UNIT

8
INTRODUCTION CIRCULAR FUNCTION
Life Performance Outcome:
-Conscientious, adept performers and achievers
-Creative, resourceful explorers and problem solvers

Essential Performance Outcomes:

-Remain focused on fully completing projects of pre-established quality in a timely manner.
-Plan, and design works of aesthetic appeal using ideas and resources even in unconventional
ways.

Content Standard:
-The learners accurately apply fundamental mathematical concepts, skills, processes, and tools
to address appropriate real-life situations and derive workable solutions to them.

Performance Standard:
-The learners shall be able to formulate and solve accurately situational problems involving
circular functions.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

In this module the learners…
▪ Illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and angular measures of
a central angle in a unit circle.
▪ Convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa.
▪ Illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal-angles.

LESSON 8.1 ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRCLE

An Overview of Unit Circle

Unit circle plays an important role in the field of Mathematics, particularly in Pre-calculus. It is a
basic tool that would help us understand trigonometry and its function. Many profession-like engineers,
architectures, surveyors, soldiers, pilots, designers, landscapers, and many more use the topic angles
and its applications in several problems they encounter in their profession while performing their task.

Unit Circle

A “unit circle” is a type of circle where the origin of the

rectangular coordinate system is found at the center and the radius
should be always equal to 1 unit. Since the equation of a circle is
denoted as 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , then the equation of a unit circle will be
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

The coordinates of a unit circle must satisfy the defined

equation which is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, if not then it will be considered as
outside the unit circle. These points include (1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 0) and
(0, −1).

UNIT
8
LESSON 8.1 ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRCLE

Example 1:
 𝟏 𝟏
We consider a point ( , ). Identify if the point is on, inside, or outside the unit circle.
𝟐 𝟐

Solution:
Using the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 we have,
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
( ) +( ) = 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
+ =𝟏
𝟒 𝟒
1 1
≠ 1, 𝑟𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 <1
2 2
𝟏
Since is less than 1 then the point is inside the unit circle.
𝟐

A central angle is an angle whose vertex rests on the

center of a circle and its sides are radii of the same circle.
Suppose we draw a central angle 𝑡 from point 𝐴 (1, 0) to point
𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦), then this will generate an arc 𝒔 that corresponds to a
central angle 𝒕 whose measure (in calculus radian measure is
preferably used) is equal to the length of the arc.

If the point which moves from (1, 0) terminates at (0, 1),

𝜋
then the length of the arc generated by the point is units and
2
𝜋
the measure of the central angle 𝑡 is also equal to or
2
𝜋
equivalent to 900 . Similarly, if the point terminates at , then
4
𝜋
the length of the arc is units and the measure of the central
4
𝜋
angle is or 450 .
4
Source:
https://bit.ly/3KM30uO

Converting Degrees to Radians and Vice Versa

Degrees and radians are the two most commonly used

units of measurement for angles. Since a unit circle has a
circumference 𝟐𝝅, a central angle that measures 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 has a
measure equivalent to 𝟐𝝅 radians. Thus, we obtain the
following conversion rules:
𝝅
1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
2. To convert a radian measure to a degree, multiply it by
𝝅

A unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1, and it is used to show

certain common angles (in degrees and radians, and
coordinates).
Source: https://bit.ly/3KHAMkG
Example 2:
Convert 35° and 230° measures to radians (rad)

Solution:
a. 𝟑𝟓° = 𝟑𝟓° ∙
𝝅
=
𝟕𝝅
𝒓𝒂𝒅 UNIT
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
8
𝟑𝟔

LESSON 8.1 ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRCLE

𝝅 𝟐𝟑𝝅
b. 𝟐𝟑𝟎° = 𝟐𝟑𝟎° ∙ 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟖
Example 3:
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
Express and radians to degree measure.
𝟓 𝟑

Solution:
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
a. = ∙ = 𝟑𝟔°
𝟓 𝟓 𝝅
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
b. = ∙ = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°
𝟑 𝟑 𝝅

Angles in the Standard Position, Coterminal Angles and Reference Angles

The positioning of an angle is called the standard position. It is in standard position when the
initial side coincides with the positive 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the vertex of the angle is located at the origin of the
rectangular coordinate. The initial side of an angle is the ray where the measurement of an angle starts.
The terminal side of an angle is the ray where the measurement of an angle ends. Two angles in
standard position are shown below. The one on the left goes counterclockwise and is defined to be a
positive angle. The one on the right goes clockwise and is defined to be a negative angle.

Two angles in the standard position that have the

same terminal side are coterminal angles. The figure
below shows two angles that are coterminal.
Coterminal angles of a given angle 𝜃 may be
obtained by either adding or subtracting a multiple of 360o
or 2𝜋 radians. Two angles are coterminal if the difference
between them is a multiple of 360o or 2𝜋 radians.

Coterminal of 𝜽 = 𝜽 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨 ∙ 𝒌 if 𝜽 is given in degrees,

Coterminal of 𝜽 = 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅 ∙ 𝒌 if 𝜽 is given in radians,
where 𝑘 is any integer.

Example 4: Solve the following:

a. Determine if −410o , 180o angles are coterminal.

b. Find two positive angles that are coterminal with an angle that measures 60o .

c. Find one positive angle and one negative angle that are coterminal with an angle measuring
𝟓𝝅
.
𝟔
UNIT
8
LESSON 8.1 ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRCLE
Solutions:
 a. −410o − 180o = −590o , which is not a multiple of 360o .
So, −410o and 180o are not coterminal angles.

b. 60o + 360o (1) = 60o + 360o = 420o

60o + 360o (2) = 60o + 720o = 780o

5𝜋 5𝜋 12𝜋 17𝜋
c. + 2𝜋(1) = + =
6 6 6 6
5𝜋 5𝜋 12𝜋 7𝜋
. 6 + 2𝜋(−1) = − =−
6 6 6

LET’S PRACTICE:

ACTIVITY 1: Convert the following degree measure to radians and vice versa. Show your solution.

1. 450
2. 2250
3. 3200
4. – 2700
5. – 1080
5𝜋
6. radians
6
7𝜋
7. radians
4
𝜋
8. − 4 radians
11𝜋
9. − radians
18
2𝜋
10. radians
9
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.2 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Life Performance Outcome:

-Conscientious, adept performers and achievers

Essential Performance Outcomes:

-Devote focused time to developing the competencies required for sound achievement in a
chosen field and for functioning effectively in the face of life diverse challenges.
-Continually set and reset challenging improvement goals for themselves that require persistence,
self-motivation, and self-regulation which others can monitor and validate.
-Remain focused on fully completing projects of pre-established quality in a timely manner.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

In this module the learners…
• Illustrate the different circular functions.
• Use reference angles to find exact values of circular functions.

Circular Functions
Circular functions, which are commonly known as trigonometric functions because the radian
measures of the angles, are calculated by the length and coordinates of the terminal point of the arc on
the unit circle. Circular functions are functions whose domain and range correspond to the measures of
angles with respect to the trigonometric functions. The basic circular functions are sine, cosine, and
tangent and their reciprocal functions are cosecant, secant, and cotangent, respectively.
Let 𝜃 be an angle in the standard position and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the terminal side of the angle.
Then we have six circular functions as follows:
𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒓 = 𝒚 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒚
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒓 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒙
𝒚 𝟏 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒙 ; 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒚 ; 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎
√𝟐 √𝟐
Example 1: Find the values of the six circular functions of 𝜃 given that the terminal point is 𝑷(− , ).
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟐 √2
Solutions: Given: 𝒙 = − and 𝑦 = , therefore,
𝟐 2
√𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = √𝟐 = 𝟏 ∙ = ∙ = = √𝟐
𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
√𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = √𝟐
= 𝟏∙− =− ∙ =− = −√𝟐
𝟐 − √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
√𝟐
𝒚 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = = √𝟐
= ∙− = −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = = −𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟐 √𝟐 −𝟏
𝟐
𝟓𝝅
Example 2: Give the six circular functions of the angle 𝜃 generated by an arc whose length is .
𝟔

Solution:
𝟓𝝅
Since the length of the arc generated is units then the measure of the angle is also equal
𝟔
𝟓𝝅
to or equivalent to 1500 . Hence, the angle is in the second quadrant so the coordinates of the terminal
𝟔
√𝟑 𝟏
point would be (− , ). Thus, the six circular functions are,
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟏 ∙ 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝟐
√𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟑 𝟐√𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒙 = − 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = √𝟑
= 𝟏∙− =− ∙ =−
− √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
𝟏
𝒚 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑√𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒙 = √𝟑
=𝟐∙− =− ∙ =− 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = √𝟑
=− ∙ =− = −√𝟑
− √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑 − √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.2 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Evaluating Circular Functions Using Reference Angles

A reference angle is an acute angle formed by the terminal side of a given angle in the standard
position and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Nonetheless, the reference angle is always made positive whichever quadrant and what direction
(counterclockwise and clockwise) is the given angle. Finding the reference angle in each quadrant we
have (note for negative angle, neglect the negative sign),

Example 3: Find the reference angle of the following given angle in standard position.

a. 2040
b. −1500

Solution:
a. Since the given angle is the third quadrant, then we have, 𝜃 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎 is the reference angle.
b. −1500 is in the II quadrant in a clockwise direction, so regardless of the negative
sign, we have, 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 − 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 is the reference angle.

The use of reference angles is a way to simplify the calculation of the values of trigonometric
functions at various angles. Using the rules of reference angles to find the exact values of the circular
function, the following values of the basic circular functions of the unit circle for certain acute angles and
the rule of the signs of the circular functions will be useful.
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.2 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

Values of the Basic Circular Functions for Certain Acute Angles

Rules of the Signs of the Circular Functions

Legend:

Q – Stands for Quadrant

A – All circular functions are positive
S – Only Sine and Cosecant are positive
T – Only Tangent and Cotangent are positive
C – Only Cosine and secant are positive

The Reference Angle Theorem

To find the value of a circular/ trigonometric function of any 𝜽:

a. Determine the function value for the associated reference angle 𝜽’
b. Depending on the quadrant in which 𝜽 lies, the answer will either be + or −.

𝟑𝝅
Example 4: Find the values of the six circular functions of 𝜽 whose terminal side is at .
𝟒

Solution:
3𝜋 3𝜋 1800
Convert to a degree, so ∙ = 1350 and this lies in the II quadrant.
4 4 𝜋
a. Then the reference angle will be 1800 − 𝜃 = 1800 − 1350 = 450
b. Using the chart, we have
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.2 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

LET’S PRACTICE:

Activity 1: Answer the following on a sheet of paper.

1. Compute P(𝜃), and find the exact values of the six circular functions given that 𝜃 = − 1350.
2. Give the values of the six circular functions of the standard angle 𝜃 generated by an arc whose
terminal point is at P(1,0).
11𝜋
3. Find the six circular functions of the angle 𝜃 generated by an arc with a length equal to .
6
3
4. Suppose s is a real number such that cos s = and s is in QIV. Find the other five circular
5
functions

Activity 2: Find the exact values of the following.

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5850
2. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6000
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐(−4200 )
3𝜋
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡
4
11𝜋
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛
6
35𝜋
6. 𝑡𝑎𝑛
6
7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4200 + sin(−300 )

Activity 3: Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value of each expression. Show
your solution.
1. csc 5100
2. cot (− 2250 )
3. sec 1200
13𝜋
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
10𝜋
5. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(− )
3
5𝜋
6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Life Performance Outcome:

-Conscientious, adept performers and achievers

Essential Performance Outcomes:

- Remain focused on fully completing projects of pre-established quality in a timely manner.
-Cultivate specialized knowledge and skills in at least one area of their lives that they apply in a
variety of situations with facility and ease.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

In this module the learners…
• Illustrate the domain and range of the different circular functions; and
• Graph the sine and cosine functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, and (c) phase shift.
• Solve situational problems involving circular functions.

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Domain and Range of the Six Circular Functions

There are no restrictions on the domain of sine and cosine functions; therefore, their domain is
such that 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Notice, however, that the range for both 𝑦 = sin(𝑥) and 𝑦 = cos (𝑥) is between −1 and
1. Therefore, transformations of these functions in the form of shifts and stretches will affect the range
but not the domain.

Source: Quipper (Unit 12 Graphs of Circular Functions Lesson 12.1 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine
Functions)

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
The domain of the function 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) = and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙) = is all real numbers
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝝅
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 the values where cos (𝑥) and sin (𝑥) is equal to 0, that is, the values + 𝒏𝝅 and 𝒏𝝅 for all
𝟐
integers 𝑛 respectively. The range of the function is all real numbers.
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

𝟏 𝟏
The domain of the function 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒙 (𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 is all real numbers
𝝅
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 the values where sin(𝑥) and cos(𝑥) is equal to 0, that is the values 𝒏𝝅 and + 𝒏𝝅 for all integers
𝟐
𝑛 respectively. The range of the function is 𝑦 ≤ −1 and 𝑦 ≥ 1.

Graphing the Six Circular Function

Steps in Graphing of 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

1. Determine the amplitude. The amplitude is given by |𝑎| which indicates the height of the graph.
2𝜋
2. Determine the period 𝑚 of the function. The period is given by 𝑚 = | | is equal to the length
𝑏
of one complete cycle.
3. Divide the period into four equal parts.
4. Construct the table of values.
5. Plot the points then connect to sketch the graph.

Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥.

Solution:
(1) 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = |𝑎| = |2| = 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
(2) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: 𝑚 = | | = | | = 2𝜋
𝑏 1
(3) Divide the period into four equal parts

1 2 3 4

(1)𝑚 2𝜋 𝜋 (2)𝑚 2𝜋 (3)𝑚 6𝜋 3𝜋 (4)𝑚 (4)2𝜋

= = = =𝜋 = = = = 2𝜋
4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

(4) Construct the table of values

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑦 0 2 0 −2 0

(5) Graph of 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥.

▪ Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
▪ Range: [−2, 2]
▪ Zeros of the function: 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 𝑛𝜋 where 𝑛 is an integer.
▪ Maximum value is 2 and minimum value is −2
▪ The graph is a smooth curve when extends indefinitely in both directions of the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

The basic curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 may shift horizontally. The amount of shifting either to the left or to the
𝒄 𝒄
right is known as the 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡. The phase shift of the sine function is given by . If > 𝟎, then move
𝒃 𝒃
𝒄 𝒄 𝒄
curve of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 to the left by units. If < 𝟎, then move the curve of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 to the right by 𝒃 units.
𝒃 𝒃

Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2 sin(𝑥 + 𝜋).

Solution:
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = |𝑎| = |2| = 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: 𝑚 = | | = | | = 2𝜋
𝑏 1
Divide the period into four equal parts

1 2 3 4

(1)𝑚 2𝜋 𝜋 (2)𝑚 2𝜋 (3)𝑚 6𝜋 3𝜋 (4)𝑚 (4)2𝜋

= = = =𝜋 = = = = 2𝜋
4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
𝑐
The Phase shift is = 𝜋. Since 𝜋 > 0, we move the basic curve 𝜋 units to the left. Thus,
𝑏
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋= − 𝜋−𝜋 = 0 −𝜋 = 2𝜋 − 𝜋 = 𝜋
2 2 2 2
Construct the table of values

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 − 0 𝜋
2 2 2
𝑦 2 0 −2 0 2
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

𝑦 = 2 sin (𝑥 + 𝜋)

𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥

1 𝜋
Example 3: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = cos(𝑥) and 𝑦 = − cos(𝑥 − )
2 3

Solution:

For 𝑦 = cos(𝑥)

𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = |𝑎| = |1| = 1

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: 𝑚 = | | = | | = 2𝜋
𝑏 1

Divide the period into four equal parts

1 2 3 4

(1)𝑚 2𝜋 𝜋 (2)𝑚 2𝜋 (3)𝑚 6𝜋 3𝜋 (4)𝑚 (4)2𝜋

= = = =𝜋 = = = = 2𝜋
4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4

Construct the table of values

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑦 1 0 −1 0 1
 UNIT
8
LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

▪ Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
▪ Range: [−1, 1]
𝜋 3𝜋 𝑛𝜋
▪ Zeros of the function: , ,… , where 𝑛 is an odd integer
2 2 2
▪ Maximum value is 1 and minimum value is −1
▪ The graph is a smooth curve when extends indefinitely in both directions of the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

𝟏 𝝅
For 𝒚 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − )
𝟐 𝟑

Solutions:
1 1
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = |𝑎| = |− | =
2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: 𝑚 = | | = | | = 2𝜋
𝑏 1
Divide the period into four equal parts

1 2 3 4

(1)𝑚 2𝜋 𝜋 (2)𝑚 2𝜋 (3)𝑚 6𝜋 3𝜋 (4)𝑚 (4)2𝜋

= = = =𝜋 = = = = 2𝜋
4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
𝜋
𝑐 3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The Phase shift is = = − . Since − < 0, we move the basic curve units to the right.
𝑏 1 3 3 3

Thus,
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝝅 𝟕𝝅
+𝟑= 𝝅+𝟑 = +𝟑= 𝟐𝝅 + 𝟑 =
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 𝟔 𝟑
Construct the table of values
𝜋 4𝜋 11𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥 0
6 3 6 3
1 √3 1 1
𝑦 − − 0 −
4 4 2 2

1 𝜋
𝑦 = − cos (𝑥 − )
2 3

𝑦 = cos 𝑥

1 𝜋 𝜋
Observe that the graph of 𝑦 = − cos(𝑥 − ) is shifted units to the right of 𝑦 = cos(𝑥) graph
2 3 3
1
with respect to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and its height decreases to .
2

In general, the graph of sine and cosine function will be affected by the values of the 𝑎 and 𝑏.
When |𝑎| > 1, the graph of the sine and cosine functions will vertically stretch while When |𝑎| < 1 it will
be compressed closer to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Similarly, when |𝑏| > 1, the graph will have a shorter period and
have a longer period for |𝑏| < 1. Also, you can observe that the graphs of the sine and cosine functions
have a pattern of hills and valleys that repeat. If a function has a repeating pattern like sine or cosine, it
is a 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. The 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 is the length of the smallest interval that contains exactly one copy of
the repeating pattern. Any part of the graph that shows this pattern over one period is called a 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒.
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Graphs of cosecant and secant functions

𝟏
We know that 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 if sin 𝑥 ≠ 0. Using this relationship, we can sketch the graph of 𝒚 =
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙
Table of values:

Like the sine and cosecant functions, the cosine and secant functions are also reciprocals of each
other. Similarly, the graph of 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 can be obtained from the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

Graphs of tangent and cotangent functions

To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, it will be enough to know its one-cycle graph on the open interval
𝜋 𝜋
(− , ).
2 2
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

In general, to sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏𝑥, 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 > 0, we may
proceed with the following steps:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1. Determine the period . Then we draw one cycle of the graph on (− , ) for 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥,
𝑏 2𝑏 2𝑏
and 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥
2. Determine the two adjacent verticals asymptotes (VA)

𝜋
For 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥: VA is given by 𝑥 = ±
2𝑏
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏𝑥: VA is given by 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
𝑏
3. Determine the interval formed by the VA into four equal parts and get the three division
points between the asymptotes.
4. Evaluate the function at these 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 in step 3.

5. Plot and join them with a smooth curve approaching to the VA.

1
Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥
2

Solution:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = =
𝑏 2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑉𝐴: 𝑥 = ± ,±
4 4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Dividing the interval (− , ) into four equal parts, the key 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 are − , 0, and .
4 4 8 8
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Let us consider the definition of a circular function prior to real-life application.

On a unit circle, each length of arc starting at the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 corresponds to a point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the
circle. Let 𝑠 be the arc length to locate a point (𝑥, 𝑦), we denote the following functions.

Since the elements in the domain of these new functions are measures of angles in radians and
since the radius measures of angles are determined by the length of the arcs on a circle, these
functions are referred to as circular functions.

Let’s have some word problems involving circular function:

1. How long is an arc of a unit circle which is subtended by an angle of 1200 ?

Solution:
2𝜋
Changing 1200 in radian: 1200 = radians. So, the length of the corresponding arc is 𝑠 = 𝑟 ∙ 𝑎 =
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
(1) ( ) = units.
3 3
2. An ant 𝑃 moves counterclockwise along the circumference of a radius of 3 cm. One and one-
half times. Find the directed distance traveled by the ant along the circle.

Solution:
The length of the arc traversed by the ant is 𝑠 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑟 = 3(1.5)(2𝜋) = 9𝜋 cm.
3. On a circle of radius 108 centimeters, find the length of an arc subtended by a central angle
1500 .

Solution:
Given the radius 𝑟 = 108 centimeters and 𝜃 = 1500 , we need to express 𝜃 in terms of radians.
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 = 1500 ∙ 0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180 6
5𝜋
Then, we obtain the arc length 𝑠, we get 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 108 ∙ = 282.74 centimeters.
6
Thus, the length of the arc is 282.74 centimeters.
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Life Performance Outcome:

-Conscientious, adept performers and achievers

Essential Performance Outcome:

-Remain focused on fully completing projects of pre-established quality in a timely manner.
-Plan, and design works of aesthetic appeal using ideas and resources even in unconventional
ways.
-Devote focused time to developing the competencies required for sound achievement in a
chosen field and for functioning effectively in the face of life’s diverse challenges.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners…
▪ Determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation.
▪ Apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values; and
▪ Solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities.

IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL EQUATIONS

An identity is an equation that is true for all valid replacements of the

variable.

Example:

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 (Pythagorean Theorem)

2. 𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 4𝑥 true for all x

𝑥
3. =1 true for all x, x ≠ 0
𝑥

Conditional equation is a statement that is true on condition that the

variable is replaced with the correct value.
Example:

1. x + 5= 11 true if x = 6

2. 3x = 15 true if x = 5

3. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 true if x = 0 and x = 4

FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

A trigonometric identity is an identity that involves trigonometric

functions of one or more variables. The equation in reciprocal,
quotient, and Pythagorean identities which follow each solution is true
for all values of 𝜃 for which both sides are defined.

RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES
1 1
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC
CIRCUAR IDENTITIES
FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = csc 𝜃

EVEN-ODD IDENTITIES
sin(−x) = − sin 𝑥 cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥 tan(−𝑥) = − tan 𝑥

Simplify the following:

tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1.)
sin 𝜃

Solution:
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos 𝜃
= cos 𝜃 =𝟏 by quotient identity
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2.)
cot 𝜃

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 by quotient identity
cot 𝜃
sin 𝜃

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) Apply factoring
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 by Pythagorean Theorem
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 by reciprocal identity
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

=𝟏
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
4.
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃

Solution:
1+tan2 θ sec2 θ
= = by Pythagorean Theorem
1+cot2 θ csc2 θ
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 1 = by reciprocal identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 by quotient identity

The reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, and even-odd identities constitute what we call the
fundamental trigonometric identities.

3
5. If sin 𝜃 = − and cos 𝜃 > 0. Find cos 𝜃.
4

Solution: Using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 with cos>0, we have

cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
3 2
= √(1 − (− ) )
4

√7
=
4
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
5
6. If sec 𝜃 = and tan 𝜃 < 0, use the identities to find the values of the remaining trigonometric functions
2
of 𝜃.
Solution: Note that 𝜃 lies in QIV.
1 1 2
cos 𝜃 = = =
sec 𝜃 5 5
2

1 1 −√21
sin 𝜃 = −√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = −√1 − =− 1− =
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 √ 5 2 5
( )
2

1 −5√21
csc 𝜃 = =−
sin 𝜃 21
−√21
sin 𝜃 5 = −√21
tan 𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃 2 2
5
1 1 𝟐√𝟐𝟏
cot 𝜃 = = =−
tan 𝜃 −√21 𝟐𝟏
2

SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

In previous lesson, we introduced the concept of trigonometric identity, presented the fundamental
identities. In this lesson, we apply or evaluate the sum and difference identities for cosine, sine, and
tangent functions, establish the cofunction identities.
.
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Examples:
1. Find the exact values of each expression.
𝜋
a. cos 75° b. cos c. sin 105° d. cos 15° e. tan 75°
12

Solutions:
a. Notice that 75° = 45° + 30°. Since we know the exact value of sine and cosine at 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30°, we
use the Addition Formula for Cosine to get:
cos 75° = cos (45° + 30°)
= cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° sin 30°
√2 √3 √2 1
= ∗ − ∗
2 2 2 2
√2∗√3−√2
=
4
√𝟔−√𝟐
=
𝟒
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. Since = − , the Subtraction Formula for Cosine to get:
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − )
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + sin ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 6 4 6
√2 √3 √2 1
= ∗ + ∗
2 2 2 2
√2∗√3+√2
=
4
√𝟔+√𝟐
=
𝟒

c. Since 105° is the sum of 60° and 45° which are two of the special angles, we can apply the sum
identity for the sin 105°.
sin 105° = sin(60° + 45°)
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
√3 √2 1 √2
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
2 2 2 2

√6 √2
= +
4 4

√6+√2
=
4

d. We can utilized the special angle 60° and 45° for cos 15°.
cos 15° = cos(60° − 45°)
= cos 60° cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45°
1 √2 √3 √2
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
2 2 2 2

√2 √6
= +
4 4
√𝟐+√𝟔
=
𝟒
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

e. We will represent 75° = 45 + 30° to evaluate tan 75°, since 45° and 30° are special angles.
tan 75° = tan(45° + 30°)
tan 45°+tan 30°
=
1−tan 45° tan 30
√3
(1+ 3 )
=
√3
(1−(1)( 3 ))

3+√3
( 3 )
= 3−√3
( 3 )

3+√3
=
3−√3
3+√3 3+√3
= ∙
3−√3 3+√3
9+6√3+3
=
9−3

= 𝟐 + √𝟑
tan 50°+tan 130°
2. Find the exact value of .
1−tan 50° tan 130°

Solution:
Let 𝛼 = 50° and 𝛽 = 130°.
tan 𝛼+tan 𝛽
Applying the formula tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = , we get
1−tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽

tan 50° + tan 130°

= tan(50° + 130)
1 − tan 50° tan 130°
= tan 180°
=0
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝟎°+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟑𝟎°
Thus, =𝟎
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝟎° 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

3. Evaluate sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80°.

Let 𝛼 = 110° and 𝛽 = 80°. Applying the formula sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽, we get
sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80° = sin(110° − 80°)
= sin 30°
1
=
2
1
Thus, sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80° = .
2

D. DOUBLE-ANGLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES

Trigonometric identities simplify the computations of trigonometric expressions. In this lesson, we
continue on establishing more trigonometric identities. In particular, we derive the formulas for 𝑓(2𝜃)and
1
𝑓( 𝜃) where f is the sine, cosine, or tangent function.
2

Recall the sum identities for sine and cosine.

 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

When A=B. these identities become

sin 2𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 and
cos 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

The other double-identity for cosine has other forms. We use Pythagorean identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =1

When 𝐴 = 𝐵, we obtain
tan 𝐴+𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 2 tan 𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐴) = =
1−tan 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Examples:
1. If 𝑥 = tan 𝐴, express sin 2A, cos 2A, and tan 2A in terms of x.
Solutions:
a. Let us find first sin A and cos A in terms of x. Since sec 𝐴 = ± √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴, then, replacing tan
A by x, and using the reciprocal relation,
1 𝑥
cos 𝐴 = ± . Also, sin 𝐴 = ± = tan 𝐴 cos 𝐴
√1+𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2

Therefore,
1 1 2𝑥
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 2(± )( )=
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 𝑥2 1−𝑥 2
b. cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = − =
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
2 tan 𝐴 2𝑥
c. tan 2𝐴 = =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 1−𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
2. Find the value of sin and cos .
12 12

Solution:
𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
a. Use the half-angle identity for sine, that is, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = √ , substituting the given:
2 2

𝜋 √3
𝜋 1 𝜋 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 √1 − 2 2 − √3
sin = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∙ = = =√
12 2 6 2 2 2

𝜋 √3
𝜋 1 𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 1+ 2 2+√3
b. cos = 𝑐0𝑠 ∙ = √ =√ =√
12 2 6 2 2 2

SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITITES

1. A baseball player hit the ball at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal with an initial veocity of 𝑣0 feet
per second. If air resistance is ignored, the horizontal distance 𝑑 travelled by the ball, the range,
1
is given by 𝑅 = 𝑣0 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 .
16
1
a. Show that 𝑅 = 𝑣 2 sin 2𝜃.
32 0

b. Find the angle 𝜃 for which R is a maximum.

Soutions:
a. Use the double angle formula to rewrite the given:
1 2 1 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 2
𝑅= 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑣0 2 = 𝑣 sin 2𝜃.
16 16 2 32 0
b. Since the largest value for sine function is 1, occuring when 𝜃 = 90°, then for maximum R, we
must have 2 𝜃 = 90°, or 𝜃 = 45°.
2. You are kicking a football from gorund level with an initial speed of 80 feet per second. Can you
make the ball travel 200 feet?
Solution:
1 2
𝑥= 𝑣 sin 2𝜃
32
1
200 = (80)2 sin 2𝜃
32
1 = sin 2𝜃
90° = 2𝜃
45° = 𝜃
Therefore, you can make the football travel 200 feet if you kick it at an ange of 45°.
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Life Performance Outcome:

-Conscientious, adept performers and achievers

Essential Performance Outcomes:

-Continually set and reset challenging improvement goals for themselves that require
persistence, self-motivation, and self-regulation which others can validate.
-Remain focused on fully completing projects of pre-established quality in a timely manner.
-Cultivate specialized knowledge and skills in at least one area of their lives that they apply in
variety of situations with facility and ease.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners…
▪ Illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions;
▪ Evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression;
▪ Solve trigonometric equations; and
▪ Solve situational problems involving inverse trigonometric functions and trigonometric
equations.

A. The Six Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. The Inverse Sine Function
The domain of the sine function is the set R of real numbers, and its range is the closed interval

−
[−1,1]. As observed in the previous lessons, the sine function is not one-to-one, and the first step is to
restrict its domain (by agreeing what the convention is) with the following conditions: (1) the sine function
is one-to-one in that restricted domain, and (2) the range remains the same.
The inverse of the (restricted) sine function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥,where the domain is restricted to the close
−𝜋 𝜋
interval [ , ], is called the inverse sine function or arcsine function, denoted by 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 or
2 2
−𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. Here, the domain of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is [−1,1], and the range is [ , ]. Thus, 𝑦 =
2 2
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 or 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥, If and only if sin 𝑦 = 𝑥, where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and − ≤ y ≤ .
2 2

Example 1. Find the exact value of each expression:

1 3 1
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 b. arcsin(−1) c. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 d. arcsin(− )
2 2 2

Solutions:
−𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
a. The number in the interval [ , ] whose sine is is .Thus, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 =
2 2 2 6 2 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
b. arcsin(−1) = − because sin (− ) = −1 and − ∈ [ , ].
2 2 2 2 2
3 −1 −1 3
c. Since > 1, it is not the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, so 𝑠𝑖𝑛 is not defined.
2 2
1 𝜋
d. arcsin(− ) = −
2 6
−𝜋 𝜋
As emphasized in the last example, as long as −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, sin −1 x is that number 𝑦 ∈ [ , ] such
2 2
−1
that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥. If /𝑥/>1, then sin x is not defined in ℝ.

We can sometimes find the exact value of sin−1 x (that is, we can find a value in terms of 𝜋), but
if such special value exists, then we leave it in the form sin−1 x.

Example 2. Find the exact vaue of each expression.

1
a. sin (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ) c. arcsin (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)
2
𝜋 1
b. arcsin (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) d. sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ))
3 2
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Solutions:
1 𝜋 1
𝑎. sin (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = c. arcsin(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋) = arcsin 0 = 0
2 6 2
𝜋 √3 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
b. arcsin (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = arcsin = d. sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ))=𝑠𝑖𝑛 − = −
3 2 3 2 6 2

From the last example, we have the following observations:

1. sin(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥 for any 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]; and
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
2. arcsin(𝑠𝑖𝑛0) = 0 if and ony if 0 ∈ [ , ], and if 0 is not element of [ , ], then arcsin(𝑠𝑖𝑛0) = 𝜑,
2 2 2 2
−𝜋 𝜋
where 𝜑 ∈ [ , ] such that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0.
2 2

2. The Inverse Cosine Function

The development of the other inverse trigonometric functions is similar to that of the inverse
sine function.
The inverse of cosine function is defined by 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 or 𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 which means, cos 𝑦 = 𝑥,
where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 𝜋.

Example 3. Find the exact value of each expression.

√3 √3 3𝜋
a. cos −1 0 b. arccos(− ) c. cos (cos −1 ( − )) d. cos −1 ( cos )
2 2 4

Solutions:
𝜋 𝜋
a. cos −1 0 = 0 because cos = 0 and ∈ [0, 𝜋]
2 2
√3 5𝜋
b. arccos (− ) =
2 6
√3 3𝜋 3𝜋
c. cos (cos −1 (− )) = − because − ∈ [−1, 1]
2 2 2
−1 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
d. cos ( cos ) = because ∈ [0, 𝜋]
4 4 4
4
Example 4. Simplify: sin(2 cos −1 (− )).
5
4 4
Solution. Let 𝜃 = cos −1 (− ). Then cos 𝜃 = − . Because cos 𝜃 < 0 and range of inverse cosine function is
5 5
𝜋 3
[0, 𝜋], we know that 𝜃 must be within the interval ( , 𝜋]. Using the Pythagorean Identity, we get sin 𝜃 = .
2 5
Using Double- Angle Identity, we have
4
sin(2 cos −1 (− )) = sin 2𝜃
5
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3 4
=2∙ (− )
5 5
24
=−
25

3. The Inverse Tangent Function

The inverse tangent function is similarly defined as inverse sine and inverse cosine functions. In
𝜋 𝜋
symbols, 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 or 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 which means, tan 𝑦 = 𝑥, where 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and − < 𝑦 < .
2 2

Example 5: Find the exact value of each expression.

5 𝜋
a. tan−1 1 b. arctan(−√3) c. tan (tan−1 (− )) d. tan−1 (tan(− ))
2 6
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Solutions:
𝜋
a. tan−1 1 =
4
𝜋
b. arctan(−√3) = −
3
5 5
c. tan (tan−1 (− )) =−
2 2
−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d. tan (tan(− )) = − because − ∈ (− , ) .
6 6 6 2 2

We now define the remaining inverse trigonometric functions as follows:

4. Inverse Cotangent Function

𝜋
cot −1 𝑥 = − tan−1 𝑥.
2

It follows that the domain of 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥 is ℝ and its range is (0, 𝜋).
5. Inverse Secant Function
𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥 or 𝑦 = arcsec 𝑥
sec 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝜋 3𝜋
where /𝑥/≥ 1 and 𝑦 ∈ [0, ) ∪ [𝜋, ).
2 2

6. The Inverse Cosecant Function

𝜋
csc −1 𝑥 = − sec −1 𝑥
2
𝜋 𝜋
This means that the domain of 𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥 is (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) and its range is (−𝜋, − ] ∪ (0, ].
2 2

Example 6. Find the exact value of each expression.

a. sec −1 (−2) c. cot −1 −√3
2√3 3 2√3
b. csc −1 (− ) d. sin (sec −1 −( ) − csc −1 −
3 2 3

Solutions:
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋
a. sec −1 (−2) = because 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = −2 and ∈ [𝜋, )
3 3 3 2
2√3 2𝜋
b. csc −1 (− ) =−
3 3
5𝜋
c. cot −1 −√3 =
6
2√3 2𝜋 3 3
d. From (b), we know that csc −1 (− ) =− . Let 𝜃 = sec −1 − . Then sec 𝜃 = − . From defined
3 3 2 2
range of inverse secant function, 𝜃 lies in QIII, and 𝑟 = 3 and 𝑥 = −2. Solving for y, we get 𝑦 =
√5 2
−√32 − (−2)2 = −√5. It follows that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − . We now use the Sine Sum
3 3
Identity.
3 2√3
sin(sec −1 (− ) − csc −1 (− ))
2 3
2𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (θ −(− ))
3
2𝜋
= sin(𝜃 + )
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
= sin 𝜃 cos + cos 𝜃 sin
3 3
√5 1 2 √3
= (− ) (− ) + (− ) ( )
3 2 3 2

√5 − 2√3
=
6
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

B. The Trigonometric Equations

A trigonometric equation is any equation that contains a trigonometric function.
Trigonometric identity is trigonometric functions that holds true for any angle.
We will focus on solving conditional equations that involve trigonometric functions. Such
equations are referred to as trigonometric equations. Generally, its solutions are infinite due to the
periodicity of the trigonometric functions. To simplify the determination of the possible solutions of x we
first introduce a limit 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋 or [0, 2𝜋], then for every n integer, 𝑥 + 2𝑛𝜋 is also a solution.

Steps in Solving Trigonometric Equations

1. If the equation is linear in one trigonometric function:
a. Directly solve for the trigonometric function.
b. Then solve for the angle by determining the function values of the
quadrantal or special angle by applying the trigonometric tables.
2. If there are more trigonometric functions, apply the Fundamental Identities to
represent the equation in terms of one trigonometric function.
3. If the equation is not linear, represent it by isolating the left side of the
equation. Then apply factoring (if factorable), otherwise use the quadratic
formula.
4. Use the algebraic techniques for solving the trigonometric equations.

Example 7: Find all solutions of the equation sin 𝑥 = 0.

Solution: The values in the interval [0, 2𝜋] for which sin 𝑥 = 0 are 0 and 𝜋. Then every situation
of x is 𝑥 = 0 + 2𝑛𝜋 or 𝑥 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋
The solution can be reduced to 𝑥 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋, n an integer (n∈ ℤ)

𝜋 1
Example 8: Determine whether 𝜃 = is a solution of the trigonometric equation cos 𝜃 = .
3 2
𝜋 1 √3
Solution: On the unit circle, the terminal point 𝜃 = is in Q1, with coordinates T( , ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.
3 2 2
𝜋 1
Therefore, substituting the given in the trigonometric equation, gives cos = , which is true. So, we
3 2
𝜋 5𝜋
conclude that 𝜃 = is a solution. Another solution to the equation is 𝜃 = , which is in Q4.
3 3

Example 9. Solve the quadratic equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 + 2 cos 𝑥.

Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 + 2 cos 𝑥, replacing 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 by the first fundamental identity,
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 + 2 cos 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + 2) = 0

𝑥 𝑥
Hence, the solution set is { = 0} ∪ { + 2 = 0}. But, −1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≤ 1 for every x, so, the equation
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥
cos 𝑥 + 2 = 0 has an empty solution. Thus, the solution set is { = 0}.If 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋, then the solution
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋 3𝜋
set is { , }.
2 2
 UNIT
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LESSON 8.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Example 10. Find all solutions of the equation 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the interval [0,2𝜋).
Solution:
Since we can represent 2 sin 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the form 𝑃(𝑥)𝑄(𝑥) = 0, we can determine the
solution by letting 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 0. Buy factoring the left side of the equation, we get
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1
1
sin 𝑥 =
2
To determine the solution set of the original equation 2 sin 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the interval
1 𝜋 5𝜋
[0, 2𝜋) we will find the values of sin 𝑥 = and sin 𝑥 = 1. In this interval, the solutions of 𝑥 = are 𝑥 = ;
2 6 6
𝜋
the only solution for sin 𝑥 = 1 is sin 𝑥 = . Thus, the solutions of the 2 sin 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the
2
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
interval [0, 2𝜋) are 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = , and 𝑥 = .
6 6 2

Example 11: Find the solutions of the equation cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the interval [0, 2𝜋).
Solution:
Solving for cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0, we get
cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 Given
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1 + cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 Apply double angle identity
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0 Simplify
cos 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 + 1) = 0 Apply common Factor
cos 𝑥 = 0, 2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 cos 𝑥 = −1
1
cos 𝑥 = −
2
𝜋 1 2𝜋
The values in the unit circle for cos 𝑥 = 0 is 𝑥 = and for cos 𝑥 = − is 𝑥 = . Thus, the solution is 𝑥 =
2 2 3
𝜋 2𝜋
and 𝑥 = .
2 3

Prepared by:

MR. MARK CLINTON J. SOMERA, LPT

Subject Teacher