Gentoo Linux

Gentoo Linux (pronounced /ˈdʒɛntuː/ JEN-too[2]) is a Linux

distribution built using the Portage package management system.
Gentoo Linux
Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled
locally according to the user's preferences and is often optimized for
the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for
some larger packages or those with no available source code.[3]

Gentoo Linux was named after the fast-swimming gentoo penguin.

The name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of Developer Gentoo
machine-specific optimization, which is a major feature of Gentoo. Foundation
Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, OS family Unix-like
easy to maintain, and flexible. Gentoo describes itself as a meta-
(Linux)
distribution because of its adaptability, in that the majority of users
have configurations and sets of installed programs which are unique Working state Current
to the system and the applications they use.[4] Source model Open
source
Initial release 26 July
Contents 2000[1]

History Repository gitweb

.gentoo
Features
.org/repo
Portage
/gentoo.git
Portability
(https://git
Installation web.gento
Stages o.org/repo/
Gentoo Reference Platform gentoo.git)
Genkernel
Genkernel modes
Update method Rolling
Versions release
Release media version history
Package manager Portage
Special releases
Platforms IA-32, x86-
Profiles
64, IA-64,
Hardened Gentoo
PA-RISC
Practical jokes (HPPA),
Incidents PowerPC
Logo and mascots 32/64,
SPARC 64-
Derived distributions
bit, DEC
See also Alpha,
References ARM
External links 32/64,
MIPS
History Kernel type Monolithic
(Linux)
Gentoo Linux was initially created by Daniel Robbins as the Enoch Userland GNU
Linux distribution. The goal was to create a distribution without Default user interface Xfce (also
precompiled binaries that was tuned to the hardware and only
on Live
included required programs.[5] At least one version of Enoch was
CD), LXQt,
distributed: version 0.75, in December 1999.[6]
KDE,
Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with a fork GNOME,
of GCC known as EGCS, developed by Cygnus Solutions. At this Fluxbox,
point, "Enoch" was renamed "Gentoo" Linux (the gentoo species is i3, Sway
the fastest-swimming penguin[7]). The modifications to EGCS License Free
eventually became part of the official GCC (version 2.95), and other
software
Linux distributions experienced similar speed increases.[8]
Official website www
After problems with a bug on his own system, Robbins halted Gentoo .gentoo
development and switched to FreeBSD for several months, later .org (http
saying, "I decided to add several FreeBSD features to make our s://www.ge
autobuild system (now called Portage) a true next-generation ports ntoo.org/)
system."[9]

Gentoo Linux 1.0 was released on March 31, 2002.[10] In 2004, Robbins set up the non-profit Gentoo
Foundation, transferred all copyrights and trademarks to it, and stepped down as chief architect of the
project.[11]

The current board of trustees[12] is composed of five members who were announced (following an election)
on March 2, 2008.[13] There is also a seven-member Gentoo Council that oversees the technical issues and
policies of Gentoo.[14] The Gentoo Council members are elected annually, for a period of one year, by the
active Gentoo developers. When a member of the Council retires, the successor is voted into place by the
existing Council members.[15]

The Gentoo Foundation is a 501(c)(6) non-profit foundation, registered in the State of New Mexico.[16] In late
2007, the Foundation's charter was revoked,[17] but by May 2008 the State of New Mexico declared that the
Gentoo Foundation, Inc. had returned to good standing and was free to do business.[18]

Features
Gentoo appeals to Linux users who want full control of the software that is installed and running on their
computer.[19]:402 People who are prepared to invest the time required to configure and tune a Gentoo system
can build very efficient desktops and servers. Gentoo encourages users to build a Linux kernel tailored to their
particular hardware. It allows very fine control of which services are installed and running. Memory usage can
also be reduced compared to other distributions by omitting unnecessary kernel features and services.[19]:386

Gentoo's package repositories provide a large collection of software. Each package contains details of any
dependencies, so only the minimum set of packages need to be installed. Optional features of individual
packages, such as whether they require LDAP support, can be selected by the user and any resulting package
requirements are automatically included in the set of dependencies.[19]:386

As Gentoo does not impose a standard look and feel, installed packages usually appear as their authors
intended.[19]:387
Portage

Portage is Gentoo's
software distribution and
package management
system. The original
design was based on the
ports system used by the
Berkeley Software
Installing software. For example here we see that Darktable will build with Flickr and
Distribution (BSD)
geolocation support.
operating systems. The
Gentoo repository
contains over 19,000
packages ready for installation in a Gentoo system.[20]

A single invocation of portage's emerge command can update the local copy of the Gentoo repository,
search for a package, or download, compile, and install one or more packages and their dependencies. The
built-in features can be set for individual packages, or globally, with so-called "USE flags".[20]

Pre-compiled binaries are provided for some applications with long build times, such as LibreOffice and
Mozilla Firefox, but users lose the ability to customize optional features. There are configuration options to
reduce compilation times, such as by enabling parallel compilation or using pipes instead of temporary
files.[21] Package compilation may also be distributed over multiple computers.[22] Additionally, the user may
be able to mount a large filesystem in memory to further speed up the process of building packages. Some
approaches have drawbacks and are not enabled by default. When installing the same package on multiple
computers with sufficiently similar hardware, the package may be compiled once and a binary package created
for quick installation on the other computers.[23]

Portability

As Gentoo is a source-based distribution with a repository describing how to build the packages, adding
instructions to build on different machine architectures is particularly easy.[24]

Originally built on the IA-32 architecture, Gentoo has since been ported to many others. It is officially
supported and considered stable on IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC, 32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC, 64-bit
SPARC, DEC Alpha, and both 32- and 64-bit ARM architectures.[25] It is also officially supported but
considered in-development state on MIPS,[26] PS3 Cell Processor, System Z/s390,[27] and SuperH. Official
support for 32-bit SPARC hardware and SuperH have been dropped.[28][29]

Portability towards other operating systems, such as those derived from BSD, including macOS, is under
active development by the Gentoo/Alt project. The Gentoo/FreeBSD project already has a working guide
based on FreeSBIE,[30] while Gentoo/NetBSD, Gentoo/OpenBSD and Gentoo/DragonFly are being
developed.[31] There is also a project to get Portage working on OpenSolaris. There was an unofficial project
to create a Gentoo port to GNU Hurd, but it has been inactive since 2006.[32]

It is also possible to install a Gentoo Prefix (provided by a project that maintains alternative installation
methods for Gentoo) in a Cygwin environment on Windows, but this configuration is experimental.[33]

Installation
Gentoo may be installed in several ways. The most common way is to use the Gentoo minimal CD with a
stage3 tarball (explained below). As with many Linux distributions, Gentoo may be installed from almost any
Linux environment, such as another Linux distribution's Live CD, Live USB, or Network Booting using the
"Gentoo Alternative Install Guide". A normal install requires a connection to the Internet, but there is also a
guide for a network-less install.

Previously, Gentoo supported installation from stage1 and stage2 tarballs; however, the Gentoo Foundation no
longer recommends them. Stage1 and stage2 are meant only for Gentoo developers.[34]

Following the initial install steps, the Gentoo Linux install process in the Gentoo Handbook describes
compiling a new Linux kernel. This process is generally not required by other Linux distributions. Although
this is widely regarded as a complex task, Gentoo provides documentation and tools such as Genkernel to
simplify the process. In addition, users may also use an existing kernel known to work on their system by
simply copying it to the boot directory, or installing one of the provided pre-compiled kernel packages, and
updating their bootloader. Support for installation is provided on the Gentoo forum and on IRC.

A Live USB of Gentoo Linux can be created manually or by using UNetbootin.[35]

Stages

Before October 2005, installation could be started from any of three base stages:

Stage1 begins with only what is necessary to build a toolchain (the various compilers, linkers,
and language libraries necessary to compile other software) for the target system; compiling
this target toolchain from another, pre-existing host system is known as bootstrapping the target
system.
Stage2 begins with a self-hosting (bootstrapped) toolchain for the target system, which is then
used to compile all other core userland software for the target.
Stage3 begins with a minimal set of compiled user software, with which the kernel and any
other additional software are then configured and compiled.

Since October 2005, only the stage3 installations have been officially supported, due to the inherent
complexities of bootstrapping from earlier stages (which requires resolving and then breaking numerous
circular dependencies).[36] Tarballs for stage1 and stage2 were distributed for some time after this, although the
instructions for installing from these stages had been removed from the handbook[37] and moved into the
Gentoo FAQ.[3] As of September 2015, only the supported stage3 tarballs are publicly available; stage1 and
stage2 tarballs are only "officially" generated and used internally by Gentoo development teams. However, if
so desired, a user may still rebuild the toolchain or reinstall the base system software during or after a normal
stage3 installation, effectively simulating the old bootstrap process.[38]

Gentoo Reference Platform

From 2003 until 2008, the Gentoo Reference Platform (GRP) was a snapshot of prebuilt packages that users
could quickly install during the Gentoo installation process, to give faster access to a fully functional Gentoo
installation.[39][40] These packages included KDE, X Window System, OpenOffice, GNOME, and
Mozilla.[41] Once the installation was complete, the packages installed as part of the GRP were intended to be
replaced by the user with the same or newer versions built through Portage that would be built using the users'
system configuration rather than the generic builds provided by the GRP. As of 2011, the GRP is discontinued,
the final reference to it appearing in the 2008.0 handbook.[42]
Genkernel

Genkernel is a tool for building a general-purpose, modular Linux kernel. Genkernel compiles the kernel with
all available device drivers built as modules, then copies potentially boot-critical drivers to an initramfs that is
passed to the kernel at boot time, automatically loading the modules before they are needed. It is designed to
allow users with little or no experience configuring a Linux kernel to easily set up a working kernel. Also,
non-trivial hard disk setups like LVM and/or dm-crypt for full disk encryption make usage of an initramfs
unavoidable; here genkernel can save the user from manually creating one.

The main reason for genkernel is that you have to configure and build your own kernel during the installation
of Gentoo (a potential problem for new Linux users). Experienced Linux users generally prefer to configure
and build their kernel manually, because genkernel tries to configure the kernel as safely as possible and can
cause the kernel to grow very large. However, one can choose to use a custom kernel configuration and use
genkernel to compile it, and still benefit from other features such as the initramfs builder.

Genkernel modes
"all" - Build kernel, all modules, and create the initramfs.
"bzImage" - Just build the kernel.
"kernel" - Build the kernel and the modules.
"initramfs" - Just build the initramfs.

Versions
Gentoo follows a rolling release model.

Like other Linux distributions, Gentoo systems have an /etc/gentoo-release file, but this contains
the version of the installed sys-apps/baselayout package.

In 2004, Gentoo began to version its Live media by year rather than numerically. This continued until 2008,
when it was announced that the 2008.1 Live CD release had been cancelled in favour of weekly automated
builds of both Stages 3 and Minimal CDs.[43] On December 20, 2008, the first weekly builds were
published.[44] In 2009, a special Live DVD was created to celebrate the Gentoo 10-year anniversary.[45]

Release media version history

 Name Date
(Enoch Linux) 0.75 December 1999
pre-1.0 July 26, 2000

1.0[46] March 31, 2002

1.1a April 8, 2002

1.2 June 10, 2002
1.4 August 5, 2003 (Gentoo Reference Platform introduced)
1.4 maintenance release 1 September 11, 2003

2004.0[47] March 1, 2004[48] (versioning changed to four releases a year)

2004.1 April 28, 2004

2004.2 July 26, 2004[49]

2004.3 November 15, 2004[50]

2005.0[51] March 27, 2005[52] (versioning changed to semi-annual releases)

2005.1[53] August 8, 2005[54]

2005.1-r1 November 21, 2005[55] (maintenance release 1)

2006.0 February 27, 2006[56]

2006.1 August 30, 2006[57]

2007.0 May 7, 2007[58]

2008.0 July 6, 2008[59]

Weekly Releases started[60] September 22, 2008

Special releases

In 2009, a special Live DVD was released to celebrate Gentoo's tenth anniversary. Initially planned as a one-
off, the Live DVD was updated to the latest package versions in 2011 due to its popularity among new users.
 Name Date/info

Unreal Tournament September 18, 2002[61] - Bootable NVIDIA GPU-accelerated Unreal Tournament 2003 LiveCD,
2003 LiveCD demoed at LinuxWorld Conference and Expo 2003.

10.0 October 4, 2009[45] (special edition Live DVD for the 10th anniversary)

10.1 October 10, 2009[62] (Bugfix release of Special Live DVD)

11.0 April 8, 2011[63] (Anniversary Live DVD is updated to latest package versions)

12.0 January 2, 2012[64]

12.1 April 1, 2012[65] (With an April Fool's joke named "Install Wizard")

20121221 December 21, 2012[66] (Live DVD - End Of World Edition)

20140826 August 26, 2014[67] (Live DVD - Iron Penguin Edition)

20160514 May 14, 2016[68] (Live DVD - Choice Edition; UEFI, ZFSOnLinux, and writable file systems
using AUFS)

20160704[69] July 4, 2016[70] (Live DVD - Choice Edition Part Dos)

Profiles

Although Gentoo does not have a concept of versioning the entire system, it does make use of "profiles",
which define build configuration for all packages in the system. Major changes, such as changing the layout of
how files are installed across the entire system, typically involve a profile upgrade and may require rebuilding
all installed software. These profiles are versioned based on the year they were released, and include several
variants for each release targeted towards different types of systems (such as servers and desktops). Profiles
formerly tracked the versioning of install media, and switched to two-digit year naming after the
discontinuation of versioned media. The following new profile versions have been released after 2008.0:

Version Date/info

10.0 August 6, 2009[71] (cosmetic name change from 2008.0 profiles)

13.0 February 10, 2013[72]

17.0 November 30, 2017[73] (C++14 and PIE by default)

17.1 December 26, 2017[74] (experimental multilib layout for amd64 systems)

Hardened Gentoo

Hardened Gentoo is a project designed to develop and designate a set of add-ons that are useful when a more
security focused installation is required.[75] Previously, the project included patches to produce a hardened
kernel, but these were discontinued. Other parts of the hardened set, such as SELinux, and userspace
hardening remain.[76]

Practical jokes
The developers and community behind Gentoo have performed many practical jokes, a number of them on or
around April Fools' Day. This kind of practical trickery and playfulness has been a tenet of Gentoo since its
creation.
Wiki
On July 28, 2017, the Gentoo wiki had a satirical news announcement entitled 'Word crimes'.
Embedded in the announcement was a link to the Weird Al video under the same name.
Website
On April 1, 2015 the Gentoo Linux team, namely Alex Legler, Robin H. Johnson, and a few
other associates, announced the launch of a "totally revamped and more inclusive website
which was built to conform to the CGA Web™ graphics standards [...] with a 16-colour palette
and an optimal screen resolution of 640 x 200 pixels". The joke website was displayed with
the appearance of a CGA (16-colour) palette. According to the release announcement, the
new site was available via the Gopher protocol at gopher://gopher.gentoo.org/.[77]
Live DVD
To salute the 2012 phenomenon, on December 21, 2012 Gentoo released an End Of World
Edition Live DVD.
Install wizard
On April 1, 2012 an April Fools' joke named "Install Wizard" was "released" as part of the
12.1 Live DVD.

Incidents
In June 2018 the Gentoo GitHub code repository mirror used mainly by developers was hacked after an
attacker gained access to an organization administrator's account via deducing the password. Gentoo promptly
responded by containing the attack and improving security practices. No Gentoo cryptography keys or signed
packages were compromised, and the repository was restored after five days.[78][79][80][81][82]

Logo and mascots

The gentoo penguin is thought to be the fastest underwater-swimming penguin. The name "Gentoo Linux"
acknowledges both the Linux mascot, a penguin called Tux, and the project's aim to produce a high
performance operating system.[19]:383

The official Gentoo logo is a stylized 'g' resembling a silver magatama.[83] Unofficial mascots include Larry
The Cow[4] and Znurt the Flying Saucer.[84]

Derived distributions
There are a number of independently developed variants of Gentoo Linux, including Chromium OS and
Container Linux.

See also
GoboLinux
Linux From Scratch
Lunar Linux
Source Mage

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External links
Official documentation

Official website (https://www.gentoo.org/)

Official wiki (https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page), allowing collaboration of developers and
users
Gentoo Handbook (https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook:Main_Page)
 Official packages (https://packages.gentoo.org/), lists all packages currently available in the
Gentoo repository
Live USB guide (https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/LiveUSB/Guide)

Unofficial documentation and other resources

Gentoo Linux (https://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=gentoo) at DistroWatch

Gentoo Linux man pages (http://www.polarhome.com/service/man/?of=Gentoo)
Gentoo on OpenSourceFeed Gallery (https://www.opensourcefeed.org/distribution/gentoo)

Articles and media coverage

Growing With Gentoo (http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/03/15/gentoo.html),

O'Reilly Linux Dev Center, March 15, 2004

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