Experiment # 2

Filters
RNEW 320
Submitted To: Prof. Wang

Submitted By:
Rakan Althaqfi A00627734

Rayan Althaqafi A00628755

Abdullah Alharbi A00616582

Abdulrahman Alazmi A00625308

 Experiment#2
Abstraction:

In this lab we will design the Filter Circuit and verify the circuit using the equations and the
Multisim simulation. This experiment allows us to understand how to Design a Filter Circuit.
Multisim environment is used to monitor the overall behavior of the circuit and results are
plotted using oscilloscope. We can also make the Filter circuits using the RC and RL circuits.
Hopefully by this point, you have a pretty good idea of what filters are and what they do. In this
lab we will review the different types of filters and their characteristics, as well as some of their
applications. A very important and related concept is the graphical representation of filters using
Bode plots.

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to begin to become familiar with the properties and uses of
the Filters in circuits and engineering in general.

Equipment’s Required:

 Resistors
 Connecting wires
 Bread board
 Exponential Voltage Source
 Oscilloscope

Software Required:

1. Multisim

Introduction:

Review that any circuit that has an input and output defined can basically be known as filter.
Filters can be described by their transfer function:
Vo
H ( ω )=
V¿

It is necessary to note that H is complex function of ω. This definition appears almost like
the gain of an amplifier that we see often back with resistive circuits, but the gains that we
see before were real and constants. Here we are working with phasors (hence complex), and
our circuit behaviors depend on complex impedances (hence the dependence on ω). Because
of linearity, we can easily find the output of a filter in the time domain. Given an input

v ¿ ( t )=V m cos ( ωt +θ v )

the output is simply

v out =¿|H(ω)| ×V m cos ( ωt+ θv +6 H (ω ) )

This should be apparent, since Vo within the phasor domain is simply the product of H and
Vin. Hence, we will multiply their magnitudes and add their phases. Again, notice that the
new response is a function of the frequency ω; for a function with a different frequency, both
the magnitude and phase can be different. The other perception you should make is that the
frequency does not change from input to output. Hence, we can generally apply this
"alternate route" to find the output.

First-Order Filters:

The most simple filters can be implemented with RC and RL circuits. The key to analyzing
them by inspection is to remember the behavior of inductors and capacitors. Recall that
inductors pass low frequencies and block high frequencies, while capacitors do the inverse.
Thus, the subsequent circuits implement lowpass filters, passing low-frequency signals and
blocking high-frequency ones.

Figure 01: The RC and RL Lowpass Filters

One can easily determine the transfer functions for the above two filters. If we define the
cutoff frequency ω c for each circuit such that ω c = 1 /RC for the first case and ω c= R /L, then
both have a transfer function of
The Bode magnitude and phase plots for the transfer function are given below. Notice that
the magnitude plot confirms what we already know—low frequencies below ω c are largely
unaffected, while the magnitude decreases at −20 dB/dec for frequencies above ω c. A signal
would also have its phase shifted for high frequencies, with the most extreme shift occurring
at frequencies of 10ω c or higher.

Figure 02: The magnitude and phase plots for the Low Pass Filter

On the opposite hand, the high pass filter equivalents of the above two circuits are the
following:

Figure 03: The RC and RL high pass filters

Again, Select the same cutoff frequencies as before, it can be shown that the transfer function
is
 The Bode plots are shown below. Notice that the result is opposite to that of the lowpass
filter. High frequencies are usually untouched, in both magnitude and phase, while low
frequencies are progressively attenuated and phase-shifted.

Figure 04: The magnitude and phase plots for the HPF

Although the above circuits could appear pretty trivial, several variations of the LPF and
HPF can be constructed by combining multiple components along. Any filter whose transfer
function contains at the most one pole and one zero is classified as a first-order filter. Such
filters usually only implement either the LPF or HPF, with a magnitude roll off of 20 dB/dec.
It is impossible to get a steeper roll off (e.g. 40 dB/dec) because each zero or pole alone only
contributes 20 dB/dec.
Procedure:

Low Pass Filter:

 Build a circuit as illustrated in Figure.

Figure: RC Low Pass Filter

 Run Select “National Instruments” – “Circuit Design Suite” - Multisim
 Select “place” – “components”
  Connect the Function Generator as sinusoidal source
 Adjust the frequency to 7.5k Hz and voltage amplitude of 10V.
 Apply the AC sweep analysis to see the filter response.
 Now connect the oscilloscope at the output to see the filtered output.
 Analyze the Filtered curve at the output

Schematic

Figure: RC Low Pass Filter circuit

Results:

Figure: Filtered output of Low Pass Filter

Now repeat the above procedure for the High pass filter and analyze the output.

High Pass Filter:

 Build a circuit as illustrated in Figure .

Figure: RL High Pass Filter

 Run choose “National Instruments” – “Circuit Design Suite” - Multisim
 Select “place” – “components”
 Connect the Function Generator as sinusoidal source
 Adjust the frequency to 10k Hz and voltage amplitude of 10V.
 Apply the AC sweep analysis to see the filter response.
 Now connect the oscilloscope at the output to see the filtered output.
 Analyze the Filtered curve at the output
Schematic
 Figure: RL High Pass Filter circuit

Results:

Figure: Filtered output of High Pass Filter

Conclusion:

After performing this lab, we saw, that Low Pass Filter circuit performed better when it passed
signals with lower frequencies. From this observation, we can conclude that in circuits with
Low-Pass filters, it will pass signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.

And, we saw that High Pass Filter circuit performs better when it passed signals with higher
frequencies. From this observation, we can conclude that circuits with High-Pass filters will pass
signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.

References:

1. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_3.html
2. https://www.amplifiedparts.com/tech-articles/filter-low-pass-high-pass
3. https://www.elprocus.com/differences-between-low-pass-filter-and-high-pass-filter/