Experiment # 06

Bode Plot
RNEW 320
Submitted To: Prof. Wang

Submitted By:
Rakan Althaqfi A00627734

Rayan Althaqafi A00628755

Abdullah Alharbi A00616582

Abdulrahman Alazmi A00625308

 Experiment#6
Abstraction:

In this lab students will design the Circuit and verify the circuit using Bode plot and the
equations and the Multisim simulation. This experiment allows them to understand how to
Design and analyze a Circuit using Bode plot. Multisim environment is used to monitor the
overall behavior of the circuit and results are plotted using oscilloscope. You can also make the
Exponential function circuits using the RC and RL circuits.

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to begin to become familiar with the properties and uses of
the Bode plot analysis in circuits and engineering in general.

Equipment’s Required:

 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Connecting wires
 Bread board
 Voltage source
 Oscilloscope

Software Required:

1. Multisim

Introduction:

A Bode plot is a standard format for plotting frequency response of LTI systems. Becoming
familiar with this format is useful because:

1. It is a standard format, so using that format facilitates communication between engineers.

2. Many common system behaviors produce simple shapes (e.g. straight lines) on a Bode plot,
so it is easy to either look at a plot and recognize the system behavior, or to sketch a plot from
what you know about the system behavior.

The format is a log frequency scale on the horizontal axis and, on the vertical axis, phase in
degrees and magnitude in decibels.

Thus, we begin with a review of decibels

1. Decibels Definition: for voltages or other physical variables (current, velocity, pressure, etc.)
2. Bode plots

That’s a product (or quotient) of a bunch of complex numbers. Using polar form, we can say
that the angle of the product (quotient) is the sum of the angles of each term (except for
division we subtract, so it’s the sum of the angles for the top terms, minus the sum of the
angles for the terms in the denominator). Similarly, the magnitude is the product of the
magnitude of all the terms. Summing terms is easy to do graphically; products are harder.
However, on a log scale (e.g., dB), the product turns into a sum. Thus, if we plot the behavior
of each term, we can then simply add the plots to find the total behavior. For the poles, we
could either plot the behavior of (s - p) and subtract it, or plot the behavior of 1/(s - p) and
add that behavior. We’ll plot the behavior of 1/(s - p), such that we only need to add terms.
The general plan for how to sketch a Bode plot by hand is, then, to first gain an
understanding of what individual poles and individual zeros do, and then add the responses
together. It is easiest to understand complex poles and zeros by looking at the response of a
complex conjugate pair, rather than trying to look at the complex poles or zeros individually.
This handout includes some information on complex pairs. The following pages contain,
first, a catalog of responses you can expect from individual poles and zeros, and then step-
by-step instructions on how to construct a Bode plot from a transfer function. The examples
given on the following pages all have a normalized (unitless) frequency scale, i.e. in ω/a
where a is the pole or zero, and ω = 2πf, rather than the usual frequency scale in Hz. The idea
is that the point labeled “1” on the plot will appear at the frequency corresponding to the pole
or zero (f = a/(2π)) on the real Bode plot you construct.

2. Asymptotic properties of the frequency response

Magnitude response

 Low-frequency asymptote (ω → 0), flat

 Breakpoint at ω = a
 High frequency asymptote, –20 dB/decade
 Actual curve is –3 dB below breakpoint

Phase response

 Low frequency asymptote = 0° • –45° at breakpoint (ω = a) • High frequency

asymptote = –90°
 slope crosses 0° at ω ≈ a/5, –90° at ω ≈ 5a (if you care about doing it that
accurately, it might be time to plot it with MATLAB)

Procedure:

 Build a circuit as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure: RC circuit
 Run Select “National Instruments” – “Circuit Design Suite” - Multisim
 Select “place” – “components”
 Apply a voltage source with the voltage equal to 120V.
 Select the AC sweep analysis from the simulate and analysis button to check the
frequency response of the circuit.
 Analyze the bode plot of the output
 Analyze the phase and magnitude plot
Schematic

Figure: RC circuit

Results:

Figure: Bode plot

Procedure:

Now repeat same procedure for second circuit:

 Build a circuit as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure: Circuit Diagram

 Run Select “National Instruments” – “Circuit Design Suite” - Multisim
 Select “place” – “components”
 Apply a voltage source with the voltage equal to 120V.
 Select the AC sweep analysis from the simulate and analysis button to check the
frequency response of the circuit.
 Analyze the bode plot of the output
 Analyze the phase and magnitude plot

Schematic
 Figure: Circuit Diagram

Results:

Figure: Bode plot

Conclusion:

To conclude it is stated that a Bode Plot is a useful tool that shows the gain and phase response
of a given LTI system for different frequencies. Bode Plots are generally used with the Fourier
Transform of a given system. The Magnitude plot is typically on the top, and the Phase plot is
typically on the bottom of the set.

References:

1. https://web.njit.edu/~levkov/classes_files/ECE232/Handouts/Frequency%20Response.pdf
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/bode-diagram
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
236982512_A_note_on_stability_analysis_using_Bode_plots