Construction
Construction
Lecture No. 01
TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS
1
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Course Contents
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 2
References
1- Structural Analysis. Hibbeler, Russell C., and Tan Kiang,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015.
2- Mechanics of Materials. 4th F.P. Beer, ER Johnston, J.T. Dewolf,
D.Mazurek - 2006 - New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
3-Engineering Mechanics. Hibbeler, Russell C.. Pearson
education, 2001
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 3
Objective of the Lecture
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 4
Course Question
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 5
Type of Structures
1. Trusses
2. Frames
3. Surface structures
4. Arch and Cables
FRAME
TRUSS
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 6
Type of Structures
Type of structure
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 7
Structure Elements
A structure refers to a system of connected elements (members) used
to support a load.
1. Beams are usually straight horizontal members
used primarily to carry vertical loads
2. Columns (Members that are generally vertical
and resist axial compressive loads are referred to
as columns
3. Tie rod (Structural members subjected to
tension/ compression)
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 8
Classification of structure members:
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 9
Type of Loads
• In order to design a structure, it is necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Bridge Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
Earthquake Loads
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
Other Natural Loads
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 10
Type of Loads
Dead loads:
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the
weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure.
(weight of walls, plasters, floorings, glasses, plumping and electrical attachments).
Once the materials and sizes of the various components of the structure are
determined, their weights can be found from tables that list their densities.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 11
Type of Loads
Live loads (Imposed load)
Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position.
Live loads may be caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure,
moving vehicles, or natural forces.
(weight of human beings, moving loads, … etc)
The minimum live loads specified in codes are determined from studying the history of
their effects on existing structures.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 12
Type of Loads
Wind loads
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 13
Type of Loads
Snow Loads:
Design snow load for a structure is based on the
ground snow load for its geographic location, exposure
to wind, and its thermal, geometric, and functional
characteristics.
Earthquake Loads:
An earthquake is a sudden undulation of a portion of the earth’s surface.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 15
End of Presentation
Questions
Good Luck..
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 16