ELECTRIC MOTOR

HEATING & COOLING CURVES

P Balakrishnan
Asst. Professor – EEE
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Coimbatore
HEATING EFFECT
• Heating – function of losses in Machines;
Class Temperature Limit
• Cooling – depends on heat dissipating facility ;
A 105°C
• Heating and Cooling are inter-related for a Machine’s
Temperature Rise – Thermal Loading E 120°C
• Machine temperature rise < permissible value of B 130°C
insulation temperature rise
F 155°C
• If Machine temperature rise > permissible value of
insulation temp. Rise – Thermal Breakdown H 180°C
• Temperature rise in winding – more than other parts; C >180°C
• Insulation – lowest temperature limit;
Heating and Cooling Curves
• Machine – Homogeneous body develops heat internally at uniform
rate and dissipates it proportionately to temperature rise
• Relation between temperature rise and time :
• Let heat developed over a time period = p.dt
• Heat stored/absorbed in machine parts: Gh.dθ
• G – weight of machine active parts, kg;
• h – specific heat , J/kg/°C ;
• dθ – temperature rise over a time period t;
• Heat dissipated over a period :p = Sθλ.dt
• S – Cooling surface , m2;
• λ – specific heat dissipation or emissivity J/sec/m2/°C ;
• θ - temperature rise in °C;
 Therefore, after a small interval of time dt,
Heat developed = heat stored + heat dissipated
i.e., p.dt = Gh.dθ + Sθλ.dt - (1)

By solving equation (2).,

• At t = 0; initial temperature rise (θ) = 0 ;

• then, constant K = -p/Sλ ;
• Therefore equation (3),
• At t = τ , exponential term 1/e = 0.368, then the steady state temperature
rise will be 63.2% of its final value
Since , τ = 1/ λ,
• A good ventilated machine will have larger specific heat dissipation (λ) ;
COOLING CURVE
• Cooling – temperature drop – exponential function;

• θf = p/Sλ’ = final temperature drop;

• λ’ = rate of heat dissipation;
• θm = temperature rise above ambient in body at t = 0;
• Cooling time constant (τ’ ) = Gh/Sλ’ ;
• Cooling at rest will be inferior than running
• When θf = 0;

τ’ – time require to cool the machine down to 36.8% of its initial temperature rise
Example 1
• An enclosure of a 10kW motor is equivalent to a cylinder of 70cm diameter
and 100cm length. The motor weighs 500kg. Assume the specific heat is
700J/kg/°C and heat dissipation on the enclosure peripheral surface alone is
capable of 12.5W/m2/°C. Calculate heating time constant and final
temperature rise. Motor efficiency is 90%.

• Solution:
• Heating time constant (τ) = Gh/Sλ ;
• Power loss = Pin – Pout
• Final Temperature rise = p/Sλ ;
Practice 1
• The temperature rise of a motor is 20°C after operating for 30 min., at full
load and 30°C for further running of 30 min, at the same load
Determine the time constant and final temperature rise assuming the
temperature rise is with respect to exponential law.
Solution:

Answer : 43.28 mins; 40°C

Practice 2
• In the mechanism shown below, motor drives the winch drum through a
gear, which have the ratio of 0.1. Frictional torque at winch shaft is 15Nm
and the motor shaft is 10Nm. Motor speed is 1500rpm. Calculate the
equivalent moment of inertia of the drive referred to motor shaft and motor
torque, if gears an efficiency of 90%

• Answer : 0.86kgm2; 120.67Nm

MOTOR LOADING CONDITIONS
• Motor Torque:
• During steady state :
• Tm = TL + Tmech
• During transient : dynamic torque
exist
• i.e., Tm = TL + Tmech + Tdyn.
CLASSES OF MOTOR DUTY
• Based on loading time variations, motor duties are classified as:
• Continuous duty
• Short time duty
• Intermittent periodic duty
• Intermittent periodic duty with starting
• Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
• Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
• Continuous duty with starting & braking
• Continuous duty with periodic speed changes
Continuous Duty Short time Duty

• Motor operates with constant load for Motor operates with constant load for
sufficient duration – reaches thermal short period lesser than to reach thermal
equilibrium equilibrium
• Ex: Centrifugal pumps, blowers, fans, Sufficient time provided to cool the
conveyor belts system
Ex: Mixie, Gate turning drives;
Intermittent Periodic Duty Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting

• Periodic duty cycle – sufficient constant load

running & resting operation – too short for • Periodic duty cycle – significant starting
thermal equilibrium current – sufficient running and rest
• Ensure starting current does not affect temp. rise • Stop – Natural deceleration with mech.
• Starting & Braking are negligible Brake – No loss
• Ex : Pressing tool , cutting machines, Drillers • Ex: fork lift, Mine hoist
Intermittent Periodic Duty with Continuous duty with
Starting & Braking Intermittent Periodic Loading

• Periodic duty – starting , running , braking • Sequence of periodic duty –

and rest – ensures thermal equilibrium constant load and no load
• Ex: rolling mills, metal cutting lathe ; • Ex: cutting and drilling machines;
Continuous duty with Starting & Continuous duty with Periodic
Braking Speed Change

• Ex: Blooming mill – a metallurgy plant

between cast and rolling plants
Determination of Motor Power Rating –
Continuous Duty
• Continuous duty and constant load:
P = 2πNT/ η 60 kW;
• T = load torque in kgm; η – efficiency of drive system;
• N – speed in rpm;
• For linear motion (hoist mechanism),
P = FV /0.102η W – (1)
• F – force due to load in kg;
• V – velocity of motion in m/sec;
• Linear motion with counter weight,
P = FV /2*0.102η W – (2)
• Velocity of passenger lift varies : 0.5 – 1.5m/sec
• In pumps,
P = ρHQ/0.102η W – (3)
• ρ – density of liquid kg/m3;
• H – gross head m; (comprising suction, delivery, friction & velocity)
• Q – delivery of pump m3/sec;
• η = 0.8 -0.9 for reciprocating pumps;
• η = 0.4 – 0.8 for centrifugal pumps
• In Fan motors,
P = hQ/0.102η W – (4)
• Q – volume of air m3/sec;
• h – pressure of air in kg/m2;
Continuous Duty with Variable Load

• Choice of variable motor current is replaced by equivalent

current
• Equivalent current from losses :

• (5)
• Pc – core loss;

• (6)

(7)

• Speed varies – constant loss varies marginally – ensure

adequate ventilation;
• Motor current : Irated > Ieq
• DC Motor – short time over load capacity – 2 times of rated – 3 -3.5 times
in spl. designed motors;
• Overload current handling capability (λ) will be.,
λ ≥ Imax / Irated;
• Induction & Syn. Motors – ensure maximum load torque should be within
breakdown torque;
• Breakdown torque / rated torque = 1.65 – 3 for IM
• Breakdown torque / rated torque = 2 – 2.25 for Syn. Motor
• i.e., λ’ ≥ Tmax / Trated;
Short Time Duty
• If a motor with continuous duty power rating is subjected to short time load, motor
temperature rise will be far low – underutilized
• Motor can be over loaded by K (K>1) – max. temp. rise just reaches θper
• Motor runs with KPr load for N time duration

We know., heating loss α Wloss ;

Let, Px – short time load ; N – duration of load;
τ – heating time constant;
Ensure θ'm < θper

Motor temperature rise (10)

• (11)

• Wx – power loss due to load X;

• Wrate – power loss due to rated load;
If Wrate = Wc + Wcu = αWcu + Wcu
= Wcu (α+1) ; - (12)
Power loss due to load x will be,

- (13)

The equation (11) becomes,