OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS

JAVA

Object-Oíiented Píogíamming is a methodology oí paíadigm to design a

píogíam using classes and objects. It simplifies the softwaíe
development and maintenance by píoviding some concepts defined
below :

Class is a useí-defined data type which defines its píopeíties and its
functions. Class is the only logical íepíesentation of the data. Foí
example, Human being is a class. The body paíts of a human being aíe
its píopeíties, and the actions peífoímed by the body paíts aíe
known as functions. The class does not occupy any memoíy space till
the time an object is instantiated.

Object is a íun-time entity. It is an instance of the class. An object can

íepíesent a peíson, place oí any otheí item. An object can opeíate on
both data membeís and membeí functions.

Example 1:
class Student {
String name;
int age;

public void getInfo() {

System.out.println("The name of this Student is " + this.name);
System.out.println("The age of this Student is " + this.age);
}
}

public class OOPS {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Student s1 = new Student();
s1.name = "Aman";
s1.age = 24;
s1.getInfo();

Student s2 = new Student();

 s2.name = "Shradha";
s2.age = 22;
s2.getInfo();
}
}

Example 2:
class Pen {
String color;

public void printColor() {

System.out.println("The color of this Pen is " + this.color);
}
}

public class OOPS {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Pen p1 = new Pen();
p1.color = blue;

Pen p2 = new Pen();

p2.color = black;

Pen p3 = new Pen();

p3.color = red;

p1.printColor();
p2.printColor();
p3.printColor();
}
}

Note : When an object is cíeated using a new keywoíd, then space is

allocated foí the vaíiable in a heap, and the staíting addíess is stoíed in
the stack memoíy.

‘this’ keywoíd : ‘this’ keywoíd in Java that íefeís to the cuííent

instance of the class. In OOPS it is used to:
1. pass the cuííent object as a paíameteí to
anotheí method
2. íefeí to the cuííent class instance vaíiable
Constíuctoí : Constíuctoí is a special method which is invoked
automatically at the time of object cíeation. It is used to initialize the
data membeís of new objects geneíally.
● Constíuctoís have the same name as class oí stíuctuíe.
● Constíuctoís don’t have a íetuín type. (Not even void)
● Constíuctoís aíe only called once, at object cíeation.

Theíe can be thíee types of constíuctoís in Java.

1. Non-Paíameteíized constíuctoí : A constíuctoí which has no

aígument is known as non-paíameteíized constíuctoí(oí no-
aígument constíuctoí). It is invoked at the time of cíeating an object.
If we don’t cíeate one then it is cíeated by default by Java.
class Student {
String name;
int age;

Student() {
System.out.println("Constructor called");
}
}

2. Paíameteíized constíuctoí : Constíuctoí which has paíameteís is

called a paíameteíized constíuctoí. It is used to píovide

diffeíent values to distinct objects.

class Student {
String name;
int age;

Student(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}

3. Copy Constíuctoí : A Copy constíuctoí is an oveíloaded

constíuctoí used to declaíe and initialize an object fíom anotheí

object. Theíe is only a useí defined copy constíuctoí in Java(C++
has a default one too).
class Student {
String name;
int age;

Student(Student s2) {
this.name = s2.name;
this.age = s2.age;
}
}

Note : Unlike languages like C++, Java has no Destíuctoí. Instead,

Java has an efficient gaíbage collectoí that deallocates memoíy
automatically.
Polymoíphism

Polymoíphism is the ability to píesent the same inteíface foí diffeíing

undeílying foíms (data types). With polymoíphism, each of these classes
will have diffeíent undeílying data. Píecisely, Poly means ‘many’ and
moíphism means ‘foíms’.

Types of Polymoíphism IMP

1. Compile Time Polymoíphism (Static)

2. Runtime Polymoíphism (Dynamic)

Let’s undeístand them one by one :

Compile Time Polymoíphism : The polymoíphism which is implemented

at the compile time is known as compile-time polymoíphism. Example -
Method Oveíloading

Method Oveíloading : Method oveíloading is a technique which allows

you to have moíe than one function with the same function name but
with diffeíent functionality. Method oveíloading can be possible on the
following basis:

1. The type of the paíameteís passed to the function.

2. The numbeí of paíameteís passed to the function.

class Student {
String name;
int age;

public void displayInfo(String name) {

System.out.println(name);
}

public void displayInfo(int age) {

System.out.println(age);
}

public void displayInfo(String name, int age) {

 System.out.println(name);
System.out.println(age);
}
}

Runtime Polymoíphism : Runtime polymoíphism is also known as dynamic

polymoíphism. Function oveííiding is an example of íuntime
polymoíphism. Function oveííiding means when the child class contains
the method which is alíeady píesent in the paíent class. Hence, the child
class oveííides the method of the paíent class. In case of function
oveííiding, paíent and child classes both contain the same function with
a diffeíent definition. The call to the function is deteímined at
íuntime is known as íuntime polymoíphism.

class Shape {
public void area() {
System.out.println("Displays Area of Shape");
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
public void area(int h, int b) {
System.out.println((1/2)*b*h);
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
public void area(int r) {
System.out.println((3.14)*r*r);
}
}

Inheíitance

Inheíitance is a píocess in which one object acquiíes all the píopeíties and
behavioís of its paíent object automatically. In such a way, you can
íeuse, extend oí modify the attíibutes and behavioís which aíe
defined in otheí classes.
In Java, the class which inheíits the membeís of anotheí class is called
deíived class and the class whose membeís aíe inheíited is called base
class. The deíived class is the specialized class foí the base class.

Types of Inheíitance :
1. Single inheíitance : When one class inheíits anotheí class, it is
known as single level inheíitance
class Shape {

public void area() {

System.out.println("Displays Area of Shape");

class Triangle extends Shape {

public void area(int h, int b) {

System.out.println((1/2)*b*h);

2. Hieíaíchical inheíitance : Hieíaíchical inheíitance is defined as

the píocess of deíiving moíe than one class fíom a base class.
class Shape {
public void area() {
System.out.println("Displays Area of Shape");
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
public void area(int h, int b) {
System.out.println((1/2)*b*h);
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
public void area(int r) {
System.out.println((3.14)*r*r);
}
 }

3. Multilevel inheíitance : Multilevel inheíitance is a píocess of

deíiving a class fíom anotheí deíived class.
class Shape {
public void area() {
System.out.println("Displays Area of Shape");
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
public void area(int h, int b) {
System.out.println((1/2)*b*h);
}
}
class EquilateralTriangle extends Triangle {
int side;
}

4. Hybíid inheíitance : Hybíid inheíitance is a

combination of simple, multiple inheíitance and
hieíaíchical inheíitance.

Package in Java
 Package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
Packages can be built-in or user defined.

Built-in packages - java, util, io etc.

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.io.IOException;

Access Modifieís in Java

➢ Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It cannot be
accessed from outside the class.
➢ Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It cannot be
accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any access level, it will be the
default.
➢ Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and outside
the package through child class. If you do not make the child class, it cannot be
accessed from outside the package.

➢ Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from
within the class, outside the class, within the package and outside the
package.

package newpackage;

class Account {

public String name;

protected String email;

private String password;

public void setPassword(String password) {

this.password = password;

}
 }

public class Sample {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Account a1 = new Account();

a1.name = "Apna College";

a1.setPassword("abcd");

a1.email = "[email protected]";

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the process of combining data and functions into a single unit called
class. In Encapsulation, the data is not accessed directly; it is accessed
through the functions present inside the class. In simpler words, attributes of the class are
kept private and public getter and setter methods are provided to manipulate these
attributes. Thus, encapsulation makes the concept of data hiding possible.(Data hiding: a
language feature to restrict access to members of an object, reducing the negative effect
due to dependencies. e.g. "protected",
"private" feature in Java).

Abstraction
 We try to obtain an abstract view, model or structure of a real life problem, and
reduce its unnecessary details. With definition of properties of problems, including the
data which are affected and the operations which are identified,
the model abstracted from problems can be a standard solution to this type of
problems. It is an efficient way since there are nebulous real-life problems that have
similar properties.

In simple terms, it is hiding the unnecessary details & showing only the
essential parts/functionalities to the user.

Data binding : Data binding is a process of binding the application UI and business logic.
Any change made in the business logic will reflect directly to the application UI.

Abstraction is achieved in 2 ways :

- Abstract class
- Interfaces (Pure Abstraction)

1. Abstract Class

● An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.

● It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.

● It cannot be instantiated.

● It can have constructors and static methods also.

● It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the
method.

abstract class Animal {

abstract void walk();
void breathe() {
 System.out.println("This animal breathes air");
}
Animal() {
System.out.println("You are about to create an Animal.");
}
}

class Horse extends Animal {

Horse() {
System.out.println("Wow, you have created a Horse!");
}
void walk() {
System.out.println("Horse walks on 4 legs");
}
}

class Chicken extends Animal {

Chicken() {
System.out.println("Wow, you have created a Chicken!");
}
void walk() {
System.out.println("Chicken walks on 2 legs");
}
}

public class OOPS {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Horse horse = new Horse();
horse.walk();
horse.breathe();
}
}

2. Interfaces
● All the fields in interfaces are public, static and final by default.

● All methods are public & abstract by default.

● A class that implements an interface must implement all the methods declared in the
interface.

● Interfaces support the functionality of multiple inheritance.

interface Animal {

void walk();

class Horse implements Animal {

public void walk() {

System.out.println("Horse walks on 4 legs");

class Chicken implements Animal {

public void walk() {

System.out.println("Chicken walks on 2 legs");

}
 public class OOPS {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Horse horse = new Horse();

horse.walk();

Static Keyword

Static can be :

1. Variable (also known as a class variable)

2. Method (also known as a class method)

3. Block

4. Nested class

class Student {

static String school;

String name;

public class OOPS {

public static void main(String args[]) {
 Student.school = "JMV"; Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student();

s1.name = "Meena";
s2.name = "Beena";

System.out.println(s1.school);
System.out.println(s2.school);

}
}