1.

Line Graph
The graph above shows the stock price of four technology companies between
2011 and 2016.

The line graph displays the stock values of four different high-tech corporations from 2011 to
2016.

Overall, Facebook’s value steadily increased, while Yahoo’s decreased. Apple’s stock price
fluctuated wildly throughout the period and Google’s stayed relatively unchanged.
Facebook started the period with a stock market valuation of approximately 7,500 and this
consistently moved up in value year on year to reach a peak of around 20,000 in 2016. Yahoo
began the recorded period with a very similar value to Facebook, but in contrast, its stock
devalued every year, until it reached a low of about 2,500 in 2016.

Apple stock was valued at just below 5,000 in 2011 and this jumped dramatically to nearly
35,000 the following year, before plummeting to around 7,000 in 2013. It recovered slightly in
2014 to around 12,000 and subsequently fell to a price of just over 5,000 in 2016. Google’s
shares remained at around 1,000 for the entire period.

The line graph provides information about how cargo was conveyed by four types of
transportation in the United Kingdom over a period of 28 years starting from 1974.

Looking at the chart, goods sent by all forms of delivery increased except for railways, which
fluctuated

-> the common trend and the odd one out.

Starting with roads and pipelines, the majority of goods were transported by road in 1974, with
about 70 million tons and gradually increased to about 80 million tons over the next 20 years. It
increased significantly and reached nearly 100 tons in 2002. In contrast, there were only about 7
million in 1974, the pipeline was the lowest and it increased to about 22 million in 1994. This
number remained until the end of the period.

-> The highest and the lowest, start and end

Cargo transported by waterway and rail each amounted to about 40 million tons in 1974. After
1978, freight transhipment by rail reached about 58 million tons in 1982 and then stabilized for
the next 20 years. follow. During the same period rail freight dropped to about 25 million tons.
By 2002, tonnage by boat had grown to 60 million and by rail to just over 40 million.

-> The other two, the changing point in 1978, end

The line graph compares the consumption of six different kinds of energy in the USA between
1980 and 2030.

It is clear that more fossil fuels are used in comparison with renewable energy sources. The
general trend in energy consumption is to increase over the time period presented.

-> Divide into 2 groups

In 1980, the amount of petroleum consumed was 35 million billion (???) units, nearly double
that of natural gas at 20 million billion units. At that time, the amount of coal burned was slightly
less, at just over 15 million million units. Meanwhile, natural energy consumption is about the
same, at less than 5 million units each.

-> Talk about the history of 2 groups, how did they start?.

In 2030, more gasoline is expected to be burned, and consumption remains at the forefront at
less than 50 million billion units. Although some variation over time is shown, the amount of coal
used is predicted to be more than that of natural gas, with about 30 and 25 million units burned
respectively. For renewable energy sources, it is predicted that its number will increase by a
minimum of just under 5 million units and hydroelectricity will record the lowest energy
consumption by 2030.

-> Talk about the future, what is expected for both groups, talk about the special prediction of
coal and natural gas that is contrast to the past/ significant changes or results of the variations
of the renewable group.
The line graph shows growth in the consumption of renewable energy during the period 1949-
2008 in the USA. The results are also broken down by source.

The first thing to note is that renewable energy use more than doubled over the period, with
particularly strong growth in biofuels. This sector did not exist in 1980 but experienced a steep
rise during the 2000s to over one quadrillion Btu per year. This made biofuels a serious
challenger to both wood and hydroelectric power, which both saw only limited growth overall.
The former grew steadily between 1975 and 1985, but then slipped back to around its original
level of 1.8 quadrillion Btu. The latter began the period at the same level as wood but
experienced more substantial growth. However, it also fell back to around 2 quadrillion Btu, with
a particularly sharp drop in the late 1990s.

-> choose the most noticeable presence (biofuels), then compare its trend to others, describe
important periods of trend, compare both
Finally, wind power emerged late in the period but showed a gradual rise to around 0.5
quadrillion Btu, suggesting that it, along with biofuels, will replace wood and hydroelectricity as
the main sources of renewable energy in the future.

-> talk about other potential variables and provide some predictions for future

The given line graph depicts information about how many foreigners visited three separate
regions in a European nation, during the span of a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007.

Overall, the most notable detail is that those three regions all attracted an increasing number of
foreigners. In addition, the lakes’ tourist figures witnessed the most dramatic change among
those given.

-> general trend, find the odd figure out

In more detail, at approximately 10,000 visitors in 1987, the quantity of foreign travelers who
were attracted to the lakes gradually rose to around 50,000 in 2000, before peaking at
approximately 75,000 tourists in 2002. This figure then dropped back down to approximately
50,000 people in 2007.
-> Talk about the outstanding figure through time

With regards to tourist numbers in coastal and mountainous areas, the overall figures increased,
however mountainous areas remained the least attractive travel option out of the three. In 1987,
the number of those who chose the coast as a travel destination stood at 40,000, compared to
only 20,000 travelers who went to the mountains. In the next 14 years, the coast witnessed a
slight decrease in the quantity of visitors by a few thousand, which was followed by a significant
climb to around 60,000 people, whereas the number of those visiting mountainous areas went
up remarkably to 30,000 in 2001. In the final 6 years, while the quantity of overseas tourists
going to the coast rose moderately to above 70,000, there was a slight climb in those who paid
a visit to the mountains to about 35,000.

-> * paraphrase the words using sentences, other two at the beginning, details on both lines
with significant points.
Haven’t check

The given line graph delivers information about the percentage of citizens who use the internet
during the span of a 10-year period from 1999 to 2009 in three nations.

A glance of the graph reveals that three countries witnessed a remarkable growth of people who
use the internet. Throughout the period, America and Canada always held more percentage of
users than Mexico. At the end of the time period presented, Canada had the most users per
population.

Mexico had the lowest numbers of people using the Internet among three regions at the
beginning of the time. In the next two years, the country had a slow moderate growth, which
was followed by a noticeable climb from 2001 to 2005. After this, Mexico was back to the
gradual-growing state. In the whole process, Mexico was never a competitor in users compared
to the other two.

The graph points out that American and Canada rotationally competed for the first place in the
number of citizens participating in the internet environment. In 1999, the USA had the highest
users while Canada held the second place in the graph. In 2009, Canada became the region
that had almost the whole of the population use the internet with visible evidence from the chart
with an approximate number of 100%

Sample:

The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used the
Internet between 1999 and 2009.

It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each
country over the period shown. Overall, a much larger percentage of Canadians and
Americans had access to the Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada
experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.

-> 3 countries experienced a growth, compare canada and the USA to mexico, highlight
canada

In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The
figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005,
Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while
the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.

-> the beginning of the period, the middle of the period, with particular statistics

By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost 100% of
Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of
Mexicans

-> the end of the time period shown

The line graph displays alterations for burglary, car theft and robbery in the center of
Manchester between 2003 and 2012.

The most noticeable trend is that burglary fell dramatically over the period. Car theft
fluctuated until 2008, upon which it rose steadily; whereas the number of robberies
remained relatively stable between 2003 and 2012.
Burglaries started at just below three and a half thousand in 2003 and apart from a
small rise of around five hundred offenses in 2004, fell drastically to just over one
thousand incidents in 2008. 2009 saw a slight rise to just below fifteen hundred and it
remained in and around this figure until the end of the time period.

-> car theft

From 2003 to 2008 the number of car thefts shifted between just below two thousand
five hundred and just over two thousand, before rising steadily to nearly three thousand
in 2013. Over the entire period robbery never rose above one thousand and did not go
under five hundred.

-> bulgary and robbery

The chart gives information on average monthly temperatures in Paris, Boston and Melbourne.

Paris and Boston have similar climates; both having lower temperatures between November and
March and higher temperatures for the rest of the year, peaking in July and August. Melbourne
has the opposite cycle with cooler temperatures between May and August, with the hotter months
being from September to April.

-> the contrast and similarity

 -

Boston’s coldest month is January with an average temperature of just under 5 Celsius and the
weather gets increasingly hotter until it reaches a peak of over 30 degrees. It then continues to
decline by approximately 5 degrees per month until December. Similarly January is also Paris’s
coldest, but with a milder temperature of just below 10 C and it steadily rises until it reaches a
peak of just under 25 C in July and August, before becoming consistently cooler until the end of
the year.

-> Boston and Paris

In contrast, January and December are Melbourne’s hottest months when temperatures average
just over 25 degrees Celsius. They then steadily fall each month until they get to a low of around
15 degrees, before getting warmer each month until December.

-> Melbourne
 2.Bar Chart
The bar graph above shows average earnings in the Republic of Ireland in 5 different
years, with projections for the future. Earnings are in US dollars ($).

The bar chart displays the average salary in the Republic of Ireland in 5 different years with an
estimated value for 2018. The unit of currency is in United States dollars.

Overall, it can be clearly seen that wages consistently increased in every recorded time period,
except 2008, when they decreased slightly. Salaries are expected to increase significantly in the
future.

Average earnings in 1968 stood at their lowest recorded levels at just under $8,000 and they
then increased a decade later to around $10,000 in 1978. This trend continued in 1988 with the
average income climbing to approximately $13,000. 10 years later, in 1998, it further improved
to its highest recorded value of about $15,000.

The only notable exception to this expansion in levels of pay was 2008 when wages decreased
by around $1,000 from the peak of 1998. However, this trend is not expected to continue in the
future with projections of over $20,000 forecast for 2018.
The bar graph displays the stock values of four different high-tech corporations from 2011 to
2016.

Overall, Facebook’s value steadily increased, while Yahoo’s decreased. Apple’s stock price
fluctuated wildly throughout the period and Google’s stayed relatively unchanged.

Facebook started the period with a stock market valuation of approximately 7,500 and this
consistently moved up in value year on year to reach a peak of around 20,000 in 2016. Yahoo
began the recorded period with a very similar value to Facebook, but in contrast, its stock
devalued every year, until it reached a low of about 2,500 in 2016.

Apple stock was valued at just below 5,000 in 2011 and this jumped dramatically to nearly
35,000 the following year, before plummeting to around 7,000 in 2013. It recovered slightly in
2014 to around 12,000 and subsequently fell to a price of just over 5,000 in 2016. Google’s
shares remained at around 1,000 for the entire period.
The first bar chart shows changes in the number of marriages and divorces in the USA, and the
second chart shows figures for the marital status of American adults in 1970 and 2000.
-> Briefly describe about both charts

It is clear that there was a fall in the number of marriages in the USA between 1970 and 2000.
The majority of adult Americans were married in both years, but the proportion of single adults
was higher in 2000.
-> Overview: marriages (based on both charts) vs singles

In 1970, there were 2.5 million marriages in the USA and 1 million divorces. The marriage rate
remained stable in 1980, but fell to 2 million by the year 2000. In contrast, the divorce rate
peaked in 1980, at nearly 1.5 million divorces, before falling back to 1 million at the end of the
period
-> Trend of both features: first chart

Around 70% of American adults were married in 1970, but this figure dropped to just under 60%
by 2000. At the same time, the proportion of unmarried people and divorces rose by about 10%
in total. The proportion of widowed Americans was slightly lower in 2000
-> Compare the marriages to unmarried and divorces: second chart

Note: Try to process the numbers and figures to deliver short and insightful information.
Use contrary or other ways of story telling to highlight what you want to deliver.

The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing
and industrialized countries in 1980 and 1990

The three bar charts show average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians,
and research and development spending in developing and developed countries. Figures are
given for 1980 and 1990

It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for
developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and
science from 1980 to 1990.

-> 2 significant insights from the three charts

People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years, with only a slight
increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialized
countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990

-> The growth in years of schooling in both kinds of nations

From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialized countries almost
doubled to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid
growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science
workers in developing countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell
from about $50 billion to only $25 billion

-> How science fields and researching are handled in different countries

In 2004, the bar graph compares the annual earnings of doctors and employees in other
professions in seven different countries.
Overall, doctors earned significantly more than employees in other fields, with disparities
varying greatly across countries. Doctors and other workers were paid the most in the United
States.

It is noticeable that the average salary of an Italian, Czech, and German doctor was three times
that of a worker in other fields, with figures ranging between 60 and 20 thousand US dollars. In
Finland, the pattern was slightly different, with doctors earning around $55,000, which was
more than double the figure for other workers, who earned $25,000.

Doctors in France and Switzerland earned roughly the same amount of money that year, while
workers in other fields earned significantly less. In terms of the US labor force, an average
American doctor and worker were paid the most per year, receiving 120 thousand US dollars
and just over a third of this, respectively.

Table
The table above shows data on the demographics of four nations.

The table provides key information about the population, gross domestic product per person and
life expectancy in four different countries.

Overall, there are two very noticeable features. Firstly, China has by far the highest number of
citizens, but they have the lowest economic output per person out of the four powers. Secondly,
the United States has the highest earnings, but the lowest life expectancy.
China has the highest number of people with around 1.3 billion citizens, however, the average
person only produces $6,807 and the Chinese average age upon death is 75.2 years. This is in
contrast with the USA where people earn, on average, nearly 10 times more than a normal man
or woman from China. Despite this, Americans live significantly shorter lives at just 69.2 years.

The United Kingdom has the lowest population of the four countries with just under 65 million,
but notably has the second highest GDP and the highest life expectancy with $41,787 and 81.5
years respectively. Russia has a population of nearly 144 million and a relatively low GDP per
capita of nearly $15,000.

The table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities

The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities. The table
compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them
each year0.

-> YES Yes very short yet very insightful

It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more
passengers than the newer systems.
-> Overview: deliver an specific information but can generalize the whole table

The London underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest
system, with 394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the
size of the London underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it serves more people
per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927
million passengers per year.
-> Compare in terms of size, emphasize the most noticeable point each, the largest tree are
also the oldest

Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126
kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los
Angeles systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the
Kyoto network is the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year
-> the newer three: most extensive, newest, smallest

Note: try to paraphrase the figures’ names, try to group information

The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty
in Australia in 1999

The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of households in Australia in
the year 1999.

It is noticeable that levels of poverty were higher for single people than for couples, and people
with children were more likely to be poor than those without. Poverty rates were considerably
lower among elderly people.

-> Talk about the trends of property among different kinds of people

Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged people
were the least likely to be poor, with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single aged people and
aged couples respectively.

-> The least likely to be poor

Just over one fifth of sole parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of parents living with
a partner were classed as poor. The same pattern can be seen for people with no children:
while 19% of single people in this group were living below the poverty line, the figure for couples
was much lower, at only 7%

-> other groups of people living in poverty

The presented tables display the sales development of Fairtrade-labeled coffee and bananas in
five countries (UK, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden) in the period of 1999 and
2004.

Overall, in a span of five years, the sales of coffee increased in all five countries while the
demand for bananas in some countries, namely Belgium and Sweden, showed a downward
trend.

According to the data, the largest sales of coffee in 1999 were recorded in Switzerland with a
total amount of 3 million euros. Nonetheless, the UK took over the first position, significantly
escalating from 1.5 million euros in 1999 to 20 million euros in 2004. Besides, Sweden was the
country with the least sales in both years, 0.8 million euros and 1 million euros respectively.

Meanwhile, the sales of bananas experienced a different pattern. The UK consistently became
the biggest market for bananas as indicated by the sales that tripled from 15 million euros in
1999 to 47 million euros in 2004. Denmark contributed the smallest revenue from bananas with
merely 0.6 million in 1999. However, the situation changed in 2004 when Sweden placed in the
lowest rank with sales of 0.9 million euros.
The table represents how men and women who were out of work spent their time the previous
year. The data is broken down into both morning and afternoon and shows fourteen different
activities.

Overall, it is clear that the majority of males and females who are not working spend their time
on productive tasks such as housework, shopping and trying to find a job with a small proportion
doing nothing, staying in bed, drinking and walking.

It can be seen that Housework, shopping and job hunting were the most common activities in
the morning. Approximately half of the females were busy with house chores. The least
common time spent by males and females was drinking . Both genders preferred to do leisure
activities in the afternoon.
When looking at the differences between sexes, it is also interesting to note that men were more
than twice as likely to focus on improvement. For instance, 14% of males did gardening
compared to 2% of women and took up sport and walking. However, less productive activities
like visiting town, staying in bed and sitting around were similar for both genders.

Pie Chart

The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in
two countries over two separate years.

Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and
France. While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel
sources used.
-> Overview: compare total then compare proportions

Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to
130 out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source
in France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity.
-> Compare and highlight the most contrary figures and time
Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the
amount of electricity produced using this type of power fell from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil,
on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel source in France, but its use declined in
Australia. Both countries relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in
1980 than in 2000.
-> Compare and highlight the most contrary figures and time, other important features. Similar
traits

The pie charts compare the proportion of carbohydrates, protein and fat in three different diets,
namely an average diet, a healthy diet, and a healthy diet for sport.

It is noticeable that sportspeople require a diet comprising a significantly higher proportion of

carbohydrates than an average diet or a healthy diet. The average diet contains the lowest
percentage of carbohydrates but the highest proportion of protein.

-> emphasize on the most significant figure

Carbohydrates make up 60% of the healthy diet for sport. This is 10% higher than the
proportion of carbohydrates in a normal healthy diet, and 20% more than the proportion in an
average diet. On the other hand, people who eat an average diet consume a greater amount of
protein (40%) than those who eat a healthy diet (30%) and sportspeople (25%).
-> talk about the largest compound amongst three, carbohydrates take up the largest space
sport diet. The second highest proportion is protein in average people’s diet

The third compound shown in the charts is fat. Fat constitutes exactly one fifth of both the
average diet and the healthy diet, but the figure drops to only 15% for the healthy sports diet

-> Talk about the remaining compound.

The pie charts illustrate the proportion of energy produced by different sources in Dutch in 1995
and 2000.
It is clear that the proportion of energy generated by petrol decreased, while the figures for the
rest of energy sources had an opposite trend.
YEARS
Coal-fired energy accounted for the highest proportion of total energy production in France in
1995, at 29.80 percent. Gas and Petro had slightly lower percentages, at 29.63 percent and
29.27 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, nuclear power generated only 6.40 percent of total
energy, with other sources accounting for nearly 5 percent of total energy.

The percentage of energy derived from coal increased slightly in 2000, but it remained the
highest figure in the graph, at 30.93 percent. The figure for Gas increased gradually to 30.31
percent, while the figure for Petrol dropped by nearly 10%. The figures for Nuclear and Other
sources increased dramatically to 10.10 percent and 9.10 percent, respectively.

FEATURES
Coal energy accounted for the highest proportion of total energy production in France in 1995,
accounting for 29.80 percent of total energy production, and this figure increased by about 1%
to 30.9 percent in 2000. Similarly, Gas generated 29.63 percent of energy in the first year, rising
to 30.1 percent five years later.

In terms of the remaining energy sources, the proportion of energy produced from nuclear
power and other sources increased by about 5%, to just over 10% and 9%, respectively. Petrol,
on the other hand, saw its share drop from 29.27 percent in 1995 to around a fifth in 2000.

The pie charts depict the ratio of four types of accommodation that people used during their
vacations over a three-decade period beginning in 1988.

Overall, people became more hesitant to stay in campgrounds or at the homes of family and friends,
but the latter option remained preferable. Another noticeable trend is the increase in popularity of
service apartments and hotels over the given time period.
In 1988, about half of all vacationers chose to stay temporarily in the homes of family and friends,
making it the most popular option. Despite the fact that people became less willing to stay at their
friends’ and loved ones’ homes over the next two decades, 44 percent of visitors continued to do so.
Similarly, in the early 1980s, nearly one-third of travelers chose to spend their vacations at
campgrounds, but by 2008, only 12% did

Rented apartments were not a common choice for many tourists, accounting for negligible 7%.A
Decade later, the percentage increased by 4%, and it finally reached 22% in 2008, becoming the
second most popular place of residence. Likewise, hotels’ statistics underwent slight growth from
15% to 22% in the first ten years of the period; however, in 2009, the proportion of visitors who
selected. This type of accommodation remained the same from 1997.

future
The pie charts compare the proportions of Italian and Yemeni citizens in three age groups in
2000 and projections for 2050.
It is clear that Yemen had the younger population in the year 2000, and the same is predicted
for the year 2050. The populations of both countries are predicted to get older over the 50 year
period.

In 2000 just over half the Yemeni population were under 14, compared to just over 14% of
Italians in the same age group. Only a very small percentage of people in Yemen were over 60
at 3.6%, in contrast to nearly a quarter of the Italian population. The largest group for Italy was
the 15-59-year-olds with just over 60% while Yemen had 46.3% of its population in this
category.

Yemen’s average age is set to increase with the proportion of over 60s increasing by just over
2% and the middle group rising by 11%, leaving the youngest group with a decrease of nearly
13%. It is envisaged that by 2050 the number of people in Italy over 60 will jump to 42.3%, the
percentage of those in the youngest bracket will drop to 11.5% and the share in the middle
category will decrease to 46.2%.

Multiple graphs
The pie graph displays the principal causes why farming land deteriorates while the table
illustrates how three regions of the planet were affected by these factors in the 1990s.

We can clearly see from the pie chart that there are three primary causes of farmland
degradation, and overgrazing is the major one. The table shows that Europe had a far higher
percentage of unproductive land compared to the other two regions in this time period.

For this paragraph I have picked out the main features from each graph and wrote them in a
general way. Notice that I have not included any numbers. We will support our ideas with
number in the next two paragraphs. Also, notice that I am using the present simple for the pie
chart because there is no date and the past tense for the table because it was in the 1990s.

The pie chart represents four causes, with over-grazing representing the biggest proportion at
just over a third. Widespread clearing of trees and the over-use of crops constitute nearly one
third and just over a quarter respectively.

Here I have varied my language by using synonyms for the causes and proportions and
fractions for the data.

The table shows that nearly one quarter of Europe’s entire surface had fallen victim to
degeneration. Only a small proportion of North America’s total land became less productive at
5% and Oceania was marginally higher with a value of 13%.
The given bar chart illustrates an opinion survey about the factors as to why people
choose to go to school, while the pie graph portrays how adults consider the costs of
academics should be funded.

Overall, it is apparent in the bar chart that there are seven reasons as to why adults decide
to study, and the subject of interest is the most significant one. On the other hand, it can
be observed from the pie chart that individual funding for education has had a far higher
percentage compared to the other two.

The bar chart represents seven causes in the survey, with the subject of interest

representing the biggest percentage at 40%. Gaining qualifications is the second main

reason for earning 38%. Three factors achieved nearly the same share of almost 20% and

meeting new people had the lowest percentage at 9%.

The pie chart shows that 40% of the people think that education should be funded individually.

However, 35% of the people from the survey assume that it should be paid by the employer

while 25% think that it should be funded by the taxpayers, which is the lowest one.
The line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999, and the bar graph
shows the most popular countries visited by UK residents in 1999.

Overall, the number of tourists visiting to and from the United Kingdom increased
significantly over the period of 20 years, and the figure of UK residents was always
higher than that of UK visitors. It can also be seen that France is the most popular
tourist destination, followed by Spain.

With regard to the line graph, during the first quarter of a typical year, average
temperature quickly rises from 22oC and reaches a peak of approximately 28oC. This
number declines gradually in the following months and reaches its lowest point of
roughly 18oC in July. Then, the weather tends to get warmer as the average temperature
increases considerably to nearly 26o C in October, before falling steadily in the final
months.

As can be seen from the bar graph, the average rainfalls in the first two months are
relatively low – slightly under 20 mm. This figure increases fivefold in March (95 mm) and
reaches a peak at about 280 mm in April. The weather tends to be drier in the following
months as the average precipitation drops remarkably and reaches its bottom at nearly
10 mm in July. Rainfall rises minimally during the third quarter before experiencing a
sixfold increase in October, and then exceeds 150 mm in the next month. Finally, the
average rainfall decreases to 50 mm in December.
Map

Break down into 2 periods

The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994.
It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved. Four periods of
development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads,
the railway or the motorway.
-> Overview: the map + insight of the growth

From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads.
Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original village area. The village
grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was
built crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.
-> Describe changes from 1868 to 1922
The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway line until
1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994,
further development of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway
and one of the main roads
-> Describe changes in the rest of the period
The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called
Garlsdon.

The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the
town centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their
positions relative to three smaller towns.

Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the north west of Garlsdon,
but it is close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which
surrounds the town centre.

There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is
a no traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main
road to Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both
supermarket sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon

Two maps at the same time

The first picture shows the layout of an art gallery, and the second shows some proposed
changes to the gallery space

It is clear that significant changes will be made in terms of the use of floor space in the gallery.
There will be a completely new entrance and more space for exhibitions.
-> Propose the insight of the comparison

At present, visitors enter the gallery through doors which lead into a lobby. However, the plan is
to move the entrance to the Parkinson Court side of the building, and visitors will walk straight
into the exhibition area. In place of the lobby and office areas, which are shown on the existing
plan, the new gallery plan shows an education area and a small storage area
-> Changes in entrance and lobby. Because entrance is the most important

The permanent exhibition space in the redeveloped gallery will be about twice as large as it is
now because it will occupy the area that is now used for temporary exhibitions. There will also
be a new room for special exhibitions. This room is shown in red on the existing plan and is not
currently part of the gallery
->Permanent exhibition and the unused space

Two maps at the same time

The map details a town now and a proposed future layout.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the town has become more
industrial and accessible with additional roads though the majority of the town is largely
unchanged in terms of the structures.

In the present day, there is an airfield to the northwest which connects to a long street (A2) that
runs south. The road contains a roundabout from which another road leads east to bisect a
railway line near a gas station. The presented plan would move the roundabout slightly south
and the airfield would be replaced by an industrial estate with a new road going directly east to
the railway. The railway itself would also be interrupted by a new roundabout near the same gas
station.

In the easternmost part of the town, there is currently a town center and built-up area around
Ring Road, both of which will be unaltered in the future. The final additions suggested are a new
 road (A4) going from the town center along the southern edge of the town to connect with A2 in
the west. There will also be one further street from the town center that will allow for passage to
the east and north of the town.

The diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate.

The most noticeable difference between houses designed for cool and warm climates is in the shape
of the roof. The designs also differ with regard to the windows and the use of insulation.

We can see that the cool climate house has a high-angled roof, which allows sunlight to enter through
the window. By contrast, the roof of the warm climate house has a peak in the middle and roof
overhangs to shade the windows. Insulation and thermal building materials are used in cool climates
to reduce heat loss, whereas insulation and reflective materials are used to keep the heat out in warm
climates.
Finally, the cool climate house has one window which faces the direction of the sun, while the warm
climate house has windows on two sides which are shaded from the sun. By opening the two windows
at night, the house designed for warm climates can be ventilated

Note: How we interpret the map and tell the story, not rewrite the written information with
plain words.

Process
The diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up- to-the-
minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts

The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the
weather
->
There are four stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the
weather. This information is then analysed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to
the public
-> Overview: briefly introduce how the collecting process works

Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting weather
data and three ways of analysing it. Firstly, incoming information can be received by satellite and
presented for analysis as a satellite photo. The same data can also be passed to a radar station
and presented on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Secondly, incoming information may be
collected directly by radar and analysed on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Finally, drifting
buoys also receive data which can be shown on a synoptic chart.
-> The first and the second stage of the process:

At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers. Finally, it is
delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement
-> the third and final stages

At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the ground. The clay is put through a metal grid,
and it passes onto a roller where it is mixed with sand and water. After that, the clay can be
shaped into bricks in two ways: either it is put in a mold, or a wire cutter is used.
-> Explain from the first to third stage
At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are placed in a drying oven for one to two days.
Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature (200 - 900 degrees Celsius) and
then at a high temperature (up to 1300 degrees), before spending two to three days in a cooling
chamber. Finally, the finished bricks are packaged and delivered.
-> Explain the rest

Note: Basically process requires vocabulary and phraseology, the way we tell the story
through the given doodles, emphasizes on structure and grammar, sentences should be
written as smart as possible. Learn the common phrases for processes. How you interpret
the doodles.

The graphic illustrates the life process of the silkworm and the phases in the manufacture of silk
material.

Overall, the lifecycle is a natural process and contains four cyclical phases, beginning with the
laying of eggs and ending with the birth of a new moth from a cocoon. The production of silk is,
in contrast to the previous stage, a man-made linear process comprising 6 main stages.

To begin with, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes 10 days for the eggs to hatch into
silkworm larvae that feed on mulberry leaves. This stage takes between 4 and 6 weeks before
the worms construct a cocoon from silk thread, taking approximately one week. They stay there
for around a fortnight, subsequently emerging as moths and the process can begin again.

The first stage in the manufacture of silk is the selection of cocoons and these are then boiled.
Once boiled, the silk thread is unwound to a length of between 300 and 900 meters. Finally, the
silk can be twisted and weaved into cloth before being dyed.

PRACTICE
Line

The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tones, from four
different sectors between 1990 and 2007

The line graph illustrates four sectors in terms of the amount of acid rain emissions in the UK
that they created over a period of 17 years.
It is clear that the total number of acid rain emissions fell between 1991 and 2007. The most
significant decrease was in the electricity, gas and water supply sector.

In 1990, electricity, gas and water supply were responsible for approximately 3,3 million metric
tons of acid rain emissions. About 0,7 million metric tons were contributed by transport and
communication, while the domestic sector only produced around 0,6 million metric tons. Over 2
million metric tons of acid rain emissions came from other industries.

At the end of the period, the electricity, gas, and water supply sector saw a dramatic drop of
nearly 3 million metric tons. At the same time, the acid rain gasses rate from the domestic
sector gradually declined; the same pattern can be seen in other industries’ acid rain emissions.
The transport and communication sector witnessed a peak in 2005 at 1 million metric tons,
followed by more than 0,5 million metric tons in 2007.
Bar
—

nationalities=spenders, products=items=goods, spend=paid out

- British people spend more on goods
- Photographic film is the section that is spent the most
- Describe how people from 4 countries spend their money on photographic film
- Describe how much people from 4 countries spend on other five goods
- The lowest figure and the highest figure

The bar chart describes consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France,
Britain
Looking from the chart, it can be seen that people in Britain spent more money on the six goods
than the other three nations. Among the six items, photographic film was spent on the most

British people spent more than 170,000 (pounds sterling) on photographic film, which is also the
highest figure on the chart. On the contrary, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with
approximately around 150,000 (pounds sterling) for each of the six products.

French and Italian people spent the same amount on toys with the number being nearly 160,000
(ps). On the other hand, while Italians spent more than French people on personal stereos,
tennis racquets and perfumes, CDs and photographic film were paid out more in France. The
figure of the amount spent on tennis racquets in France, which was just more than 140,000 ps,
is the lowest on the chart.
 - London had the highest figure of price raise in 1996-2002
- Tokyo and London had the same price reduction in 1990-1995 , the highest figure in
reduction
- Prices in Frankfurt and Madrid remain positive, Frankfurt had slightly decrease, prices in
Madrid increased

The bar chart compares changes in average cost of houses in five major cities over a period of
13 years from 1989.

Speaking in general, most of the cities had reductions in house prices between 1990 - 1995,
otherwise there were overall rising prices during 1996 - 2002. London is the city that
experienced a dramatic change in prices over the 13-year period.

Between 1990 and 1995, Tokyo and London had the same price reduction by 7%, while New
York house prices fell by 5%. By contrast, prices rose in both Madrid and Frankfurt by
approximately 2%.

Over the 5 years after 1995, house prices in London significantly jumped to around 12% above
the 1989 average. Homebuyers in New York also had to pay more, with prices rising by nearly
10% of the previous period. But the average house costs remained higher than in 1989 in
Tokyo. Houses in Madrid cost more than they did by 2%, white prices in Frankfurt remained
stable.

The chart below show what UK graduate and postgraduate students who did not go to
full-time work did after leaving college in 2008
The bar charts show the numbers of graduate and postgraduate students in the UK who have
different paths other than doing full-time jobs, breaking down to 4 major choices.

Looking at the two charts, it can be seen that the majority of the British graduate students who
don’t choose to work on a full-time basis prefer to extend their education or apply for part-time
jobs. Further study is the most common choice among the two types of students.

For graduate students, the highest figure lies in those who decided to study further, at 29.665.
While nearly 18.000 students sought part-time jobs, there were around 16.000 graduates who
were unemployed in the UK. Among the 4 popular choices, voluntary work held the lowest
number of graduates, at 3.500.

For British students who had finished their post-education courses in 2008, further study was
also the most widely favored among UK postgraduates, with approximately 2.700 students. At
the same time, there were 1.625 students who faced unemployment and 2.535 postgraduates
who got flex-time positions. Once again, the lowest number lies among students who became
volunteers after graduating from postgraduate education.

-> 6 The essay effectively presents the information from the bar charts and makes comparisons
between the different groups of students. The essay also includes relevant details and numbers
to support the analysis. However, there may be some issues with sentence structure, grammar,
and clarity of expression. Overall, with some improvements in language usage and organization,
this essay has the potential to achieve a higher band score.

Table
The chart below shows average hours and minutes spent by UK males and
females on different daily activities
 - Both genders spend most of their time sleeping, spend the smallest amount of time to do
sports
- Beside sleeping, males spend most time doing their professions and studying, the same
pattern is also found in women but with a lower figure
- There are a significant gap in both figures in housework
- Generally males spend more time to do leisure activities than females
- Resting, eating and drinking, reading, voluntary work, other personal care, sport are
activities that take approximately same amount of time in both genders range between
0.07 and 1.25

The table provides information about the average amount of time per day that men and women
in the UK spend on doing different activities.
Overall, the British spend most of their time per day sleeping. On the other hand, there are a
significant gap between the 2 figures in doing their professions and studying.

In general, both genders have an average sleeping time of approximately 8 hours per day in the
UK. Leisure takes up the largest proportion of their time beside sleeping. Men spend about 5
hours and 25 minutes doing leisure activities such as doing sport, watching TV or enjoying their
social life, while the figure for women is 4 hours and 53 minutes.

It is noticeable that men spend an average of 79 minutes more than women every day working
or studying. On the contrary, women spend over twice as much time as men to do housework,
the same pattern can also be seen in doing childcare.

The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in

five different countries in 2002

- The highest figure of the chart is turkey - food

- Food… were spent most out of the 3 sections and leisure… were the least
- Spainishes spend the smallest amount for lei…
- Generally Turkish people spent a lot on three items.
- Italians spent most in clothing…

The table compares the proportions of consumer spending on 3 different categories of products
and services in five countries ìn 2002

It can be seen from the table that the largest consumer expenditure proportion in every region
went on food, drinks and tobacco. By contrast, the spending percentages for leisure or
education were the lowest.

Out of the five countries, Turkey had a higher figure for food, drinks and tobacco, at 32.14%,
and Ireland, at nearly 29%. Turkey also had the highest expenditure on leisure and education
among five countries, while the proportion of clothing and footwear in Italy was remarkably
higher, at 9%, than in any of other countries

Sweden had the lowest figures for food/drinks/tobacco and clothing/wear, at around 16% and
just 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher percentages of national consumer expenditure
for these two categories, but the lowest figure of the chart for leisure and leisure/education, at
only 1.98%

Sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas (1994 & 2004)

The two charts provide information of the numbers of sales of Fairtrade-labelled in two products
among five nations, coffee and bananas compared between two years, 1994 and 2004

Looking from the two charts, it can be seen that 2004 witnessed a remarkable rise in the
numbers of trade of the two goods in almost every country. The ranges of banana sales of both
years are slightly higher than the ranges of coffee sales.

In terms of coffee, Switzerland stood first place in the number of coffee sales in both 1994 with
the figure of 3 millions of euros, rising to 6 millions of euros in 2004. The UK had a dramatic
change in the same aspect, by going from only making 1.5 millions of euros in 1994 to
becoming the highest achiever in 2004 with the number of coffee sales was 20 millions of euros.
The numbers of money made from trading coffee in Denmark and Sweden in 1994 were 1.8
millions of euros and 0.8 millions of euros respectively, followed by a rise by 0.2 millions of
euros in both countries in the 10 years gap.

In the second table, Switzerland held the first position and has a significant rise, the Uk and
Belgium (1 and 0.6) rose by around the number of 4. (5.5 and 4). Sweden and Denmark
declined by about 1.
Pie

Map

parallel
- Both kinds of house have insulation for their roofs, one is for trapping heat in cool
climate, the other is for preventing heat from outside
- House built in cool climate regions would be designed in a way that helps receive more
heat, while in warm climate areas it should be reducing the level of heat inside the house
 - In cool climate, try to get as much as light as possible, preserve the warmness from the
sunlight
- In warm climate, try to prevent the light and the heat outside the environment at day and
release all the heat at night.

The diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate

It is important to notice that roof shape and material are the biggest differences between houses
designed for warm and cool climates. There is also a difference in the use of insulation of both
kinds of designs.

House designed for the cool climate has a high-angled roof, which helps deliver more sunlight
through the window. Conversely, the roof of the warm climate house has a peak in the middle
and roof overhangs for shading the windows. Insulation and thermal building materials are used
in cool climates for preventing heat loss, whereas insulation and reflective materials are used for
blocking the heat from outside in warm climates.

Finally, the cool climate house has a window that directly faces the sun, while the house
designed for warm climates has two windows on two sides which are shaded from the sun. By
opening the window at night, the heat trapped inside the house can be released through the two
windows

The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for
the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket
 - S1 is planned to be built in the countryside while S2 is at the town center with no traffic
zone
- S1 is going to be nearer to Hindoa than the other two towns, on the contrary, the 3 towns
seem to be more accessible traveling from S2 than from S1 (25 km to Cranston)
- Both sites have the same railway that goes through them. S1 is near a main road to
Hindoa, while S2 is in the crossing point of the 3 main roads.

The map provides information about two considerable spots (S1 and S2) for building a new
supermarket in a town called Garlsdon.

The remarkable difference between the two sites is that S1 is planned outside the town, while
S2 is in the central town. These positions can be compared in terms of the distribution of traffic
and the establishment of the inhabitants.
It can be seen that S1 is in the countryside and close to the north-west of the residential areas
of the town. On the other hand, S2 is completely surrounded by the settlements in the center of
the town, with no traffic.

Looking at the map, S1 lies near the main road that runs from the town center to Hindoa, but it
is too far from the other two towns, namely Bransdon and Cransdon. S2 seems to be more
accessible from the 3 towns than S1, but since S2 is a traffic-free zone, it is impossible to go to
the supermarket by car. Both sites have the same railway that goes through Garlsdon from
Hindoa to Cransdon.

Process
The diagram below shows the life cycle of a species of large fish called the
salmon.
The diagram illustrates the loop of the salmon’s lifetime going from egg stage to grown salmon
stage

Overall, salmon have an average life span of nine years. There are four stages of these large
fish species' life cycle: egg, fry, smolt, and adult. The first three stages occur in freshwater, while
the fourth one takes place in the saline water.

At the beginning of the life cycle, salmon eggs are laid among small stones at the base of reeds
in the upper part of the river, where the current is slow. These eggs develop into a stage termed
“fry” after approximately 5 to 6 months. The fry, which are 3 to 8 centimeters long, then travel to
the lower, fast-flowing part of the river. They would spend their next four years growing
themselves there, they reach 12 to 15 centimeters and are named “smolt”.

The smolts then head to the ocean where they mature into adult salmon and have the length of
70 to 76 centimeters. They spend 5 years there before swimming upstream to their birthplace to
spawn, and the entire process is repeated all over again.

sample:
The diagram describes how salmon grow from eggs to mature individuals.

Overall, there are three main stages in the life cycle of salmon starting with salmon eggs in the

upper river and the complete cycle lasts for about 10 years.

Firstly, salmon begins life as eggs in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river, surrounded by

reeds and pebbles. This shelter usually keeps the eggs safe for about five to six months before

they hatch. The newborn fish normally called “fry” are very small, which are only three to eight

centimeters long. The fry then follows the fast flow to the lower river and stay there for 4 years

until they reach the length of twelve to fifteen centimeters. These grown fish are known as

“smolt”.

At the next stage of the life cycle, the ‘smolt’ migrate to the open sea. After approximately 5

years living in the ocean, these ‘smolt’ will have grown to adult size, which is about 70-76

centimeters. Their reproductive stage then begins as the mature salmon swims back to their

birthplace and lays eggs. The salmon’s life cycle starts again at the same place where it begins.

- How to separate 2 stages of the process

- Kinds of process (manufacturing, natural (circulation, ))
Multiple graphs

The given charts provide a comparison of global water use by three different sectors over a
period from 1900 to 2000 and on water composition per person in Brazil and the Democratic
Republic of the Congo in 2000, followed by information such as population and irrigated land.

It can be seen from the charts that the agriculture sector contributes the most water use in a
global range. The three figures on the line graph experienced significant growth over the period.
We can also see that Brazil had more water composition per citizen than the Congo had.

At the beginning of the period, the agriculture sector had the highest figure at approximately
5,000 km3 of water use worldwide. Industrial use and domestic use accounted for one-fifth of
that amount. By 2000, the number of global water use for agriculture remained the highest,
which had developed by 2,500 km3. Industrial water had half the figure of the agriculture sector,
while domestic water was only at 3,000 km3.

In 2000, Brazil had a much larger population and irrigated land than the Congo, respectively 176
million and 26,500 km2, while the figures for the Congo were just at 5,2 million and 100 km2
respectively. Which was maybe the case for Brazil having a higher figure of water composition
per citizen than the Congo had

Sample:

The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes around the
world, and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and that agriculture
accounted for the largest proportion of water used. We can also see that water consumption
was considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo.

In 1900, around 500km³ of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide. The figures for
industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one fifth of that amount. By 2000,
global water use for agriculture had increased to around 3000km³, industrial water use had risen
to just under half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km³.

In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2 million
respectively. Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m³, was much higher than that in
the Congo, at only 8m³, and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times more
irrigated land
The graph provides information about the rates of UK immigration, emigration and net migration
over a period starting from 1999 to 2008.

It can be seen from the chart that the immigration rate is the highest among the two lines. Both
figures witnessed growth over the time presented. 2004 saw a peak in net migration.

At the beginning of the period, the total number of people who moved to the UK was around
450,000, while the rate of people who emigrated was just approximately 300,000. The net
migration rate was somewhere around 160,000 and remained stable for the next 4 years. From
1999 to 2004, the figure for immigration rose by 150,000; at the same time, there was a gradual
rise in emigration. Net migration reached its highest figure in 2004.

From 2004 to 2008, the immigration rate was stable, but there was a fluctuation in the number
of people moving out of the country, with a sudden fall in 2007. In 2008, the emigration rate
peaked, which resulted in the declination of net migration at 160,000 after its rise to 240,000 in
2007.

Sample:

The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration and net migration between 1999
and 2008.

Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for
immigration were significantly higher. Net migration peaked in 2004 and 2007.

In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of people who emigrated
stood at just under 300,000. The figure for net migration was around 160,000, and it remained
at a similar level until 2003. From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rate rose by nearly 150,000
people, but there was a much smaller rise in emigration. Net migration peaked at almost
250,000 people in 2004.

After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of people emigrating
fluctuated. Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before peaking at about 420,000 people in 2008.
As a result, the net migration figure rose to around 240,000 in 2007, but fell back to around
160,000 in 2008