empno: 100
Enter value for empname: raju
Enter value for dept: network
old 1: insert into employee1 values(&empno,'&empname','&dept',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(100,'raju','network',40000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: ramu
Enter value for dept: testing
new 1: insert into employee1 values(101,'ramu','testing',45000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: rajesh
new 1: insert into employee1 values(103,'rajesh','network',35000)

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: ramya
Enter value for dept: testing
new 1: insert into employee1 values(104,'ramya','testing',10000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: ramesh
new 1: insert into employee1 values(105,'ramesh','network',60000)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from employee1;
EMPNO EMPNAME DEPT SALARY
100 raju network 40000

101 ramu testing 45000
103 rajesh network 35000
104 ramya testing 10000
105 ramesh network 60000
SQL> select * from employee1 where salary=(select max(salary) from employee1);
105 ramesh network 60000
SQL> select * from employee1 where salary=(select min(salary) from employee1);
104 ramya testing 10000

EX.NO:7 JOIN QUERIES

DATE:
Aim:
The purpose of a join is to combine the data spread across tables.
Syntax:
SELECT column FROM table1, table2 WHERE logical expression
There are basically three different types of join.they are
❖ Single join
❖ Self join
❖ Outer join
❖ Natural join
SINGLE JOIN:
It retrieves rows from two tables having a common column. it is further classified into
equi-join and non equi-join.
Equi join:
A join which is based on equalities, is called an equai-join combines rows that have
equivalent values for the specified columns.
Non equi-join
A non equi join specifies the relationship between column belonging to diff tables by
making use of the relational operation (>, <, <=,>=, <>) other than =.
NATURAL JOIN:
The equijoin must produce a result containing two identical columns. If one of these
columns is eliminated, then that join is called the “natural join
SQL> select name, dept from employee, staff where employee.rollno=staff.rollno;
NAME DEPT
ANTON CSE
DHARUN EEE
FELTON CSE
GEENA MECH
HARRY ECE
SELF JOIN:
In a self-join is joined to itself. It compares values with a column of a single table.
SQL> select name, dept from employee, staff where employee.rollno=staff.rollno

NAME DEPT
ANTON CSE
FELTON CSE
OUTER JOIN:
When tables are joined rows, which contain matching values in the join predicates are
returned. Sometimes, matching and non –matching rows returned for the tables that are being
joined.
The outer join can be
❖ Left outer
❖ Right outer
❖ Full outer
LEFT OUTER JOIN retains non-matching rows from the left table in the result and place
null values in the attributes that comes from the right table. RIGHT OUTER JOIN retains
non-matching attributes from the right table and FULL OUTER JOIN of that retains non-
matching attributes from both tables.
INNER JOIN
SQL> select employee.empid, employee.dept from employee inner join salary on
employee.empid=salary.empid;
EMPID DEPT
it9001 it
it9002 it
acc9001 accounts
acc9002 accounts
ser9001 service
ser9006 service
sal9001 sales
sal9006 sales
8 rows selected.

LEFT OUTER JOIN

SQL> select employee.empid, employee.dept from employee left outer join salary on
EMPID DEPT
it9001 it
it9002 it
acc9001 accounts
acc9002 accounts
ser9001 service
ser9006 service
sal9001 sales
sal9006 sales
8 rows selected.
RIGHT OUTER JOIN

SQL> select employee.empid,employee.dept from employee right outer join salary on
EMPID DEPT
-
it9001 it
it9002 it
acc9001 accounts
acc9002 accounts
ser9001 service
ser9006 service
sal9001 sales
sal9006 sales
8 rows selected.
SQL> select e.empid, e.dept, s.dept from employee e,salary s;
EMPID DEPT DEPT
it9001 it it
it9002 it it
acc9001 accounts it
acc9002 accounts it
ser9001 service it
ser9006 service it
sal9001 sales it
sal9006 sales it

it9001 it it
it9002 it it
acc9001 accounts it
acc9002 accounts it
ser9001 service it
ser9006 service it
sal9001 sales it
sal9006 sales it
it9001 it accounts
it9002 it accounts
acc9001 accounts accounts
ser9001 service accounts
sal9001 sales accounts
it9001 it accounts
it9002 it accounts
it9001 it service
it9002 it service
acc9001 accounts service
ser9001 service service
sal9001 sales service
it9001 it service
it9002 it service
it9001 it sales
it9002 it sales
acc9001 accounts sales
ser9001 service sales
sal9001 sales sales
sal9006 sales sales
it9001 it sales
it9002 it sales


sal9001 sales sales
sal9006 sales sales
64 rows selected.
SQL> select empname from employee, salary where employee.empid=salary.empid;
EMPNAME
arunprasanth
balakrishnan
kannan
magudeshwaran
jagadheesh
muruganandam
suresh
sharmila
8 rows selected.
SQL> select e.empid,e.empname,s.dept,s.salary,b.city from employee e,salary s,branchtable b

where e.empid=s.empid and s.dept=e.dept;
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT SALARY CITY
it9001 arunprasanth it 35000 chennai

it9002 balakrishnan it 18000 chennai
acc9001 kannan accounts 35000 chennai
acc9002 magudeshwaran accounts 26000 chennai
ser9001 jagadheesh service 35000 chennai
ser9006 muruganandam service 12000 chennai
sal9001 suresh sales 40000 chennai
sal9006 sharmila sales 17000 chennai
it9001 arunprasanth it 35000 vellore
it9002 balakrishnan it 18000 vellore

acc9001 kannan accounts 35000 vellore

acc9002 magudeshwaran accounts 26000 vellore
ser9001 jagadheesh service 35000 vellore
ser9006 muruganandam service 12000 vellore
sal9001 suresh sales 40000 vellore
sal9006 sharmila sales 17000 vellore
it9001 arunprasanth it 35000 thambaram
it9002 balakrishnan it 18000 thambaram
acc9001 kannan accounts 35000 thambaram
acc9002 magudeshwaran accounts 26000 thambaram
ser9001 jagadheesh service 35000 thambaram
ser9006 muruganandam service 12000 thambaram
sal9001 suresh sales 40000 thambaram

sal9006 sharmila sales 17000 thambaram
it9001 arunprasanth it 35000 bangalore
it9002 balakrishnan it 18000 bangalore
acc9001 kannan accounts 35000 bangalore
acc9002 magudeshwaran accounts 26000 bangalore
ser9001 jagadheesh service 35000 bangalore
ser9006 muruganandam service 12000 bangalore
sal9001 suresh sales 40000 bangalore
sal9006 sharmila sales 17000 bangalore
32 rows selected.
SQL> select e.empname, s.salary from employee e, salary s where e.empid= s.empid and
salary>10000;
EMPNAME SALARY
arunprasanth 35000
balakrishnan 18000
kannan 35000
magudeshwaran 26000

jagadheesh 35000
muruganandam 12000
suresh 40000
sharmila 17000
8 rows selected.
SQL> select e.empname,b.city from employee e,salary s,branchtable b where

e.empid=s.empid and s.branch=b.branch and city='chennai';
EMPNAME CITY
balakrishnan chennai
suresh chennai
sharmila chennai
3 rows selected.
SQL> select e.empname,s.salary,b.city from employee e,salary s,branchtable b where

e.empid=s.empid and s.branch=b.branch and city='chennai';
EMPNAME SALARY CITY
balakrishnan 18000 chennai
suresh 40000 chennai
sharmila 17000 chennai
SQL> select empname,dept from employee order by empid;
EMPNAME DEPT
-
kannan accounts
magudeshwaran accounts
arunprasanth it
balakrishnan it
suresh sales

sharmila sales
jagadheesh service
muruganandam service8 rows selected.
RESULT:

EX. NO:8 SEQUENCES AND SYNONYMS

DATE:
Aim :
To implement sequences and synonyms in SQL
Syntax:
create sequence <sequence_name>
start with <value>
minvalue <value>
increment by <value>
maxvalue <value>
cycle/nocycle;
EXERCISE:
SQL> create sequence my_seq1
start with 1
minvalue 1
increment by 1
maxvalue 5
nocycle;
Sequence created.
SQL> create table xyz(empno number(2));
Table created.
SQL> create table xyz1(empno number(2));
Table created.
SQL> insert into xyz values(my_seq1.nextval);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from xyz;

EMPNO
1
SQL> insert into xyz values(my_seq1.nextval);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from xyz;

EMPNO
1
2
SQL> insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from xyz1;
EMPNO
3
1 row created.
EMPNO
3
4
1 row created.
EMPNO
3
4
5

insert into xyz1 values(my_seq1.nextval)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-08004: sequence MY_SEQ1.NEXTVAL exceeds MAXVALUE and cannot be instantiated
SQL> select my_seq1.currval from user_sequences;
CURRVAL
5
SYNONYMS:
An alias or alternative names can be given to anyof the database objects like a table, view, stored procedure,
user-defined function, and sequence with the help of SQL Server Synonym.

Whenever we create a SQL Server Synonym in a database, the synonym is referenced to a particular database
object and that database object is called base object. The location of the base object to which the synonym is
referenced can be either in the same database or in some other database in the same server or even on some
other instance running on another server.
Syntax:
1. CREATE SYNONYM [ name_of_schema. ] name_of_synonym
2. FOR name_of_base_object;
SQL> CREATE TABLE fruits(

2 fruit_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
3 quantity number(2)4
);
Table created.
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM fruit for fruits;
Synonym created.
SQL> select * from fruit

2;
no rows selected
SQL> select * from fruits;
no rows selected
SQL> select * from fruit;
FRUIT_NAME
QUANTITY
mango
3
SQL> select * from fruits;
FRUIT_NAME
QUANTITY
mango
3
RESULT:

EX.NO:9a PROCEDURES
DATE:
Aim:
To implement PL/SQL program using procedures.
SQL> create table stud(rno number(2), mark1 number(3), mark2 number(3), total number(3), primary
key(rno));
Table created.
SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type
RNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)

MARK1 NUMBER(3)
MARK2 NUMBER(3)
TOTAL NUMBER(3)
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO MARK1 MARK2 TOTAL
1 80 85 0
2 75 84 0
3 65 80 0
4 90 85 0
SQL> create or replace procedure student (rnum number) is
2 m1 number;
3 m2 number;
4 total number;
5 begin
6 select mark1,mark2 into m1,m2 from stud where rno=rnum;
7 if m1<m2 then
8 update stud set total=m1+m2 where rno=rnum;
9 end if;
10 end;

11 /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec student(1);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

1 80 85 165
2 75 84 0
3 65 80 0
4 90 85 0
SQL> exec student(4);
1 80 85 165
2 75 84 0
3 65 80 0
4 90 85 0
SQL> exec studd(2);

SQL> exec studd(3);
1 80 85 165
2 75 84 159
3 65 80 145
4 90 85 0
RESULT:

EX. NO:9b FUNCTIONS

DATE:
Aim:
To implement PL/SQL program using functions.
SQL> create table stud

2(
3 rno number(5),
4 mark1 number(5),
5 mark2 number(5),
6 total number(5),primary key(rno)
7 );
Table created.
SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type
RNO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)

MARK1 NUMBER(5)
MARK2 NUMBER(5)
TOTAL NUMBER(5)
SQL> insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total);

Enter value for mark1: 80
Enter value for total: 0
old 1: insert into stud values(&rno,&mark1,&mark2,&total)
new 1: insert into stud values(1,80,65,0)
1 row created.


1 row created.

1 row created.
1 80 65 0
2 77 56 0
3 89 90 0
SQL> create or replace function sfunc(rnum number) return number is

2 total stud.total%type;
3 m1 stud.mark1%type;
4 m2 stud.mark2%type;
5 begin
6 select mark1,mark2 into m1,m2 from stud where rno=rnum;
7 total:=m1+m2;
8 return total;
9 end;
10 /
Function created.
SQL> select sfunc(1) from dual;

SFUNC(1)
145


SFUNC(2)
133

SFUNC(3)
179
RESULT:

EX. NO:10 CURSORS
DATE:
AIM:
To study and execute cursor program in PL/SQL to fetch and manipulate the data.
SQL> create table cur_salary

2(
3 empid varchar(10),
4 empname varchar(15),
5 dept varchar(15),
6 salary number(10),
7 dno number(3)
8 );
Table created.
SQL> insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno);

Enter value for name: arunkumar
Enter value for sal: 25000
Enter value for dno: 11
old 1: insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno)
new 1: insert into cur_salary values('it9001','arunkumar','it',25000,11)
1 row created.
SQL> insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno);

Enter value for name: boobathi
Enter value for sal: 20000
old 1: insert into cur_salary values('&empid','&name','&dept',&sal,&dno)
new 1: insert into cur_salary values('ser9003','boobathi','service',20000,22)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from cur_salary;

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT SALARY DNO
it9001 arunkumar it 25000 11

ser9003 boobathi service 20000 22
sal8001 kumaresan sales 30000 33
SQL> declare
2 cempid cur_salary.empid%type;
3 cname cur_salary.empname%type;
4 cdept cur_salary.dept%type;
5 csalary cur_salary.salary%type;
6 coldsalary cur_salary.salary%type;
7 cursor c is select empid,empname,dept,salary from cur_salary where dno=&dno;
8 begin
9 open c;
10 loop
11 fetch c into cempid,cname,cdept,csalary;
12 exit when c%notfound;
13 update cur_salary set salary=csalary+csalary*0.05 where empid=cempid and salary>25000;
14 select salary into csalary from cur_salary where empid=cempid;
15 dbms_output.put_line('cempid'||''||'cname'||''||''||'old_salary='||''||'New Salary');
16 dbms_output.put_line(cempid||''||cname||''||to_char(coldsalary)||''||to_char(csalary));
17 end loop;
18 close c;
19 end;
20 /
old 7: cursor c is select empid,empname,dept,salary from cur_salary where dno=&dno;
new 7: cursor c is select empid,empname,dept,salary from cur_salary where dno=33;
cempidcnameold_salary=New Salary
sal8001kumaresan31500

SQL> select * from cur_salary;
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT SALARY DNO
it9001 arunkumar it 25000 11

ser9003 boobathi service 20000 22
sal8001 kumaresan sales 31500 33
RESULT:

EX. NO:11 TRIGGERS
DATE:
Aim:
To execute Triggers in RDBMS.
Definition & Syntax: -
TRIGGER:
A database trigger is a stored procedure that is fired when an insert, update or delete statement is issued
against the associated table. Database triggers can be used for the following purposes.
➢ To generate data automatically.
➢ To enforce complex integrity constraints. (e.g. Checking with sysdate, checking with data in
another table).
➢ To customize complex security authorizations.
➢ To maintain replicate tables.
➢ To audit data modifications.
Syntax for Creating Triggers

The syntax for creating a trigger is given below
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <trigger_name>

[BEFORE/AFTER] [INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE] ON <table_name>
[FOR EACH statement/FOR EACH row]
[WHEN <condition>]
PL/SQL block;
PARTS OF A TRIGGER
A database trigger has three parts, namely, a trigger statement, a trigger body and a trigger
restriction.
TRIGGER STATEMENT:
A trigger statement specifies the DML statements like update, delete and insert and it fires the
trigger body. It also specifies the table to which the trigger is associated.
TRIGGER BODY:

Trigger body is a PL/SQL block that is executed when a triggering statement is issued.
TRIGGER RESTRICTION:
Restrictions on a trigger can be achieved using the WHEN clause as shown in the syntax for creating
triggers. They can be included in the definition of a row trigger, where in, the condition in the WHEN clause
is evaluated for each row that is affected by the trigger.
TYPES OF TRIGGER:
Triggers are categorized into the following types based on when they are fired:
➢ Before
➢ After
➢ For each row
➢ For each statement (default)
BEFORE /AFTER OPTIONS:

The before/after options can be used to specify when the trigger body should be fired with respect to
the triggering statement. If the user includes a BEFORE option, then, Oracle fires the trigger before executing
the triggering statement. On the other hand, if AFTER is used, then, Oracle fires the trigger after executing
the triggering statement.
FOR EACH ROW / STATEMENT:
When the for each row / statement option when included in the ‘create trigger’ syntax specifies that
the trigger fires once per row. By default, a database trigger fires for each statement.
Using a combination of the above options, we can assign 12 types of triggers to a database table.
➢ Before update row / statement
➢ Before delete row / statement
➢ Before insert row / statement
➢ After update row / statement
➢ After delete row / statement
➢ After insert row / statement
EXERCISE:
1. Write a PL/SQL program to create a trigger before the user inserts the data into the table.
2. Write a PL/SQL program to create a trigger before the user deletes the data from the table.
3. Write a PL/SQL program to create a trigger before the user changes the value of the salaryof the employee.
ANSWERS:
SQL>create or replace trigger ins1 before insert on emp
begin
raise_application_error (-20001,'you can’t insert a row');
end;
OUTPUT:
SQL>insert into emp values(&eid,'&name','&dob','&addr','&sex','&desig',&deptno,'&maritsta',&salary);
SQL>insert into emp *
values(&eid,'&name','&dob','&addr','&sex','&desig',&deptno,'&maritsta',&salary);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20001: you cant insert a row
ORA-06512: at "CSE382.ins1", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'CSE382.ins1'
SQL>create or replace trigger del1 before delete on emp

begin
raise_application_error (-20001,'you can’t delete a row');
end;
OUTPUT:
SQL>delete from emp where eid=4444;
delete from emp where eid=4444;
*
ORA-20001: you can’t delete a row
ORA-06512: at "CSE382.DEL1", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'CSE382.DEL1'
SQL> create trigger upd1 before update on emp for each row
2 begin
3 if :new.sal < 1000 then
4 raise_application_error(-20001,'salary can’t be low than this');
5 end if;
6 end;
7/
Trigger created.
SQL> update emp set sal=500 where dno=2;

update emp set sal=500 where dno=2
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20001: salary can’t be low than this
ORA-06512: at "CSE382.UPD1", line 3
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'CSE382.UPD1'
RESULT:

EX. NO:12 EXCEPTION HANDLING
DATE:
Aim:
To write and execute PL/SQL procedure using exceptions
PREDEFINED EXCEPTIONS:
DECLARE
E EMP%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=&DEPTNO;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(E.EMPNO||' '||E.ENAME||' '||E.JOB||' '||E.SAL||' '||E.DEPTNO);
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' NO EMPLOYEES ARE WORKING WITH EMPLOYEE
NUMBER');
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' MORETHAN ONE EMPLOYEE EXISTS ');
END;
SQL> insert into EMP values(111,'sai',;Manager',50000,011);

ERROR:
ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated
SQL> insert into EMP values(111,'sai','Manager',50000,011);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into EMP values(122,'anu','clerk',20000,012);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into EMP values(122,'abi','clerk',20000,012);

SQL> select *from EMP;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB SAL DEPTNO
111 sai
Manager 50000 11
122 anu
clerk 20000 12
122 abi
clerk 20000 12
EMPNO ENAME
JOB SAL DEPTNO
122 abi
clerk 20000 12
122 abi
clerk 20000 12
SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 13
old 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=&DEPTNO;
new 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=13;
NO EMPLOYEES ARE WORING WITH EMPLOYEE NUMBER
SQL> /

Enter value for deptno: 12
old 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=&DEPTNO;
new 4: SELECT * INTO E FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=12;
MORETHAN ONE EMPLOYEE EXISTS
1. USER DEFINED EXCEPTIONS:
SQL> DECLARE
VALUE_MISSING EXCEPTION;
A NUMBER(2):=&A;
B NUMBER(2):=&B;
C NUMBER(4);
BEGIN
IF A IS NULL OR B IS NULL THEN
RAISE VALUE_MISSING; -- CALLING EXCEPTION
END IF;
C:=A+B;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ADD OF TWO NUMBERS : '||C);
EXCEPTION
WHEN VALUE_MISSING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' COLUMN VALUES ARE MANDATORY ');
END;
/
Enter value for a:

old 3: A NUMBER(2):=&A;
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=;
Enter value for b:
old 4: B NUMBER(2):=&B;
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=;
A NUMBER(2):=;
*

ERROR at line 3:
ORA-06550: line 3, column 19:
PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";" when expecting one of the following:
( - + case mod new not null <an identifier>
<a double-quoted delimited-identifier> <a bind variable>
continue avg count current exists max min prior sql stddev
sum variance execute forall merge time timestamp interval
date <a string literal with character set specification>
<a number> <a single-quoted SQL string> pipe
<an alternatively-quoted string literal with character set specification>
<an alternatively
ORA-06550: line 4, column 20:
PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";" when expecting one of the following:
( - + case mod new not null <an identifier>
<a double-quoted delimited-identifier> <a bind variable>
continue avg count current exists max min prior sql
SQL> /
Enter value for a: 10
old 3: A NUMBER(2):=&A; new
3: A NUMBER(2):=10;
Enter value for b: 20
old 4: B NUMBER(2):=&B; new
4: B NUMBER(2):=20;ADD OF
TWO NUMBERS : 30

SQL> /
Enter value for a: NULL
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=NULL;
Enter value for b: 10
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=10;
COLUMN VALUES ARE MANDATORY
SQL> /
Enter value for a: NULL
new 3: A NUMBER(2):=NULL;
Enter value for b: NULL
new 4: B NUMBER(2):=NULL;
COLUMN VALUES ARE MANDATORY
RESULT:

EX.NO:13
DATE:
CASE STUDY USING REAL LIFE DATABASE APPLICATIONS
Aim:
To create a simple calculator using Jframe (Netbeans IDE)
Implementation:
private void jButton1ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
String n1= jTextField1.getText();
int num1=Integer.parseInt(n1);
int res=num1+num2;
jTextField3.setText(res+"");

int res=num1-num2;
}

int res=num1*num2;
}

int res=num1/num2;
}

RESULT:

EX.NO:14
DATE:
Database connectivity with Front & Back End Tools
Aim:
To implement database connectivity with front and back end tools.
Implementation:


Source Code:
Select Query:
try
{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
//step2 create the connection object

Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","cse2");
//step3 create the statement object

Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
//step4 execute query

ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
//step5 close the connection object

con.close();
}catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
Insert
try

{
int x=stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp values(333,'ram')");
System.out.println(x+" row inserted");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e)
{
}
Update
try
{
int x=stmt.executeUpdate("update emp set sname='siva' where sno=333");
System.out.println(x+" row updated");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e)
{
}
Delete
try
{
int x=stmt.executeUpdate("delete from emp where sno=333");
System.out.println(x+" row deleted");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e)
{
}
RESULT:

Final Updated DBIS Record 2

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U20CSCJ06 – Database Information Systems Laboratory

173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073

BHARATH INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

DATABASE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LAB RECORD

SUB CODE: U20CSCJ06

Year: II Semester: IV Batch:2021 - 2025

University Register No. U21

JUNE / JULY 2023

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

SUB CODE : U20CSCJ06

University Register No. U21

Signature of Faculty In-Charge Signature of Head of Department

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

APPLYING CONSTRAINT RULES TO THE

5 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE COMMANDS

8 SEQUENCES AND SYNONYMS

CASE STUDY USING REAL LIFE DATABASE

14 DATABASE CONNECTIVITY WITH FRONT &

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

EX. NO:1 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS

CREATE TABLE <table_name>

To add a column in a table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

Delete Objects from the Database

DROP TABLE table_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

SQL> create table employee

7 dept varchar2(15) not null,

6 branch varchar2(20) not null

SQL> create table branchtable

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

SQL> desc employee;

Name Null? Type

EMPID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

GENDER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(7)

AGE NOT NULL NUMBER(3)

DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)

DOB NOT NULL DATE

SQL> desc salary;

NOT NULL NUMBER (10)

DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (15)

BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

SQL> alter table employee modify (designation varchar2(20));

SQL> create table emp

SQL> rename emp to empl;

SQL> desc empl;

Name Null? Type

SQL> desc emp;

ORA-04043: object emp does not exist

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing

TRUNCATE TABLE DATA

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');